How can I buy cocaine online in Mendoza

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How can I buy cocaine online in Mendoza

Suit claims app features like disappearing messages and geolocating users make kids easy targets for dealers. H anh Badger was working from home the morning of 17 June Badger found Brooke, 17, pale and motionless in bed. Soon, the sheriff arrived and immediately administered Naloxone, a nasal spray that reverses the effects of an opioid overdose. But Badger, a pharmacist, was confused. They found screenshots of what looked like a menu of narcotics, and conversations with a drug dealer showing Brooke had purchased what she believed to be Roxicet, a prescription medication containing acetaminophen and oxycodone typically prescribed for pain relief. Instead, the substance was a counterfeit pill that held a lethal dose of fentanyl. Across the US, young people are dying from fentanyl in record numbers, even as overall drug use is on the decline. Nationally, the number of opioid overdose deaths for people 24 and under nearly doubled from And according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the number of overdoses attributed to synthetic opioids like fentanyl dwarfs that of any other substance. Many are young victims poisoned by counterfeit pills that have been pressed to look like legitimate prescription drugs , but that are laced with fentanyl, an opioid that is deadly even in granular quantities. Typically, those teenagers acquired what they believed to be Percocet, Xanax or other pharmaceuticals online through social media. Many have launched awareness campaigns, founded educational programs and advocated for legislative change. It prevents law enforcement officials from seeing the activity of a dealer even after they have been identified. Other problematic features include notifying individuals when another person screenshots their post, the ability to geolocate fellow users and algorithms that suggest new connections based on demographics. In response, Snapchat filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, citing Section of the Communications Decency Act, which protects online platforms from being held responsible for the illegal actions of their users. A hearing for that motion has been scheduled for 18 October. Perla Mendoza, a parent in the suit, found that Snap did little to prevent illegal drug sales in the weeks and months after the death of her son, Daniel Elijah Figueroa, who bought fentanyl-laced pills from a dealer on Snapchat. Amy Neville, another parent in the suit, believes that Snapchat creates an aura of safety around an otherwise dangerous activity. She described her son Alexander, who died at 14 after taking a counterfeit Oxycontin tablet he procured through the app, as sensitive, impulsive and curious about many things — including drugs. But he was also hesitant about putting himself in dangerous situations. And by using Snapchat, he was able to avoid an in-person meetup and have the pills delivered straight to his door. Ed Ternan, whose year-old son Charlie died in April after taking a counterfeit Percocet he bought on Snapchat, sees suing the platform as counterproductive. Ranging from the app and the dealer, to the friends Charlie bought drugs alongside, to himself as a father. The conclusion he reached is one that looks beyond blame. With his wife, Ternan now works full time on initiatives to educate parents on the dangers of fentanyl. He has even worked with Snap to promote awareness campaigns and find ways to make the app safer. Even for Neville, who is a plaintiff, going through the process of filing a lawsuit has been re-traumatizing. It forces her to relive horrifying moments again and again. But for her, as it does for many parents, suing Snap represents just one iron in the fire. The night he died, Alexander had told his parents that he had been taking Oxycontin he got online, and that he wanted help. This article is more than 1 year old. Social media apps will have to shield children from dangerous stunts. Read more. View image in fullscreen. Explore more on these topics Snapchat Drugs features. Reuse this content. Most viewed.

Their kids died after buying drugs on Snapchat. Now the parents are suing

How can I buy cocaine online in Mendoza

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. The concept of compulsive cocaine-seeking habits is difficult to reconcile with other evidence showing that humans and even rats remain able to shift their choice away from the drug and toward an alternative nondrug reward, when available. This paradox could dissolve if preference for the nondrug option reflected in fact inflexible habitual decision-making i. Previous research in rats has shown that prior drug use can favor habit formation, but whether the resulting habits are inflexible or not is largely unknown. Here we addressed this question by manipulating the value of water in rats that chose between water and cocaine in a discrete-trials procedure. Rats preferred water when thirsty and maintained this preference despite water devaluation by satiation. Only with repeated daily testing under water satiation did they progressively reverse their preference toward cocaine. Additional evidence showed that this progressive reversal of preference reflected in fact new interoceptive discrimination learning. Overall, this study suggests that rats seem to be stuck in a habitual decision-making mode, unable to return to a goal-directed mode upon experiencing a change in options value. It also reveals that inflexible decision-making does not necessarily promote drug choice, but can also under some circumstances favor abstinence. It has long been hypothesized that addictive behaviors emerge from the progressive development and dominance of drug habits over goal-directed control 1 , 2. In this framework, drug seeking becomes habitual through repeated consumption and association with environmental context and stimuli and, as a result, is no longer mediated by the expected intoxicating effects of the drug. Substance use disorders are then viewed as a transition from voluntary drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits 1. Although this theory remains controversial 3 , there is some evidence that supports it. Drug addicts are impaired on gambling and reversal learning tasks 4 , 5 , 6 , and their behaviors are biased toward habitual as opposed to goal-directed control 7 , 8 , 9 , Finally, several studies have demonstrated persistent drug seeking despite punishment in rodents 22 , However, the hypothesis that addiction is a compulsive drug-seeking habit is difficult to reconcile with other evidence, notably those showing that drug addicts remain remarkably sensitive to alternative incentives in the environment, suggesting flexible and goal-directed decision-making. For instance, rewarding abstinence with voucher in contingency management programs has proven effective in promoting long-term abstinence from cocaine 24 , Furthermore, a growing number of studies in rodents are showing that providing an alternative nondrug reward e. This finding is particularly true in studies involving mutually exclusive choice between cocaine and a palatable food reward, in absence of drug influence. In these studies, rats readily quit drug use to express a robust preference for the alternative nondrug reward 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , even after having escalated their drug intake 27 , It was recently shown that rats also preferred social interaction over heroin and methamphetamine, demonstrating that preference for the nondrug alternative is not limited to gustatory rewards More generally, drug self-administration can be affected by numerous manipulations applied to the drug or to the alternative nondrug reward, such as price, dose or delay 26 , 27 , Together, these studies seem to indicate that contrary to the compulsive drug habit hypothesis, rats would remain able to allocate, apparently flexibly, their choice according to the value of the available options. Indeed, in most choice studies, rats were trained to respond for each reward separately before choice testing. As explained above, we know that prior drug use can promote habit formation in rats. However, whether the resulting habits are inflexible or not is currently largely unknown. However, if habitual decision-making has also become inflexible, as hypothesized here, then such a switch should not occur and, thus, even reinforced responding should be insensitive to devaluation, at least initially. We selected water as the alternative nondrug reward mainly because its value can be manipulated relatively easily through water-restriction and satiation, without any confounding hedonic component. On the contrary, their preference could only change after repeated training with the novel value. All behavioral testing occurred during the dark phase of the light—dark cycle. Food was freely available in the home-cages throughout the duration of the experiment. Body weight and water intake were monitored daily throughout the experiment. The animal facility has been approved by the Committee of the Veterinary Services Gironde, agreement number A33—— Rats were surgically prepared with an indwelling silastic catheter in the right jugular vein under deep anesthesia. Behavioral testing commenced at least 7 days after surgery. Before any behavioral testing, rats were first trained to self-administer cocaine for 5 sessions under a fixed-ratio 1 FR schedule of reinforcement. Next, rats were water restricted and trained for 2 weeks under a FR1 11 sessions and then FR2 4 sessions schedule of water and drug self-administration on alternating daily sessions, six sessions a week Fig. On water sessions, completion of the ratio on the lever located in the middle of the left wall of the chamber, was rewarded by a s access to discrete volumes 0. On drug sessions, completion of the FR requirement on the lever located in the middle of the right wall of the chamber, was rewarded by one intravenous dose of 0. Sampling trials started with the presentation of one lever at a time in the following order: drug lever—water lever—drug lever—water lever. Reward delivery was signaled by retraction of the lever and illumination of the cue light above the lever. During the choice phase, each trial started with the simultaneous presentation of water and drug levers. Rats were allowed to respond on either of these two levers to self-administer the corresponding reward. Reward delivery was signaled by retraction of both levers and illumination of the cue-light above the selected lever. Importantly, a min inter-trial interval ITI was used here to prevent the acute effects of the cocaine administered on a given trial to influence the outcome of the choice on the next trial 27 , Rats were first tested in the choice procedure under water restriction to establish baseline preference Fig. More specifically, discrete volumes of water 0. After one baseline session under deprivation, thirsty rats were given choices between cocaine and water adulterated with 0. Drug doses are expressed as the weight of the salt. Test sessions were compared to the preceding deprivation session baseline. Comparisons with a fixed theoretical level e. Some behavioral variables had no variance and were thus analyzed using non-parametric statistics i. Statistical analyses were run using Statistica, version 7. Under water restriction, rats expressed a strong preference for water over cocaine from the first choice session Fig. These manipulations resulted in a minor but significant suppression of water intake during water trials Fig. However, pre-session water access had no effect on preference Fig. On average, rats consumed 6. However, in marked contrast to these conditions, water consumption was drastically suppressed during water trials Fig. Although preference for cocaine slightly increased compared to baseline Fig. The latency to sample water was not significantly altered during the FW session Fig. Since the FW session was accompanied by a slight, albeit significant effect on preference, FW sessions were repeated in alternation with deprivation sessions for 9 cycles Fig. Water intake before and after each FW sessions was stable with no increasing or decreasing trend across sessions Fig. On average, preference for cocaine over water appeared on the fourth session but differed significantly from indifference on the 7th FW session Fig. Persistence of water choice despite satiation is surprising. The reduction of water choices during FW sessions was correlated with a progressive increase in water sampling latency Fig. Interestingly, water sampling latency was longer on the second trial compared to the first Fig. Importantly, persistent water choice during the first FW sessions did not result from a bias in preference in favor of water. Indeed, comparable results were obtained when comparing responding for water during sampling trials against its own baseline on the preceding privation session Fig. Water sampling latency was increased from the first trial, suggesting that rats updated the water option value based on their motivational state at the start of the session Fig. These differences suggest that during devaluation training, rats have learned to update the value of the water option based on their motivational state at the start of the session. Alternatively, it is possible that rats progressively learned to flexibly adjust their responding to the devalued reward. To assess this possibility, rats were required to choose between cocaine and water adulterated with 0. If rats had learned to compute the water option value based on their motivational state, then one would expect a preference for water over cocaine. On the contrary, if devaluation training allowed rats to restore flexible, goal-directed decision-making, then one would expect rats to be sensitive to water adulteration and reverse their preference in favor of cocaine. Adulteration of water with 0. Water intake followed the same time-course on the second quinine session with a significant suppression from the first sampling trial Fig. Although the percentage of cocaine choice increased compared to baseline Fig. The proportion of rats selecting the cocaine option slightly increased across trials on Q1 and Q2, suggesting that experiencing the devalued reward partially promoted cocaine choice Fig. Although water sampling latency did not differ from baseline Fig. We have previously shown that reward palatability can surpass cocaine reward Here, we are extending this result to a non-palatable biological reward by showing that under water restriction, rats robustly preferred water over cocaine. This indicates that satisfaction of a primary biological need i. Overall, water preference was insensitive to sudden water devaluation. Only with repeated devaluation training did we observe a progressive reversal of preference toward the drug. Additional tests showed that this preference reversal did not result from the restoration of goal-directed control but resulted instead from a new interoceptive discrimination learning. Previous research showed rapid habit formation after prior exposure to cocaine. The present study confirms and extends this research by showing that once formed, habits are also inflexible. Some of the possible mechanisms and factors that contribute to this inflexibility are discussed below. Finally, the present study also shows that inflexible decision-making does not necessarily promote drug choice, but can also under some circumstances favor drug abstinence. Persistent responding for water despite its devaluation by satiation in FW sessions demonstrates that choice of the alternative nondrug reward is under habitual control. Persistent water choices could not be explained by the fact that though devalued, water remained nonetheless more valuable than cocaine. Beside its satiating effect, free water access during ITIs also participates to degrade the contingency between responding and water deliveries in the FW condition. This manipulation is also expected to suppress goal-directed but not habitual responding 37 , 38 , further suggesting that water choice is under habitual control in our conditions. Although water preference was initially resistant to this combination of water devaluation and contingency degradation, rats eventually learned to reverse their preference, in favor of cocaine with extended devaluation training. This progressive reversal of preference from the devalued to the non-devalued option is what should be expected under habitual control, as hypothesized here. Indeed, one would expect an immediate reversal of preference under goal-directed control since rats were given the opportunity to directly experience the devalued outcome before choice. Direct experience with water in the novel sated state should have, in theory, updated the internal representation of water value and prompted a change in preference toward the non-devalued option It could be argued that goal-directed and habitual control are engaged in parallel during choice sessions, and that progressive dominance of goal-directed over habitual system would account for the progressive reversal observed in this study If this was true, preference would be under complete goal-directed control by the end of devaluation training, and a preference for cocaine would then be expected following quinine-induced devaluation. Yet, rats maintained their preference for water on both quinine sessions. Such learning is generally slow and requires repeated experience. Since quinine sessions were conducted under deprivation, this hypothesis can explain why rats kept choosing water despite adulteration with quinine. It is worth pointing out that alternation of choice sessions under deprivation and satiation during devaluation training may have promoted this state-dependent decision-making. Analyses of sampling latencies also support the hypothesis of state-dependent learning. While rats were very fast to sample water on deprivation sessions, response latencies progressively became longer during FW sessions, and the time-course of latency lengthening was nicely correlated with the shift in preference toward cocaine. Thus, as previously suggested 40 , response latency during water sampling trials can constitute a reliable index of the water option value. This suggests that motivational state at the start of the session was sufficient for rats to predict the water option value. Yet, this option value could also be partially updated within-session through consumption of water during trials or ITIs, as indicated by the longer response latency on the second water sampling trial relative to the first. This mechanism could also explain within- and between-session increases in cocaine choice across the 2 quinine sessions. Together, these results suggest that preference for the nondrug option could result from previously established habitual decision-making. This inflexible decision-making may have resulted from prior cocaine self-administration, which was nevertheless relatively modest in the present study i. Indeed, previous research has shown that cocaine exposure or self-administration produces numerous alterations in corticostriatal circuits involved in behavioral control 41 , Besides its well-known facilitating effects on habit formation 13 , 14 , cocaine exposure also impairs cognitive flexibility in rodents and monkeys in reversal learning tasks 11 , 12 , Furthermore, cocaine seeking can persist despite punishment after escalation of cocaine self-administration 22 , 23 , Strong habit formation, impaired goal-directed control or dysfunctional arbitration between these 2 systems could underlie the inflexibility reported here 45 , 46 , However, the presumed role of cocaine in this inflexibility must be taken with caution since no control group or condition for cocaine exposure was included in the present study. In fact, it is not clear how this control can be implemented in a relevant manner when the primary dependent variable is cocaine choices. The present results appear to contradict previous studies showing that extended drug self-administration is necessary to drive habitual learning 48 but see refs. However, the procedures used here differed from previous studies in two significant ways. First, we used a discrete-trials procedure as opposed to free-operant schedules generally used to assess behavioral control. It was shown that rats trained in a discrete-trial procedure are prone to rapidly develop habit 53 , an effect presumably mediated by higher reinforcer predictability Secondly, we investigated sensitivity to outcome devaluation and contingency degradation in repeated reinforced choice sessions, in which rats can directly experience the devalued reward. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate habitual control in such an experimental setting. Further research under normal nondrug conditions is thus necessary to delineate the relative contribution of cocaine exposure in the inflexible decision-making reported here. It could be argued that the strong baseline difference in preference for cocaine and water may prevent the meaningful assessment of sensitivity to outcome devaluation. Indeed, in devaluation sessions, a decrease in responding for water could have been masked by the high preference for water under baseline condition. However, this is unlikely since the initial insensitivity to water devaluation was also observed in absence of choice, during water sampling trials Fig. However, a devaluation effect appeared on subsequent FW sessions. Several studies suggest that habitual behavior develops more readily for drugs of abuse than for natural rewards 15 , Yet, the behavioral inflexibility evidenced in this study, presumably favored by prior exposure to cocaine, was directed at the alternative nondrug option. The strong reinforcing value of water in our conditions may have contributed to this finding. Indeed, drinking water is a biological need critical for survival that may partly explain the robust preference for water reported here, and its resistance to satiety-induced devaluation and quinine adulteration. Although paradoxical, these results are in agreement with previous studies showing that drug-induced habits are not specific to drug-seeking behavior per se and can affect responding for natural reward, more generally 15 , 18 , How these findings would generalize to another alternative nondrug reward such as saccharin, predominantly used in previous choice experiments from our laboratory, deserves additional research. In conclusion, the present study holds with the development of cognitive inflexibility previously demonstrated after cocaine exposure or self-administration 55 , and shows that this inflexibility does not necessarily promote further drug use. In fact, as shown here and elsewhere 26 , 27 , 32 , inflexible decision-making seemed instead to favor the choice of nondrug alternatives and thus to protect rats from prolonged drug use. There is thus a clear dissociation between decision-making inflexibility and preference orientation. Whether such dissociation also exists in human addiction remains to be seen 3. Additional research is necessary to define the conditions that make decision-making inflexibility conducive of the development of compulsive drug use Nevertheless, this study presents a comprehensive framework to better understand how inflexible decision-making can influence preference in a choice situation involving drug and nondrug rewards. Everitt, B. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Tiffany, S. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Hogarth, L. Intact goal-directed control in treatment-seeking drug users indexed by outcome-devaluation and Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: Critique of habit theory. Bechara, A. Decision-making and addiction part I : Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia 40 , — PubMed Google Scholar. Ersche, K. Chronic cocaine but not chronic amphetamine use is associated with perseverative responding in humans. CAS Google Scholar. Grant, S. Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making. Neuropsychologia 38 , — Sebold, M. Model-based and model-free decisions in alcohol dependence. Neuropsychobiology 70 , — Voon, V. Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits. Psychiatry 20 , — Sjoerds, Z. Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for overreliance on habit learning in alcohol-dependent patients. Psychiatry 3 , e Carrots and sticks fail to change behavior in cocaine addiction. Science , — Calu, D. Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting deficits in orbitofrontal-dependent reversal learning in rats. Schoenbaum, G. Cocaine-experienced rats exhibit learning deficits in a task sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Miles, F. Oral cocaine seeking by rats: action or habit? Corbit, L. Effects of repeated cocaine exposure on habit learning and reversal by N-acetylcysteine. Neuropsychopharmacology 39 , — Habitual alcohol seeking: time course and the contribution of subregions of the dorsal striatum. Psychiatry 72 , — Dickinson, A. Alcohol seeking by rats: action or habit? B 55 , — Mangieri, R. Ethanol seeking by long evans rats is not always a goal-directed behavior. Google Scholar. Nelson, A. Amphetamine exposure enhances habit formation. Nordquist, R. Augmented reinforcer value and accelerated habit formation after repeated amphetamine treatment. Clemens, K. Behavioral and neural substrates of habit formation in rats intravenously self-administering nicotine. Loughlin, A. Habitual nicotine-seeking in rats following limited training. Psychopharmacology Berl. Vanderschuren, L. Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Deroche-gamonet, V. Higgins, S. Voucher-based incentives. A substance abuse treatment innovation. Outpatient behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence: One-year outcome. Cantin, L. Cocaine is low on the value ladder of rats: Possible evidence for resilience to addiction. Lenoir, M. Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. Madsen, H. Drug versus sweet reward: Greater attraction to and preference for sweet versus drug cues. Tunstall, B. Reinstatement in a cocaine versus food choice situation: Reversal of preference between drug and non-drug rewards. Vandaele, Y. Choosing under the influence: A drug-specific mechanism by which the setting controls drug choices in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 41 , — Guillem, K. Preference for cocaine is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex by an increased proportion of cocaine use-coding neurons. Cortex — Caprioli, D. Persistent palatable food preference in rats with a history of limited and extended access to methamphetamine self-administration. Venniro, M. Volitional social interaction prevents drug addiction in rat models. Christensen, C. Essential value of cocaine and food in rats: Tests of the exponential model of demand. Ostlund, S. On habits and addiction: An associative analysis of compulsive drug seeking. Drug Discov. Today Dis. A Choice-based screening method for compulsive drug users in rats. Balleine, B. Goal-directed instrumental action: Contingency and incentive learning and their cortical substrates. Neuropharmacology 37 , — Actions and habits: the development of behavioural autonomy. B Biol. Dolan, R. Goals and habits in the brain. Neuron 80 , — Fam, J. Behavioral correlates of the decision process in a dynamic environment: post-choice latencies reflect relative value and choice evaluation. Drug addiction: updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Gremel, C. Associative and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuit roles in effects of abused drugs. Genes, Brain Behav. Jentsch, J. Impairments of reversal learning and response perseveration after repeated, intermittent cocaine administrations to monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 , — Pelloux, Y. Compulsive drug seeking by rats under punishment: Effects of drug taking history. Watson, P. Current limits of experimental research into habits and future directions. Defining the place of habit in substance use disorders. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry Gillan, C. The role of habit in compulsivity. Zapata, A. Shift from goal-directed to habitual cocaine seeking after prolonged experience in rats. Schmitzer-Torbert, N. Post-training cocaine administration facilitates habit learning and requires the infralimbic cortex and dorsolateral striatum. Gourley, S. Cytoskeletal determinants of stimulus-response habits. Kosaki, Y. Choice and contingency in the development of behavioral autonomy during instrumental conditioning. Halbout, B. A closer look at the effects of repeated cocaine exposure on adaptive decision-making under conditions that promote goal-directed control. Psychiatry 7 , 1—12 Lever insertion as a salient stimulus promoting insensitivity to outcome devaluation. Thrailkill, E. Stimulus control of actions and habits: a role for reinforcer predictability and attention in the development of habitual behavior. Stalnaker, T. Neural substrates of cognitive inflexibility after chronic cocaine exposure. Neuropharmacology 56 , 63—72 Download references. We thank Christophe Bernard and Eric Wattelet for administrative and technical assistance. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Youna Vandaele or Serge H. Reprints and permissions. Inflexible habitual decision-making during choice between cocaine and a nondrug alternative. Transl Psychiatry 9 , Download citation. Received : 10 August Revised : 12 February Accepted : 16 February Published : 06 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Addiction Learning and memory. Abstract The concept of compulsive cocaine-seeking habits is difficult to reconcile with other evidence showing that humans and even rats remain able to shift their choice away from the drug and toward an alternative nondrug reward, when available. Habit, choice, and addiction Article 09 November Delay of punishment highlights differential vulnerability to developing addiction-like behavior toward sweet food Article Open access 20 March Pharmacokinetics trumps pharmacodynamics during cocaine choice: a reconciliation with the dopamine hypothesis of addiction Article 30 July Introduction It has long been hypothesized that addictive behaviors emerge from the progressive development and dominance of drug habits over goal-directed control 1 , 2. Surgery Rats were surgically prepared with an indwelling silastic catheter in the right jugular vein under deep anesthesia. General behavioral procedures Initial operant training Before any behavioral testing, rats were first trained to self-administer cocaine for 5 sessions under a fixed-ratio 1 FR schedule of reinforcement. Full size image. Results Under water restriction, rats expressed a strong preference for water over cocaine from the first choice session Fig. Discussion We have previously shown that reward palatability can surpass cocaine reward References Everitt, B. Science , — Calu, D. Google Scholar Nelson, A. Google Scholar Higgins, S. Google Scholar Cantin, L. Google Scholar Lenoir, M. Google Scholar Balleine, B. Google Scholar Dolan, R. Google Scholar Everitt, B. Google Scholar Vandaele, Y. Ahmed Authors Youna Vandaele View author publications. View author publications. Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Supplementary information. About this article. Cite this article Vandaele, Y. Copy to clipboard. This article is cited by From concepts to treatment: a dialog between a preclinical researcher and a clinician in addiction medicine Youna Vandaele Jean-Bernard Daeppen Translational Psychiatry Economic choice between remifentanil and food in squirrel monkeys Samantha O. Brown Devin P. Effinger Charles W. Bradberry Neuropsychopharmacology Habit, choice, and addiction Y. Vandaele S. Ahmed Neuropsychopharmacology Pharmacokinetics trumps pharmacodynamics during cocaine choice: a reconciliation with the dopamine hypothesis of addiction Ludivine Canchy Paul Girardeau Serge H. Ahmed Neuropsychopharmacology Social isolation enhances cued-reinstatement of sucrose and nicotine seeking, but this is reversed by a return to social housing Natalie A. Mastrogiovanni Alice K. Wheeler Kelly J. Clemens Scientific Reports Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search.

How can I buy cocaine online in Mendoza