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Asian J Sports Med. Doping in Sports Football Knowledge Soccer. Doping is a phenomenon as old as the competitive sports 1 , 2 , although the public opinion considers doping as something modern 2. Doping in sport has been studied mainly from a biomedical point of view, even though psycho-social approaches are also key factors in the fight against doping 3 , 4. Researchers in the biomedical field mostly focus on improving the detection methods, while experts in social sciences are trying to understand the psychological factors such as attitudes, environment and beliefs that can stop doping. Repeated, ongoing conversation with athletes and coaches can provide an improved understanding of the probability of doping behavior 5. Unfortunately, these studies are scarce in Asian countries, including Iran 3. Results of these limited studies are disappointing. According to a study on the high- level endurance walkers, they could mention just an average of 1. In another study on French high school athletes, participants mentioned peers or health professionals as the main source of drug supply. Seven percent of them did not believe that doping is always a dangerous behavior 8. A study on 80 weight-lifters showed that the anabolic steroid users found physicians as no more reliable than their friends, internet sites, or the persons who sold them the steroids 7. In another project, American athletes participating in winter games were investigated. Football is acknowledged as the most popular sport discipline all around the world. The global organization of FIFA has united over million football players in countries There are approximately elite players in football all over the world Few studies have been conducted on doping knowledge, attitudes and behavior in football players 12 , despite the need for more educational efforts to help football players in this matter. The lack of systematic or reliable data about the extent of drug use in professional football is evident today Although the prevalence of doping in football seems to be decreasing, more rigorous collaboration and thorough investigation is needed on issues such as banned substances, detection methods and data collection worldwide. Banned and harmful substances are easily available and their use does not usually require a medical prescription Unlimited quantities of drugs such as anabolic steroids can be effortlessly bought over the internet. Since the number of positive samples and cases of recreational drugs such as marijuana and cocaine has increased in the recent years, they have to be addressed closely Another study on more than African amateur football players showed that more than half denied any kind of knowledge about the prohibited substances. In this study, the players have reportedly vague knowledge of doping. The vague knowledge of doping has also been reported by researchers in other studies on high-level sportsmen Another research study on the Asian under 23 football players focusing on awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards doping also verifies the limited knowledge of the players about prohibited substances and anti-doping bodies in football such as WADA or AFC anti-doping committee. These limited investigations give the readers the opportunity to gain an insight into the overall lack of knowledge and awareness of doping related matters among football players Asia was the place where this type of survey in football was conducted for the first time. These kinds of studies need to be extended beyond the state, nation and continents since they can help and educate all the players as the main target population that can spread the message of anti-doping and Fair Play Existing findings verify the lack of proper knowledge in the field of doping among the football players Collecting such informative data would be necessary and appropriate before taking any preventive measure. FIFA's anti-doping strategy relies mainly on education and prevention 14 , FIFA also recognizes that the education of players, coaches and medical personnel in contact with football players is likely to be even more essential in the fight against drugs in sport and creating a culture that recognizes that doping has no place in football It also tries to assess their attitudes toward critical points of doping. On the subject of familiarity of football coaches and players with generic names of popular prohibited drugs, a few athletes knew amphetamines as doping agents. The frequency of true answers was a little higher in the case of corticosteroids and diuretics. Regarding side effects of anabolic steroids, football coaches and players were not so familiar with side effects of these drugs, especially tendon injuries and hyperlipidemia which football coaches and players selected as true answers only in The frequency of true answers was slightly more in some other side effects such as aggression, alopecia, drug dependence, gynecomastia, infertility, and acne. Distribution of football coaches and players by their knowledge in three categories of doping definition, familiarity with drug names and side effects of anabolic steroids is presented in Table 2. Accordingly, knowledge of football coaches and players in three categories of doping definitions, recognition of prohibited drugs and side effects was poor or moderate in Table 3 illustrates the attitudes of football coaches and players toward different fields of doping, including supplement use and the best anti-doping strategy multiple choice questions. Table 4 demonstrates the attitudes of football coaches and players toward different fields of doping, including the main rationale of sport authorities to combat against doping and the main consultants of athletes for drug misuse and where the athletes buy the banned drugs Single choice questions. Due to different methods and instruments used, it is not prudent to directly compare data from previous studies regarding knowledge of athletes about doping. Our study shows variable knowledge of Iranian football coaches and players in different categories of doping. Fortunately, overall knowledge of participants regarding doping definitions is good. Interestingly, the most frequent correct answer was tampering with doping sample collection. This may reflect the over-emphasis of public media on numerous cases of reported tampering in the country. When the knowledge level of Iranian football coaches and players was assessed in the field of drug names, more than one third of participants The most common drugs that participants knew were cannabis It is in accordance with a similar study in which anabolic steroids and cannabis were substances that athletes had heard much about, compared with amphetamines and erythropoietin Participants were not familiar enough with amphetamine Such inappropriate awareness of doping by high level sportsmen has been also reported in other studies Since glucocorticosteroids are widely used in the management of sports related injuries, as well as in the disorders of the musculoskeletal system, it may result in some cases of doping among Iranian athletes Although Creatine is one of the most popular supplements used to improve athletic performance 22 , more than 60 percent of participants consider creatine as a doping drug. In other words, contrary to the classification of Australian Institute of Sport AIS in which creatine is categorized in the group A supplements with established evidence for legal performance enhancing performance, safety and efficacy 1 , football players considered it as a doping agent, which demonstrates the lack of proper knowledge about supplements notwithstanding the high prevalence of anabolic steroid use which has been reported in the literature Also, in a prospective cross-sectional study, Tyrolean junior athletes aged between 14 and 19 years, the overall knowledge especially regarding side effects of prohibited substances were poor 24 , Only, 3. Among all participants, only 48 participants Interestingly, the knowledge scores of football players and coaches were better in comparison to free-style wrestlers in a similar knowledge and attitude study, which may reflect the results of continuous anti-doping educational courses conducted by the medical committee of national football federation 2. There was not a significant difference between coaches and players in the case of knowledge. This means that knowledge of coaches as the first- line consultants of athletes is not better than players. So, educational programs should focus on coaches to facilitate the proper data transfer between coaches and players. Furthermore, there are some myths among athletes regarding sport supplements including the safety and purity of natural and herbal supplements Some cases of positive drug tests may be related to this inappropriate idea. For example, the urine of a Dutch professional cyclist was found to be positive for norpseudoephedrine and ephedrine with consumption of a liquid herbal food supplement containing ephedra, which could have caused the positive doping test According to the majority of participants, it is reasonable that standard supplements be introduced to athletes by sport authorities to avoid inadvertent doping. Regarding the best anti-doping strategy, participants consider that indirect strategies such as education of athletes and coaches, especially young players about harms and side effects of prohibited drugs may be more effective. However, they also found helpful to use direct measures such as increased doping testing in and out of competition. This conflict reflects the fact that majority of participants either cannot discriminate between doping and other methods of performance enhancement or oppose doping only because of its lack of safety and effectiveness. More than half of the participants know that if it is proved that positive doping test is the consequence of contaminated supplements, the athlete will be exempted from any sanction. This means that athletes do not have a good understanding about the rule of strict liability, which is one of the main educational prerequisites of players and coaches. Regarding the main consultants of Iranian football coaches and players for drug use, participants respectively cited the team fitness trainer These findings are partially consistent with another study on French high school athletes who declare their peers as main source of supply So, it seems necessary to incorporate important groups such as team fitness trainers and coaches in the audience of educational programs as well as medical practitioners 25 , So, it seems in order to develop evidence-based education and awareness raising campaigns about doping 4 , 30 , 31 , the educational process has to be intensified with the help of national associations, as FIFA medical committee has declared Fortunately, knowledge regarding doping definition is good, but participants had poor knowledge in familiarity with the generic names of prohibited drugs and their side effects of anabolic steroids. Furthermore, improper ideas are prevalent among football players and coaches which should be addressed and modified to increase the success of any anti-doping activity. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. Morente-Sanchez J, Zabala M. Doping in sport: a review of elite athletes' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge. Sports Med. Reporting doping in sport: national level athletes' perceptions of their role in doping prevention. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Time for change: a roadmap to guide the implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code Br J Sports Med. Laure P, Reinsberger H. Doping and high-level endurance walkers. Knowledge and representation of a prohibited practice. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Use and awareness of effects of anabolic steroids and psychoactive substances among a cohort of nigerian professional sports men and women. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. Drugs, recreational drug use and attitudes towards doping of high school athletes. Int J Sports Med. Yesalis CE. Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise. History of doping in sport. Champaign: Human Kinetics; Dvorak J. FIFA's approach to doping in football. Doping factors, knowledge and attitudes among Bosnian and Herzegovinian football players. Kinesiol Slovenica. Drug use in English professional football. Football and doping: study of African amateur footballers. Kulkarni Kiran NA. Challenges and threats to implementing the fight against doping in sport. J Olympic. Kargarfard MKA. Q J Fundam Ment Health. Khazaie H, Alavifar A. Substance abuse prevalence and related factors to it, among students of Kermanshah University of Medical Science in J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. Glucocorticosteroids in football: use and misuse. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings. Anabolic steroid use by male and female middle school students. Evaluation of West-Austrian junior athletes' knowledge regarding doping in sports. Wien Klin Wochenschr. Doping in sports: Knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. The continuing story of nutritional supplements and doping infractions. Inadvertent doping through nutritional supplements is a reality: original research article. South Afr J Sports Med. A case of positive doping associated with a botanical food supplement. Pharm World Sci. Athlete support personnel and anti-doping: Knowledge, attitudes, and ethical stance. Motivational and social cognitive predictors of doping intentions in elite sports: an integrated approach. Using the prototype willingness model to predict doping in sport. FIFA's future activities in the fight against doping. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine: Vol. Abstract Background: Nowadays, doping is an intricate dilemma. Football is the nationally popular sport in Iran. On the other hand, doping is a serious health hazard sport faces today. Objectives: Therefore, we aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes toward doping among the football coaches and players. Patients and Methods: In a cross sectional study, participants football players and coaches were studied. A specially made questionnaire was applied. In this study, football teams of different provinces of the country were selected by randomized clustered sampling and questionnaires were distributed among coaches and players. Results: Knowledge of football coaches and players in three categories of doping definitions, recognition of prohibited drugs and side effects of anabolic steroids was poor or moderate in Conclusions: Football players and coaches have poor knowledge about doping in Iran. Moreover, they believe in some inappropriate myths without any scientific or rational basis. It seems necessary to design a comprehensive educational program for all of the athletes and coaches in Iran. Background Doping is a phenomenon as old as the competitive sports 1 , 2 , although the public opinion considers doping as something modern 2. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. To avoid inadvertent doping, it is better to introduce standard supplements to athletes by sport authorities.

Profile of Injection Drug Users in Kermanshah, Iran

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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Background and aims: Injection drug use is considered as an international public health threat that can lead to serious health-related outcomes. The aim of this study was to obtain a profile of injection drug users IDUs in Kermanshah, Iran, in Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on male IDUs who were recruited from 2 drop-in centers in Kermanshah using a snowball sampling method. Continuous and categorical variables are expressed as the mean and standard deviation, as well as frequency and percentage, respectively. Results: The mean age of participants in this study was In addition, the highest frequency of injection drugs belonged to heroin However, the lowest injection drugs were opium syrup 0. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, heroin, methamphetamine, and o The marked shift in the patterns of drug use in Iran, from opium smoking to injecting drug use, has led to serious health-related outcomes. Nine hundred and four PWID were recruited from treatment and harm reduction facilities, as well as drug user hangouts in public areas in Tehran. The median age at the time of the first illegal drug use, at the time of the first injection and current age was 20, 24 and 32, respectively. The transition from the first drug use to the first drug injection occurred after an average of 6. Two-thirds of the participants shared injecting equipment within the last 6 months. Methods: Data collected by using a structured questionnaire that originally designed by Dr. Carla Treloar and translated to Farsi by main author with permission from Dr. All of the clients that received services from Haftoon Drop in center completed the questionnaire and a trained questioner filled in their questionnaire. After that data entered computer and analysis has been don by SPSS version Results: Mean age of clients were The most prevalent drug that have been used in immediately last month before admittance were: Heroin It is noticable METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the data collection tool was a questionnaire including 10 general and 32 specific items about drug abuse pattern and high-risk behaviors. The data were collected via interview. The patterns of opium consumption among the subjects before coming to treatment center were inhalation The subjects abused different types of opium before referring to the treatment centers including opium Almost There was not statistically significant correlation between the The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, To evaluate the pattern of use of opioid and other illegal drugs in patients seeking addiction treatment in Birjand, eastern Iran. The prospective study was conducted from March 21, to March 21,, and comprised all patients referred to the seven addiction treatment centres in Birjand. Data was obtained through pre-designed questionnaires and it was analysed using SPSS Of the substance users referred to the 7 centres and who volunteered to participate, The mean age of the first experience with drugs was Dauliyah Journal of Islamic and International Affairs, International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Research, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Pattern of illicit drug use in patients referred to addiction treatment centres in Birjand, Eastern Iran O. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research doi Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, heroin, methamphetamine, and opium had the highest frequency injection among male IDUs in Kermanshah, and the age of the first drug injection was low among these individuals. Accordingly, wider coverage prevention programs are highly recommended, including harm reduction programs, counseling centers with improved quality of services, treatment programs, and greater attention to human resource development-based counseling and education. Keywords: Risk behaviors, Injection drug users, Profile, Opium Introduction Injecting drug use is considered as an international public health threat that can cause serious health-related outcomes such as the transmission of blood-borne viruses resulting from risky behaviors among people who inject drugs PWIDs. Relevant authorities can be guided for fundamental policy-making and planning through this research in addition to gaining knowledge of the epidemiological situation and pattern of drug use in Kermanshah. Materials and Methods Design and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November Gheibipour et al male injection drug users IDUs from Kermanshah, within the age range of 18 and over and self-reporting at least 1 drug injection in the month before the interview were recruited from 2 drop-in centers affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, as well as related community outreach sites in Kermanshah west of Iran. All participants provided a written consent form. Sampling Method and Data Collection Instrument Data were collected by trained interviewers during faceto-face interviews. Snowball sampling, estimating the size of hidden populations using a snowball sampling technique, was performed and data were collected using a questionnaire. Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the sample population. In this study, participants Moreover, 49 participants 8. Additionally, participants Similarly, the income source of Finally, Pattern of Drug Use In this study, the age of the first drug use was under 20 years among In addition, the highest age range of the first drug injection of participants was related to the age group of over 30 years and IDUs: Injection drug users. In the present study, Further, The place of the first injection among Profile of Injecting Drugs in Kermanshah In this study, heroin was the highest used drug. Subsequently, opium, crack, methadone, hashish, norjisak, alcohol, tramadol, benzo, buprenorphine, opium syrup, ecstasy, and amphorphine were the most commonly used drugs while the lowest drug use was related to amphorphine, ecstasy, and opium syrup. Discussion The present study assessed the demographic characteristics, patterns of drug use, and risky behaviors among male IDUs in Kermanshah. The assessment of the socioeconomic indicators of male IDUs showed that about half of them have education less than eight years and about one-third of these individuals had no stable residence. In the present study, the mean age of drug injectors was 36 years and the mean age at the first drug use was The high preponderance of addiction cases in those with high school or lower education is corroborated with the findings of other studies in Iran. These characteristics of participants showed that there are some groups of male IDUs who have better socioeconomic status, have a stable life, and are integrated in the society while not having illegal activities. The results of this study and two other studies in Iran demonstrated that PWIDs had different characteristics and may require different services. In the study of Behdani in Mashhad, methamphetamine and opium were commonly used among individuals. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, heroin, methamphetamine, and opium had the highest frequency of injection among male IDUs in Kermanshah, and the age of the first drug injection was low among them. Therefore, these people should receive more attention, and thus further prevention programs are highly recommended, including harm reduction programs, counseling centers with improved quality of services, and treatment programs. Conflict of Interest Disclosures The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all participants in addition to reviewers and the editor for their helpful comments that substantially improved the manuscript. References 1. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, World Drug Report The impact of Bam earthquake on substance users in the first 2 weeks: a rapid assessment. J Urban Health. Profiles of risk: a qualitative study of injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran. Harm Reduct J. Ziaaddini H, Ziaaddini MR. The household survey of drug abuse in Kerman, Iran. J Appl Sci. Shariat SV, Elahi A. Symptoms and course of psychosis after methamphetamine abuse: one-year follow-up of a case. Accessed May , Opium use in a rural area of the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. A study to evaluate factors associated with seizure in tramadol poisoning in Iran. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. Iran J Public Health. J Pak Med Assoc. Ahmadi J, Hasani M. Prevalence of substance use among Iranian high school students. Addict Behav. Profile of people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran. Acta Med Iran. Needle and syringe sharing among Iranian drug injectors. Malekinejad M. University of California, Berkeley; Trend of drug abuse situation in Iran: a three-decade survey. Hakim Res J. Galea S, Vlahov D. Social determinants and the health of drug users: socioeconomic status, homelessness, and incarceration. Public Health Rep. Applied Mathematics Jafet Hemmers. Building Ideas out of Wood. Compendio de Anatomia Descriptiva - Testut jacqueline donoso pavez. Husserl on Perceptual Optimality Maxime Doyon. Biological age instead of chronologic age as prognostic factor in IPF: clinical implications of telomere shortening Maria Molina-molina. A new instrument for kinetics and branching ratio studies of gas phase collisional processes at very low temperatures Mitchio Okumura. Lysosomal disruption, mitochondrial impairment, histopathological and oxidative stress in rat's nervous system after exposure to a neonicotinoid imidacloprid Rachid Rouabhi , Sarra Zouaoui. Maritime navigation accidents and risk indicators: An exploratory statistical analysis using AIS data and accident reports Rolf Johan Bye.

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