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Mohammed Al-Sulami. Retain current filters. Filter by Author - Remove Dr. Mohammed Al-Sulami filter Dr. Filter by Category. Clear filters. Tyrannical regimes always collapse years — and perhaps even decades — before their downfall is officially announced. In a state like Iran, fears about, and hedges against, downfall represented a focal point in the thoughts of its founding father Ayatollah Khomeini and his loyalists such as Mort Why Iranian missiles are targeting Makkah. Since , when the Houthis overthrew the internationally recognized Yemeni government in Sanaa, they have been systematically targeting Makkah, with the Saudi air defenses succeeding in shooting down many ballistic missiles aimed at the holy city. At the start of this period, with the f Although his electoral platform lacked any details clarifying how he would fulfill his promises, they still symbolize more than 50 problems As Iranian President-elect Ebrahim Raisi prepares to assume his responsibilities on Thursday, protests in Ahwaz over the ongoing water crisis and other problems have expanded across the country. From diplomacy to the economy, border security to domestic law and orde Iran and the future of endless disputes in the region under Raisi. The repeated Iranian attacks against US targets, consecutive Iranian strikes against oil tankers in the Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea, and the dangerous messages conveyed in speeches by the incoming President Ebrahim Raisi point to an intensive military escalation by the Islamic Revolutionary Gu Like the rest of the world, Arab countries are closely following developments in the Afghanistan arena. Middle Eastern nations fear that the war-torn country will once again descend into a devastating civil war, just like the one that began in the late decades of the 20th century. There is no What Afghan scenario means for Russian-Iranian rapprochement. Moscow and Tehran are among the few capitals in the world that did not express deep concern about th Filter by author: - Remove Dr. Filter by main category:. Search form Search. Print Edition Read pdf version Subscribe now.

A Review Study of Substance Abuse Status in High School Students, Isfahan, Iran

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Evaluate socio-demographic, family and behavioral factors associated with oral health literacy OHL in adolescents. Cross-sectional study conducted with adolescents aged 15 to 19 years in Campina Grande, Brazil. The adolescents answered validated instruments on family cohesion and adaptability family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale , drug use alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test , type of dental service used for last appointment and OHL Brazilian version of the Rapid Estimate of Oral Health Literacy in Dentistry. A directed acyclic graph was used to select independent variables in the study. Family functioning and socio-demographic factors influence the level of oral health literacy among adolescents. Oral health literacy OHL is the ability to understand and interpret information on dental care to maintain good oral health. Thus, OHL has been associated with oral health-related behaviors and dental outcomes 1 1. Baskaradoss JK. The association between oral health literacy and missed dental appointments. J Am Dent Assoc. However, a direct association between oral problems and OHL has not yet been consolidated in the literature 2 2. Oral health literacy and associated oral conditions: a systematic review. This association is believed to be influenced by other aspects that act as intermediary factors in the process. The Brazilian version BREALD has proven to be reliable, is easy to administer and has good psychometric properties for use on adults 3 3. PLoS One. Rev Saude Publica. Acta Odontol Scand. Adolescence is characterized by the pursuit of greater autonomy in making health-related decisions and a decrease in adult supervision 6 6. Age standardization of rates: a new who standard. Geneva: WHO; This is the first study to evaluate the influence of family functioning and social status on OHL among middle to late adolescents. Low OHL levels are believed to impact oral health behaviors and contribute to disparities in access to oral health services 1 1. Thus, family functioning and social aspects need to be better understood to support oral health strategies aimed at this specific age group. Inappropriate health behaviors, drug use and risk behaviors are common in adolescence. Substance use is associated with lower decision-making capacity and greater probability of inappropriate behavior, making individuals in this phase vulnerable to health problems 8 8. Health literacy, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use behaviors in teens. Patient Educ Couns. Thus, substance use is believed to influence the level of OHL in adolescents. Other important aspects that can affect OHL are the quality and structure of family relations and the type of dental service used. Appropriate family functioning is known to favor the learning process and academic performance 9 9. Academic achievements of adolescents and family functioning. Acad J Interdiscip Stud. Moreover, the quality of care offered at dental services and communication with a dentist varies among the different types of services 10 Among socioeconomic factors, family income has influenced the academic performance of adolescents 11 J Early Adolesc. As socioeconomically underprivileged adolescents may exhibit a low level of literacy, it is important to study the association between social class and OHL. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate associations between the level of oral health literacy and socio-demographic aspects, family characteristics and behavioral factors in a school-based representative sample of adolescents. To learn the factors associated with OHL in adolescents is important in improving health-related communication and achieving better oral health. This study was conducted in Campina Grande, a center of technological and industrial development in northeast Brazil, despite its worrisome social problems 12 Cidades: Campina Grande. An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted at schools in the city with adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years, who were selected using a two-stage sampling process. First, 32 schools 16 public and 16 private were randomly selected from a total of schools in the city. Thus, the final sample comprised adolescents. Adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 enrolled at public and private schools in the city were included in the study. Two examiners were trained by an expert in the field, stablishing both inter-examiner and intra-examiner agreement 13 Braz Oral Res. During the calibration phase, the examiners watched 15 videos of individuals with different levels of OHL and attributed scores to each case. The results were compared to those of the expert and discussed. A pilot study was conducted with 50 students 25 from a public school and 25 from a private school to test the applicability of the methods and make any necessary adjustments. The results of the pilot study revealed that no changes to the proposed methods were needed. The adolescents who participated in this step were not included in the main study. The adolescents were also asked about type of dental service public or private used for their last appointment. The Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria 14 Brazilian Market Research Association. Brazilian criteria and social class distribution update for \[cited Oct 29\]. This instrument is used to determine word recognition capacity. The adolescents were asked to read thirty words related to dentistry in increasing order of difficulty 4 4. Each correctly pronounced word was awarded one point. The total was then obtained, with higher scores denoting a higher level of OHL. Rev Panam Salud Publica. The scores obtained by the sum of odd numbered questions indicate the type of family cohesion and those obtained by the sum of even numbered questions indicate the type of family adaptability 16 Cicumplex model: systemic assessment and treatment of families. Abingdon UK : Routledge; Rev Assoc Med Bras. For the present study, we considered answers to the use of legal substances tobacco and alcohol and illegal substances marijuana, cocaine, stimulants, opioids, sedatives, inhalants and hallucinogens for the previous three months. Figure Directed Acyclic Graph DAG for effect of socio-demographic, family and behavioral characteristics on oral health literacy. Descriptive analysis was performed for the characterization of the sample. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was used to test associations between the exposure variables and outcome. Oral health literacy was used as a count outcome because cutoff points can vary significantly across populations and there is no standard categorization in the literature. Therefore, for this study, OHL as a count measure was the best way to explore differences between groups. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Resolution No. The sample comprised adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age. As students from this age group are preparing for important university admission exams, the level of absenteeism was not high. Twenty-three adolescents were excluded for being absent for the interview after three attempts. Table 1 shows the characterization of the sample. Thumbnail Table 1 Characterization of sample of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. These results are important, showing, for the first time, factors related to OHL in adolescents. The present findings could contribute to devising public policies directed at this age group. We believe this is the first study to investigate factors associated with OHL in adolescents. Important associations were found between characteristics of family relations and OHL in adolescents. The relationship between family functioning and academic achievement in female high school students of Isfahan, Iran, in — Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. Communication problems? The role of parent-child communication for the subsequent health behavior of adolescents. Ruhr Econ Papers. The effect of family adaptability on OHL has not previously been reported. In such families, authority structure is strict, which may have favored the supervision of the adolescents and contributed to better educational results 21 Educ Res Int. Consequently, less family adaptability may have favored greater access to information regarding oral health. Oral health literacy of adolescents of Tamil Nadu, India. Sch J Dent Sci. Parental oral health literacy of children with severe early childhood caries in Hong Kong. Eur J Paediatr Dent. High family income favors the availability of financial resources and contributes to greater access to dental services and communication with the dentist 24 Rev Bras Epidemiol. A smaller number of residents in the home was also associated with a higher level of OHL. This finding likely indicates less division of financial resources among family members and the opportunity for greater attention directed at education in families with a smaller number of children 25 25 Karwath C, Relikowski I, Schmitt M. J Family Res. Having parents who are married contributed to a higher level of OHL among the adolescents. Children who live with married parents have better psychological maturity, are healthier and receive more attention to their needs, because of greater family support 26 Family structure and adolescent physical health, behavior, and emotional well-being. Soc Serv Rev. Therefore, this finding indicates that greater parental support has a positive impact on the level of OHL among adolescents. White adolescents had better OHL compared with their non-white counterparts. A previous study found that non-white adolescents had a poorer academic performance and called attention to the occurrence of racial difference regarding the academic performance of economically underprivileged adolescents 27 Gordon MS, Cui M. Youth Soc. Such social inequalities occur in many societies, affecting the social inclusion of non-white individuals. Moreover, non-white adolescents may have to reconcile work and study due to economic hardship, which has a negative impact on learning capacity 28 Dev Psychol. Adolescents who used private dental services had better OHL. The high demand for care at public dental services in Brazil and the low priority given to adolescents at such services 29 User satisfaction with public and private dental services for different age groups in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. No association was found between drug use and OHL, contrary to expectations. A previous study found poorer academic performance and lower concentration among adolescents who took drugs 30 Int J Psychol Brain Sci. The absence of an association in the present study likely occurred because only reports of use in the previous three months were considered, which may not represent chronic substance use. Future longitudinal studies should be conducted on the association between OHL and chronic drug use among adolescents. Moreover, since the study was conducted in a school setting, the adolescents may have felt inhibited to declare their actual consumption. The main limitation of the present study is the cross-sectional design, which does not permit establishing the direction of the associations; longitudinal studies are needed for this purpose. However, this study offers an important indicator of factors associated with OHL in adolescents, which is an under-investigated field of study. This study used broad inclusion criteria to represent the target population precisely and enhance its external validity. The results could contribute to devising public policies aimed at the promotion of oral health in adolescence. Such policies should include family evaluations at schools and health services 15 These results underscore the importance of a favorable family environment to better oral health literacy. Open menu Brazil. Open menu. Text EN Text English. Eligibility criteria Adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 enrolled at public and private schools in the city were included in the study. Pilot study A pilot study was conducted with 50 students 25 from a public school and 25 from a private school to test the applicability of the methods and make any necessary adjustments. Table 1 Characterization of sample of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Table 2 Poisson regression for oral health literacy and socio-demographic, family and behavioral characteristics in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Publication Dates Publication in this collection 20 Mar Date of issue History Received 20 June Accepted 22 Aug This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. Faculdade de Odontologia. Departamento de Odontologia. Email: anaflaviagg gmail. Conflict of the Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Figures 1 Tables 2. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader. PDF English. Google Google Scholar. Socioeconomic status and family functioning influence oral health literacy among adolescents.

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