How can I buy cocaine online in Jounieh

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How can I buy cocaine online in Jounieh

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. The Lebanese economic crisis, financial crisis, and USD shortage were conducive to an increased drug addiction especially for students who feel that their future in Lebanon is not safe, as well as the psychological fragility of the Lebanese people, and the more permissive sociocultural context. Our study aimed to assess the addiction levels and profiles of university students in Lebanon, and thus to evaluate the rapid rising in dependence regarding smoking, alcohol, and illegal drug use during this crisis. This cross-sectional study was carried out between February and September Participants received the online link to the survey. Students were divided into three clusters as follows: cluster 1, which corresponds to students with moderate addictions; cluster 2, which corresponds to students with high addictions; and cluster 3, which corresponds to students with low addictions. The results of our study revealed a considerable prevalence of addiction to alcohol, illicit drugs, and specially to smoking, among Lebanese university students. These findings emphasize the need to implement firm policies and rules in an attempt to minimize the tendency of the young population to engage in such addictions. It is an overindulgence in any addictive substance. Addiction is now considered by the WHO as a dependence, which can exist in various degrees of severity resulting in harmful academic and social consequences as well as causing health problems World Health Organization An addictive behavior can affect human health, and seems to be on the rise especially among university students due to the availability of tobacco and other substances on campuses Houri and Hammoud Addictive substances include illicit drugs cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, marijuana, hallucinogens, etc. While students are excited to kick off this new phase of life, university is considered a fresh start for every student, full of new experiences. Previous findings revealed that university students are more prone to drug use and substance addiction related to four components: problems and coping, sensation seeking, social environment, and disposition Cirakoglu and Isin Tobacco consumption causes approximately 6 million deaths per year and is expected, in the near future, to result in more than 8 million deaths annually especially in developing countries World Health Organization Smoking dependence has been reported worldwide with high predominance among university students Tamim et al. The smoking epidemic in Lebanon is not only attributed to cigarette smoking that remains widespread but also for the new waterpipe trend. Alcohol consumption is increasing worldwide and is considered the substance of choice on campuses Young and de Klerk University students are at a stage where they can experience more freedom in their behaviors such as alcohol consumption Chu et al. Non-illicit drugs, either prescription or non-prescription drugs, are abused at a continually increasing rate among university students Kerbage and Haddad ; Manubay et al. Smokers and alcohol consumers show a correlation with drug addicts especially males World Health Organization In Lebanon, opioids appear to be the most abused type of prescription drug. After opioids, The United Nation panel warned that prescription drug such as tranquilizers and sedatives will soon overpass illicit drug use Kuehn Despite that, cannabis is the only abused illegal drug more than prescribed drugs with a rate of 8. Cluster analysis is used to detect and differentiate subgroups of individuals with similar characteristics, clinical signs, and symptoms. Thus, its use may be helpful to better capture the behavioral patterns of people with different addictions Hamid et al. There is a global burden of drug abuse in correlation with smoking and alcohol consumers. Cultural tolerance and social acceptance for smoking in Turkey make it easier for students to increase the addiction risk Karatay and Bas In European countries, opposite to Lebanon, illicit drugs are considered legal, which increase the rate of its freely consumption. The Lebanese economic crisis and COVID pandemic were conducive to an increased drug addiction especially for students with unguaranteed future in Lebanon, as well as psychological fragility of the Lebanese people El Othman et al. This research seemed essential to be conducted in the current economic, political, and health crisis that the country is facing and that is taking its toll especially on the young population. Involved people were encouraged to visit a website that would guide them to the consent form, information form purpose of the current study, anonymity, voluntariness of consent to research , and questionnaire. All participants responded willingly to the survey. There were no fees for participating in the study. All university students over the age of 18 were eligible to participate. Those who refused to complete the survey were excluded. Based on a The survey was in English, one of the two educational languages in Lebanon. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. A common tool for measuring the severity of physical addiction to nicotine is the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence Heatherton et al. It is validated in Lebanon Salameh et al. It is a items scale used to evaluate unhealthy alcohol use, drinking patterns, and health-related alcohol use issues World Health Organization Questions illustrate different alcohol drinking way and assess the number of drinks. This scale is validated in Arabic Kadri et al. Statistical analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences A cluster analysis, using the K-mean method, was conducted in order to classify participants according to their patterns into three clusters. All scores were standardized before conducting the cluster analysis. The Chi-square test was used to check for a difference in terms of categorical variables between clusters, whereas ANOVA test was used to compare three or more means. A multinomial regression was conducted next, taking the clusters as the dependent variable the cluster of students with low addiction was taken as the reference group. The mean age of the participants was The majority of the participants were single and had married parents. A significantly higher percentage of female participants, with no income and whose parents were married, had lower addictions belonged to cluster 3. Moreover, a significantly lower mean age was found in students belonging to cluster 3 compared to the other 2 clusters Table 3. When comparing cluster 1 vs cluster 2, the results showed that a significantly higher percentage of females This reality could be susceptible to play a part in facilitating substance abuse and misuse with the current situation in Lebanon. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any recent study evaluating the prevalence of addiction to both licit smoking, alcohol and illicit substances in the young population, particularly during the current economic and political crisis that the Lebanese population is encountering, adding up to the pandemic of COVID Our sample was divided into three clusters depending on the level of addiction of the participants. Based on the data in our study, the majority of university students appeared to have a low addiction profile The results of our study among Lebanese university students do not align with the international research in which alcohol appears to be the most consumed and prevalent addictive substance among university students Ruisoto et al. According to our study, there is a negative association between lower age and levels of addiction of university students. These findings come in line with the international literature in which age appears to be a predictive factor of substance use, as illustrated in a previous paper regarding both alcohol and tobacco use Mostardinha and Pereira Furthermore, in a study conducted among university students in Northern Ireland, Wales, and England, in El Ansari et al. Comparable findings were also obtained and applicable in regard to alcohol use and tobacco smoking Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration This does not come as a surprise since this age range is marked by a transition for the young university students, i. Our study shows a negative association between female gender and the level of addiction profile. Female gender appears to be associated with lower addiction compared to males, which is consistent with the international literature Degenhardt et al. The discrepancy between addiction profiles between men and women can be explained by the fact that substance use disorders are considered to be a form of externalizing behaviors that are generally more common among men than women, women being more prone internalizing problems, such as depression or anxiety Bierhoff et al. Indeed, many previous studies attempted to assess how internalizing and externalizing psychopathology were correlated with alcohol dependence in men and women of various ages Bierhoff et al. Moreover, the association between impulsivity traits and substance use in the psychopathology of addictions, which was not assessed in our study, could in part explain why male students use drugs more than women, as impulsivity disorders appear to be more prevalent among men according to several studies that were conducted in Europe and the USA Bravo et al. In Lebanon in particular, the cultural background which is more permissive of the idea of smoking and alcohol use in men than women may have played a role in protecting women from developing smoking alcohol problems Degenhardt et al. Smoking and drinking are usually discouraged in women, for being considered incompatible with traditionally feminine traits detained by society, each society having a different acceptance level for female smoking and drinking Cui et al. In contrast with international studies conducted in Europe and Saudi Arabia, waterpipe use appeared to be more prevalent in female Lebanese university students than in males. Furthermore, a study realized in evaluating the patterns of alcohol use between genders shed light on the fact that women affected by the problematic use of alcohol were more likely to suffer from social discrimination and family neglect than men Kerr-Correa et al. Not to forget the peer influence contribution to young adult substance use, which might be more prevalent between males in Lebanon, and that is susceptible to play an important part in introducing young university students to smoking and substance use Delgado-Lobete et al. The findings of this study point out to the presence of an association between parental status and higher addiction. Participants with a deceased or divorced parent appear to be associated with a higher addiction profile than those with married parents. In a previous study, orphans, victims of parenteral loss, and children with divorced parents were more likely to be subjects to financial burden and psychosocial adjustment difficulties, therefore contributing to higher addiction and substance use problems Huurre et al. These results correlate with findings from previous international studies as adolescents living in non-intact families reported daily smoking, binge drinking, and regular cannabis use much more frequently than those living in intact families Kerr-Correa et al. This can be explained by the increased level of stress and adversity that can be found in disrupted families compared to intact ones and that is more likely to drive the young adolescents into smoking and consumption behaviors as part of potential coping mechanisms. In addition, university students with a deceased parent are more likely to face less supervision and less authority which may permit more permissive rules and less apprehension of the parenteral figure. Young students might find less support in their disrupted or non-intact families and might engage in such behaviors as their only way out and a solution to their problems Barrett and Turner According to our research, economic status of university students appears to be a possible contributing factor in increasing addiction. Both low and moderate SES appear to have a positive association with higher addiction profiles, whereas high SES was associated with moderate addictive profile. These results reflect those found in previous studies, concerning the association between substance use and the socio-economic context of the university students, since both affluent and poor participants are involved in higher addictions. According to a study by El Ansari W. The reason of these findings might be attributable to an increased and easier access to money in high SES university students, not to mention higher performance pressures, and less adult oversight which might explain why students of parents with higher incomes are more likely to engage in more negative health behaviors Patrick et al. Parents of high SES might adopt more permissive attitudes, and less supervision due to their demanding careers. However, findings concerning the association of different types of substance addiction and the socio-economic context of the students appear sometimes contradictory in the literature, smoking being associated with lower SES, and drinking with higher SES Mostardinha and Pereira ; Patrick et al. University students with low-income parents are likely to grow up in environments where smoking is prevalent, and in they have role models such as their parents, siblings, and neighborhood who smoke or are involved in other forms of substance use Redonnet et al. So, further research might be needed in order to better assess the association between the economic status and higher addiction profiles. Given the economic and political crisis that are superimposing on the already alarming pandemic in Lebanon and the unemployment situation of youth, university students appear to be exceedingly affected and helpless facing this current situation. All of these factors are susceptible to have a considerable impact and play a considerable part in guiding students toward smoking, alcohol, drugs, and other consumption behaviors. Additionally, the health care system allowing the young adolescents access to many over-the-counter drugs without the need to a prescription from health care professionals and pharmacies may facilitate even more such behaviors and abuse. Drugs are the escape for the youth who might perceive it as the only remedy for their present situation. Conducting our study seemed essential in the absence of any new research about the prevalence of addiction in university students in the last 2 decades, and especially in the light of the current circumstances as it may help, at first, shed light on the increasing illicit drug use in university students, some of which appeared to have a high prevalence of addiction Degenhardt et al. Second in education regarding random substance use and its various dangers on both their health and future El Ansari et al. Finally, attempting to obtain serious penalties for prescription drug misuse like other international countries, as well as implementing firm policies regarding substance use and drug availability are warranted in Lebanon. As all studies, our cross-sectional study has limitations; it does not allow acquiring causal relationships. The refusal rate may cause a selection bias. Moreover, some participants where older than the targeted population and due to some religious beliefs, the AUDIT test was not well evaluated since the correlation between alcohol and other variables is not present. Furthermore, the total sample size is sufficient, withdrawn from six governorates in Lebanon with some limitations while working with private institutions. Some possible confounding factors could have played a part in affecting the results of our study, which were not assessed in our research, such as 1 personal life stressors and psychiatric disorders anxiety, depression Esmaeelzadeh et al. However, the acceptable sample size covering all Lebanese regions and the university students that were good candidates to be chosen for such a study consents a close approach of the findings to the general population since no such studies have already directed in Lebanon, even though it does not allow the generalization of the results to the entire Lebanese population. Each of the gender, socio-economic, and familial status of the participants was predictive of their level of addiction. Indeed, female gender, intact family, and high socio-economic status of the students predicted lower addiction among the subjects. Future research is needed in order to evaluate the prevalence of addiction of university students to each drug specifically, both licit opioids, tranquilizers The authors do not have the right to share any data information as per their institutions policies. Submitting the form online was considered equivalent to obtaining a written informed consent. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Find articles by Clarissa Chalhoub. Find articles by Sahar Obeid. Find articles by Rabih Hallit. Find articles by Pascale Salameh. Find articles by Souheil Hallit. Received May 3; Accepted Jun 2; Issue date Open in a new tab. Multivariable analysis: multinomial regression taking the clusters as the dependent variable. Pascale Salameh and Souheil Hallit are the last co-authors. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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How can I buy cocaine online in Jounieh

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How can I buy cocaine online in Jounieh