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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding authors. Thymus vulgaris, Thymus satureioides, and Thymus zygis are endemic Moroccan species that are intensively used due to their extensive medications and culinary properties. To enhance and preserve these overexploited species, the effect of provenance on the chemical composition of essential oils and antimicrobial activity against human pathogens were studied. The correlation between the chemical composition of EO and antimicrobial properties were evaluated using R software. The samples studied gave variable yields, ranging from 0. The main constituents of Thymus vulgaris harvested from the municipality of El Hammam are carvacrol For Thymus zygis, the results revealed the dominance of carvacrol These chemical profiles have similarities, but also reveal differences from the results given in the literature. In addition, the essential oils most active towards the microorganisms evaluated were those of Thymus vulgaris, followed by Thymus zygis and Thymus satureioides. The correlation determined between the major components and MIC showed that phenols have the strongest positive effects on antimicrobial properties, followed by terpenes and non-aromatic alcohols. In addition, different sensitivities of pathogens to chemical families have been observed against Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter koseri, Candida parapsilosis, Staphylococcus aureus multiresistant, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Aspergillus niger. Our results support the idea that these oils could be very useful in flavoring, food preservation, as well as a source of antimicrobial agents of great power against multidrug-resistant strains. Nowadays, scientific research is oriented towards the development of new applications and the exploitation of the pharmacological properties of essential oils in the fields of pharmacy, cosmetics, and agri-food. Their production and antimicrobial potential have taken an important place in scientific research Belaqziz et al. Due to its geographical location and the diversity of its ecological conditions, Morocco offers a rich and diverse floristic biodiversity and vegetation. A large number of aromatic and medicinal plants grow spontaneously and are used in the traditional pharmacopeia or exploited for industrial needs Bellakhdar Among the aromatic and medicinal species that grow spontaneously in Morocco and that are the most exploited and demanded on the international market, are the thyme species, notably Thymus zygis , Thymus satureioides , and Thymus vulgaris. This genus Thymus includes between , and species, subspecies, and varieties of wild plants Lawrence and Tucker, , Napoli et al. It represents a polymorphic taxon, both chemical and morphological Morales According to Jalas Jalas Thymus is divided into eight sections: Micantes, mastichina, Piperella, Teucrioides, Pseudothymbra, Thymus, serpyllum, and Hypodermis. Thyme species are distributed between Europe, West Asia, and the Mediterranean. They can also be found in Siberia and even the Himalayas. According to the study conducted by Nickavar Nickavar, Mojab, et Dolat-Abadi , about different species of the genus Thymus are concentrated in the Mediterranean basin. Indeed, the Mediterranean region is considered to be the center of this genus. In traditional medicine, the leaves and floral parts of Thymus species are widely used as a tonic, antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, and carminative tea, as well as for the treatment of colds Ghasemi Pirbalouti et al. It has been reported that thyme has many biological activities: antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiplatelet, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory El Bouzidi et al. This genus is represented by 21 species, 10 of which are endemic, this translates into an endemism rate of Some of these species have already been extensively studied while others remain little known. This is particularly the case of Thymus zygis, Thymus vulgaris, and Thymus satureioides. They are generally used against respiratory infections, acute bronchial affections, colds, and as a food preservative Li et al. They are also harvested by local populations to be sold as fresh and dried herbs in city markets. However, these species are not widely exploited, export quantities are very limited, and Moroccan thymes remain under severe threat from grazing, overexploitation, or habitat loss. The chemical profile of several varieties of thyme from different regions of Morocco is highly variable, the content and nature of their major compounds vary considerably from one sample to another depending on the origin of the plants. These variations in chemical composition are due to geographical position, harvest season, environmental and climatic conditions, and also genetic factors Benjilali et al. Based on the food reports of the U. Among them, thymol is commonly considered a natural, non-toxic, and ecological bioactive agent, with various pharmacological functions Lange According to the WHO, by , microbial infections could be one of the world's leading causes of death Dadgostar Indeed, given the scarcity of new antibiotics, multidrug-resistant microorganisms are jeopardizing WHO's efforts to combat multidrug-resistant infections. In this case, to find effective and accessible alternatives from natural products that are nowadays experiencing a revival of interest and enjoy growing popularity, we have set as the main objective, the highlighting of the potentialities of endemic species of thymes from the Middle Atlas and Anti-Atlas regions of Morocco. We have in fact evidenced the effect of the origin of seven samples on the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris , Thymus satureioides and Thymus zygis collected from the regions of Khenifra, Tata and Ifrane respectively. We have also determined the chemical composition and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of EOs against twenty-four of the most pathogenic bacteria and eight fungi, which have been shown to be implicated in healthcare-associated and food-borne infections. This study is integrated in a context of valorization of Moroccan aromatic and medicinal plants that are potentially exploitable. The present study is carried out on samples of three species of thyme from seven sites. These samples were collected at the time of their flowering, at the level of the localities of the regions of Tata, Khenifra, and Ifrane. Then, the plants were dried in the shade for about ten days. Detailed information on each species is given in the Table 1 , Table 2 and Fig. Distribution of individuals in the populations of the thyme species studied and their harvest sites by region. The determination of the antimicrobial activity of different EO was carried out on twenty-four bacterial strains and eight fungal strains Table 3 , Table 4. These selected microorganisms are pathogenic, known for their high resistance, invasive and toxic power in humans. They are frequently encountered in many infections in Morocco that pose a clinical and therapeutic problem. A quantity of 5 g of sample is weighed, in crucibles previously dried in a desiccator and weighed. At the end of this time, they are cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The result is expressed as a percentage of dry matter:. The principle consists in adding 10 ml of hot distilled water to a quantity of 2 g of the tested sample. The mixture is filtered and left to cool. The organic matter content is calculated by the following formula:. There are limited standards for contamination for each metal. However, exceptions are made for drugs whose raw materials are known to accumulate cadmium in large quantities. The latter allows for large sample sizes, which limits the problems of sample representativeness. The process consists of mixing the crushed plant material 0. Then we took the supernatant and filtered it on a membrane of 0. The essential oils were extracted from the flowering tops of thymes by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Indeed, three distillations were made by boiling g of the plant material, of each plant, impregnated with water for three hours. The EO yield was calculated from g of the plant matter by the formula Akrout et al. The fragmentation is carried out by electron impact of 70 eV intensity. The device was controlled by a HP Chemstation computer system managing the operation of the device and allowing to follow the evolution of chromatographic analyses. The identification of the chemical composition of the EO was performed by determining and comparing the Kovats Indices KI of the compounds with those of known standard products described in the databases of Kovats, E. Identification of each compound was performed using the Kovats index by comparing peak retention times with those of known authentic standards available in the authors' laboratory and comparing their reported KI and MS data with those recorded in the 14 WILEY and NIST standards mass spectra database and published literature. Kovats's indices compare the retention time of any product with the retention time of a linear alkane containing the same carbon number. They are determined by co-injecting a mixture of the alkanes C7-C40 standard under the same operating conditions. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was performed following the reference method of microdilution using well microplates Balouiri, Sadiki, et Ibnsouda The MIC is the lowest concentration of EO that produces complete inhibition of growth appreciable to the naked eye of the bacteria and fungi tested after incubation. The MIC value is determined as the lowest concentration that prevents a color change of the resazurin. The 11th and 12th wells were considered the growth and sterility control respectively. The test was repeated twice for each oil. All data are presented as the average S. M of the indicated number of experiments. San Diego. California, USA. The results relating to the chemical variability of EO were analyzed using the R software. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis HCA and the dendrograms were made with dissimilarity matrices calculated in Euclidean distance and the method of aggregation systematically chosen is the average link. To assess whether the constituents of essential oils can be useful in reflecting the relationships between phytochemical and antimicrobial activities, 20 major compounds detected in the oil samples were selected and used for this purpose. The collected samples have undergone quality control at our laboratory level by measuring several characteristic parameters such as moisture content MC , pH, ash, and ICP Analysis of elemental impurities. The results are presented in Table 5 , Table 6. The moisture content of thymes measured by the oven method varies between These moisture contents are directly related to the activity of the water Aw. The high contents are recorded for Thymus vulgaris While the moisture content recorded for Thymus satureioides In addition, most microorganisms grow at a water activity between 0. Therefore, samples dried under laboratory conditions are of good quality. To know the stability of the plants concerning the microorganisms and the assimilability of the mineral elements, the pH of the plant matter was determined, it is a quality index determining the aptitude for the conservation of the plants. It is one of the main obstacles that microbial flora must overcome to ensure its proliferation. Microorganisms pathogenic to humans rarely grow at a pH acid, below 4. Most microorganisms develop at pH levels close to neutrality. Moreover, the pH conditions the assimilability and the good availability of mineral elements. Including our case, the pH of the species studied varies between 5. These values offer these thymes a quality of good character with good availability of mineral elements. The percentage of total ash provides information on the mineral content, as minerals are not transformed into volatile substances at high temperatures, unlike organic matter. The total ash contents observed are comparable and similar between the species studied except for Thymus zygis collected in the Bensmim region of Ifrane in which we recorded a high rate of about Medicinal herbs are easily contaminated during growth, development, and processing. After collection and processing, the heavy metals contained in plants eventually enter the human body and can disrupt the normal functions of the central nervous system, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain, leading to hypertension, abdominal pain, rashes, intestinal ulcers and different types of cancers. The Table 6 shows the average concentration of various metals measured in the powders of the flowering tops of thyme. Moreover, we note that the concentrations of heavy metals at the level of the different thymes are low except Thymus zygis collected in Ain Aghbal TZAA locality of the Ifrane region in which we observed a slightly high concentration of Iron 4. These results show a slight variation in the concentrations of heavy metals in the powders of the species evaluated. These variations depend on the species and the assimilated element. However, the order of accumulation of heavy metals As, Cd and Fe is variable from one species to another. By way of conclusion, the thymes studied can be proposed for direct consumption, as an ingredient in food processing, or for repackaging if necessary, as they can be safely intended for industrial treatments. The average essential oil yield of each species was calculated according to the dry plant matter obtained from the flowering tops of the different thymes. The essential oil yield obtained is shown in Table 7. The density of each essential oil analyzed by the conventional method ranged from 0. According to this study, it is found that Thymus zygis TZBE collected in Besmim, Ifrane region at an altitude of m, gave the highest essential oil yield 4. A high EO yield 3. These two rates are low compared to those obtained for Thymus zygis and Thymus vulgaris samples. On the other hand, the yields obtained for the different thymes are relatively important compared to some plants that are exploited industrially as a source of essential oils. Salaheddine El-Bakkal and co-workers El-Bakkal et al. From these results, we can deduce that intra- and interspecific variations in yields appear to correlate with abiotic factors such as specific climate in the sample collection regions and geographical factors such as altitude and soil nature. This is consistent with the results reported by El Idrissi and co-workers El idrissi et al. Several studies have shown the influence also of the vegetative cycle, the nature of the plant dried or fresh , the picking period as well as the mode of extraction on the yield and quality of the essential oil Drioiche et al. The present study revealed the presence of a high level of variation in the chemical composition of the EO of thyme species collected in the Middle Atlas region Khenifra, Ifrane and the Anti-Atlas Tata region. By analyzing the main chemical classes of the essential oils studied Table 8 , we found that the thyme samples have EO rich in oxygenated monoterpenes They are also characterized by a high level of hydrocarbon monoterpenes Oxygenated sesquiterpenes come last, by rates that vary from 0. The latter chemical class is absent for the TVHA sample. Based on the results presented in Table 8 , we note that the EO extracted from Thymus vulgaris from Khenifra is represented by the chemotype carvacrol On the other hand, thymol presents In Thymus zygis EO , we found two different chemotypes; carvacrol and thymol. Thymus zygis EO from Tigrigra and Ain Aghbal are dominated by carvacrol representing respectively While those of Bensmim and Timahdite, are rich in thymol whose values are respectively Compared to chemical compositions published in the literature, the chemical profile described in this work shows similarities but also reveals differences. Indeed, our results confirm those of Fachini-Queiroz Fachini-Queiroz et al. Furthermore, the results obtained in our work for Thymus zygis are consistent with those of Cherrat et al. However, the work of Yacoubi et al. While the essential oil of Thmus zygis from Meknes is dominated by thymol In addition, we found more or less important differences in the chemical composition of the essential oil of Thymus zygis collected in the region of ozoud-azilal High Atlas-Morocco. It is dominated by thymol The essential oil of Thymus zygis in Morocco is therefore characterized by its abundance of carvacrol or thymol isomeric compounds. The comparison of the chemical composition of thyme EO shows a diversity of compounds identified both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is impossible to find a chemically homogeneous and standardized EO for Thymus species in their natural habitat Aicha, Rachida, et El Abdelmalek The number of sesquiterpenes is very low, while the number of monoterpenes is the largest. Also, for all the chemical compounds identified within the essential oils of thyme species, only carvacrol remains the major common component omnipresent in varying quantities. The compounds identified in the different thymes are found in very variable percentages. Moreover, the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus zygis are dominated mainly by phenols followed by hydrocarbons. In contrast, Thymus satureioides EO is composed mainly of non-aromatic alcohols, followed by phenols and hydrocarbons. In addition, we find other families of chemical compounds that characterize thyme species such as ethers, esters, aldehydes, epoxides, and ketones with varying proportions Fig. The results obtained show valuable variations in the chemical composition of different species, within the same species and between provenances. These differences are remarkable in particular by the nature of the most abundant compound and the other constituents identified. Moreover, even if we find some similar elements, this variability from one locality to another confirms that the chemical profile of the species studied is very variable depending on the origin of the plant, altitude, climate, genetic heritage, and abiotic factors El El Ajjouri et al. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils of the studied thymes Thymus vulgaris , Thymus zygis , and Thymus satureioides ; shows a strong diversity of the identified compounds both qualitatively and quantitatively. To obtain a statistical description of our sample and to be able to highlight possible chemical variability and identify possible relationships between the abundance of volatile organic compounds and abiotic and geographical factors, we used two of the most common tests of multivariate descriptive statistics including a hierarchical ascending analysis HCA and a principal component analysis PCA. First, a hierarchical bottom-up analysis HCA was performed to divide the sample into groups of homogeneous observations, each group being well differentiated from the others. This analysis will then combine the samples to produce a dendrogram or classification tree Fig. This analysis shows that samples can be grouped into three distinct groups depending on the distance between them. Principal Component Analysis PCA is a method that simplifies data by studying the relationships between all variables to determine similarities and dissimilarities between individuals Fig. Graphical approach of the principal component analysis according to the plan F1xF2 of the essential oils of thymes from the different regions studied. To perform this analysis, we chose the first two factorial axes. The dispersion of thyme species in the plane formed by these two axes concerning the selected variables explains This figure confirms the results of the HCA and highlights the main quantitative differences between the three chemical composition groups species. Similarly, it shows that the chemical composition of the essential oils of the different populations shows heterogeneity. Previous studies have found similar chemical compositions, for the essential oils of the three species of thymes in our study namely the presence of carvacrol as a major constituent in the EO of Thymus vulgaris of El Hammam of the province of Mrirt which has already been mentioned in some populations of Thymus vulgaris in Morocco El Hattabi et al. Similarly, for Thymus zygis subsp. The results of antimicrobial activity of different Thymes are shown in Table 9. The CMI and CMB analyses of the different species show a high bactericidal quality of the essential oils against the different strains tested, except Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae B , Streptococcus porcinus, Enterococcus faecium which showed resistance to the concentrations of EO studied. The EO of the thymes evaluated is very powerful against gram-negative bacteria and in particular, the species Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter koseri, Acinetobacter baumannii. This potency of EO against Gram-negative germs is sometimes better than that of the antibiotics tested Table In addition, the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris carvacrol profile remains the most effective compared to other chemical profiles against the strains tested and in particular against Gram-positive bacteria. The mold evaluated, Aspergillus niger is inhibited with a MIC of In contrast, other fungi are inhibited just by concentrations below The red and blue colors show the positive and negative correlation respectively, and the correlation coefficient is displayed by the intensity of the color. The heat map analysis of seven samples of Moroccan thymes based on phenotypic traits is illustrated in Fig. The color represents the normalized value, with red representing the highest value and blue representing the lowest value. Correlation of the chemical composition of essential oils with their antimicrobial properties measured as inhibition capacity MIC Two-Dimensional Clustered Heatmaps. Each line represents the standardized content of different studied characteristics of a species. Each column represents the difference in the standardized results of different varieties in a single specific species. This correlation shows that phenols had the greatest positive effect on antimicrobial properties, followed by terpene compounds and then the other chemical families. Different sensitivity to chemical families was observed for microorganisms tested using inhibition capacity MIC. An example of a weak correlation is that of carvacrol with Candida krusei Ckr and Candida kyfer Cky. In addition, it is known that genetic makeup and environmental conditions influence the yield and composition of the volatile oil produced by thyme plants. Correlations between chemotypes polymorphism, sexual polymorphism, and environment have been detected Gouyon et al. The antifungal and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of the genus Thymus has been demonstrated by several researchers Vinciguerra et al. Most studies report the action of essential oils against pathogens. This work agrees that essential oils are relatively more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negatives Mutlu-Ingok et al. Deans et al. Deans et Ritchie observed that the sensitivity of Gram positives and Gram-negative bacteria to volatile vegetable oils influenced growth inhibition. However, some oils have appeared to be more active concerning the Gram reaction, exerting greater inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria; it has often been reported that Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to essential oils present in plants Smith-Palmer, Stewart, et Fyfe The results obtained in our study showed that Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to the essential oils of thymes. On the other hand, these EO showed a certain selectivity towards Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, the biological activity of essential oils depends on their chemical composition, which is determined by the genotype and influenced by environmental and agronomic conditions Marotti et al. According to literature reviews, the above-mentioned bioactive molecules have been found to have significant antimicrobial activities Aghraz et al. The antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oils is related to its phenol-like components, non-aromatic alcohols, and monoterpene hydrocarbons Fig. Although the mechanism of action of phenols and terpenes is not fully understood, it is thought to involve the rupture of the membrane by lipophilic compounds Cowan Essential oils containing phenols and terpenes possess remarkable antimicrobial activity Dorman et Deans , which is consistent with our current study. The synergistic effects of these active chemicals with other constituents of essential oils should be considered for antimicrobial activity. The samples of the evaluated thymes have a strong antimicrobial power with a bactericidal and fungicidal effect against the evaluated microbial strains. Pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries need ecological alternatives to drug molecules to treat infectious diseases. Thus, these EOs could be a potential source of alternative antimicrobial agents and could play an important role in the discovery of new products against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in the near future. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Saudi Pharm J. Find articles by Aziz Drioiche. Find articles by Fatima Zahra Radi. Find articles by Atika Ailli. Find articles by Amal Bouzoubaa. Find articles by Amale Boutakiout. Find articles by Soumia Mekdad. Box , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia. Find articles by Omkulthom AL Kamaly. Find articles by Asmaa Saleh. Hospital, Meknes, Morocco. Find articles by Mohamed Maouloua. Find articles by Dalila Bousta. Server Sahpaz e Univ. Find articles by Server Sahpaz. Find articles by Fadoua EL Makhoukhi. Find articles by Touriya Zair. Open in a new tab. ATCC Yersinia enterocolitica. Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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How can I buy cocaine online in Ifrane

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