How can I buy cocaine online in Gaborone

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How can I buy cocaine online in Gaborone

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Cannabis Use Disorder Among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Gaborone, Botswana

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Anthony A. Email: olawaleanthonya gmail. Cannabis use disorder CUD poses major clinical and public health concerns globally. It is a growing problem among the youth in Botswana, yet little research has been done on this subject. The present study hoped to address this gap in knowledge by determining the prevalence and associated factors of CUD among first-year university students in Botswana. The mean age of the respondents was CUD was found among the first-year undergraduates studied. Promoting protective activities such as religious activities and strengthening programs that teach students how to cope with academic stress and a new environment would be helpful. Cannabis is the most commonly abused illicit drug across all age groups, in Botswana and other countries. Various aspects of student life, especially among fresh undergraduates, increase their vulnerability to drug use. These include a switch from the constrained life censored by parents to a more self-directed life influenced by the university environment; peer influence, possibly resulting from shared living quarters with strangers from different cultural and social backgrounds; and poor coping or survival skills in response to academic pressure and new environment. Several other demographic variables have been linked to cannabis abuse in students. Being male, younger age, and being a single or unmarried student has been associated with a high rate of use. It is associated with antisocial behaviors, such as violence, vandalism, rape, theft, and multiple drug abuse. In Botswana, unpublished data from the only mental referral hospital revealed a high prevalence of CUD among adolescents and young adults with psychiatric disorders, especially those with psychotic disorders. Adolescents and young adults fall within the university admission age bracket and make up the highest proportion of the population of Botswana. The present study among university students became necessary in order to provide the data needed for the control and prevention of drug use and psychiatric disorder. A cross-sectional study was conducted among first-year university undergraduates in Gaborone, Botswana. At the time of the study, there were three universities in the city. One of these was used as the study site. However, ethical approval was given on the condition of anonymity; hence, the name of the study site cannot be revealed in this paper. Participants were selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique, where the selection was made in stages from faculties through departments until we arrived at the final sampling units. This paper was derived from secondary data which had been previously published. These two variables were rated on a five-point Likert scale. The DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder were synchronized into the WHO questionnaire and were only used for alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis, which are the major drugs available in Botswana. It has specifiers that include the severity, that is, mild, moderate, and severe, and whether in early or sustained remission. The approval to embark on the study was conditioned on the assurance that the name of the study site institution would remain anonymous. Also, written informed consent was obtained from every eligible interviewee. Four research assistants were employed and adequately trained on how to approach the eligible participants, distribute the questionnaire, and clarify unclear or ambiguous items on the questionnaire. Nonetheless, the questionnaires were mainly self-administered and required minimal assistance. Instructions were given to the participants not to discuss their responses and not to write any form of identification on the forms. After completion, they were asked to drop the completed responses into a pool of questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed mostly during the school hours when most students were waiting for lectures or after lectures. This was done to ensure that the selected departments were significantly represented. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mean, and percentages were used to describe the sociodemographic variables of the study participants and the prevalence of CUD. Chi-square tests were performed to explore the relationship between identified socio-demographics and the presence of CUD. To further explore this relationship, the significant variables on chi-square tests were entered into a binary logistic regression model, with CUD as the dependent variable. There were Most of the respondents were from the Tswana Demographic characteristics of the newly admitted university undergraduates in Gaborone, Botswana. Of the students surveyed, 37 9. Males were more likely to meet these criteria compared to females, but the difference was not significant statistically. Having difficulty coping with academics and or the new academic environment, receiving a monthly upkeep above USD, believing that cannabis is readily available and low participation in religious activities were all significantly associated with CUD see Table 2. For a comprehensive understanding of CUD, a single model of binary logistic analysis was conducted, and only the significant variables on chi-square tests were included in the model. Associated factors of cannabis use disorder in the newly admitted university undergraduates in Gaborone, Botswana. Substance use is a significant problem among youth in Botswana, with cannabis being the most commonly used illicit drug with the onset of use in early adolescence. Most studies conducted in this setting have mainly concentrated on alcohol or tobacco use. Only 4. Nevertheless, the prevalence rate was within the ranges from estimated rates and studies done elsewhere. Such motivation for Cannabis use has been found in earlier studies in Botswana. Apart from the possible effect on the academic performance and mental state, prolonged use of cannabis may ultimately lead to the abuse of harder drugs. Cannabis has been hypothesized to be a gateway drug on the model of progression to hard drugs like cocaine and amphetamines. Gender difference is an essential correlate of CUD with males more likely to use cannabis and meet the criteria for CUD. It also revealed that male students were more likely to meet the DSM-5 criteria for CUD, but the relationship was not statistically significant. This disparity may have been accounted for by the size and the nature of the current study. Regardless, male gender and sensation-seeking behaviors have been correlated with cannabis use, 24 and this underscores the need to come up with programs specifically targeting male youth. Students who complained of difficulty in coping with the new environment and academic demands were five times more likely to meet the criteria for CUD. As previously alluded to, the first-year of university education is a time of great transition from a relatively structured and dependent high school environment to an environment where students have more freedom and independence. This change can be stressful and may be adapted to negatively or positively by the students. Studies have found significant levels of stress in fresh undergraduate students as well as college students in general. Hence, programs targeted at the identification of stressors, prevention of burnout, and counseling regarding problem-solving and adaptive coping strategies should be instituted or made available to these individuals. Studies have shown a correlation between income levels and substance use. These findings may partly explain the reasons for the low prevalence of CUD compared to past year use in the present study. This is because cannabis is still an illicit substance in Botswana, and its use is an expensive habit to maintain. Many of these students are from low socioeconomic and mostly depend on the monthly stipend from the government. It is thinkable that most of them have little disposable income to spend on maintaining a substance use habit and non-essentials. Thus, it is not surprising that the few students who satisfied the criteria for a CUD received a comparatively higher level of monthly financial upkeep. Youth from affluent families appear to be particularly disposed to substance abuse. It is also noteworthy that a higher proportion of students with CUD said that cannabis was readily available, albeit the relationship is not significant. Availability and affordability are important factors which drive substance use. We found a negative association between regular participation in religious activities and CUD. Most of the sampled students had some religious affiliation and reported participating often or regularly in religious activities. Even though no association was found between the type of religious affiliation and CUD, participation in religious activities is protective, as reported by previous authors, 10 , 11 and this could be because some religions prohibit the use of substances. Religious students are also more likely to have non-drug-using peers, and since peer influence is known to play a role in substance use, having non-drug using peers could be an additional protective factor. Determining how to leverage on such protective factors can help in developing substance use and specifically cannabis use prevention programs. This study was carried out in only one of the several universities in Botswana, and hence the findings might not be generalizable to all universities in the country. The study was cross-sectional in design, and therefore causality is difficult to determine from the reported correlates. Reporting bias could not be eliminated due to the nature of the topic and the need for some clarifications by the research assistants. The study showed evidence of CUD among first-year undergraduate students in a university in Botswana. The associated factors of CUD in the sample were identified. Students who complained of difficulty in coping with the new environment and academic activities were five times more likely to have CUD. Those who receive more than USD per month were also five times more likely to meet the criteria. Conversely, those who regularly participate in religious activities are less likely to have CUD. Therefore, encouraging and leveraging on seemingly protective activities like participation in religious activities should be promoted as a means of prevention. Having and strengthening programs that teach students how to cope with academic stress and a new environment would be helpful. We acknowledge the efforts of the research assistants, and all the students who participated in the study. Declaration of Conflicting Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. AO and PO analyzed the data and prepared the initial manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Subst Abuse. Find articles by Anthony A Olashore. Find articles by Philip R Opondo. Find articles by John A Ogunjumo. Find articles by James O Ayugi. Received Dec 18; Accepted Jan 10; Collection date Variable Statistic Age, years; mean sd Open in a new tab. Significant P values in bold. Characteristics Wald Sig. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Difficulty in coping with the academic and new environment. Difficulty in coping with academic and the new environment.

How can I buy cocaine online in Gaborone