How can I buy cocaine online in Charleroi

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How can I buy cocaine online in Charleroi

Drug trafficking via apps like Telegram is booming. In Zurich, it has never been easier to get hold of illegal substances than it is today. Raphael Nassar is what one would call a small fish in the drug milieu. But as he drove his red Opel Astra through Zurich's university district at the end of April , he had a whole potpourri of substances in his backpack. In it were: 47 grams of cocaine, grams of amphetamines, ecstasy pills, 93 LSD tabs, 15 grams of ketamine, 75 grams of cannabis and half a dozen other illegal substances. Nassar, whose name has been changed, is a university graduate and normally works as a small business owner. But on that spring evening, he was on his way to his clients as a courier for a major drug network. They were residents of Zurich who waited at home on the sofa or at the kitchen table for the doorbell to ring. Maybe they were still holding their cell phone. Because that's how they ordered the drugs that Nassar was bringing to their door. But Nassar and the drugs did not arrive. The police arrested the courier on his way to his next deal. Maybe he stood out because of the way he was driving, maybe because of the backpack on the passenger seat. Maybe because there were fewer people on the streets because of the first pandemic lockdown. It is possible that the police had been on the trail of the young man for some time. Nassar ended up in custody for two days. Police searched his room in Seefeld and confiscated more drugs, several cell phones and thousands of francs in cash. Nassar was charged. The information about him and his arrest comes from the indictment. The clients went empty-handed that evening. But they have little to fear. The same is true for the dealers upstream of Nassar. Even if the drug courier wanted to blow the whistle on them in court today, nearly three years later, he couldn't. Because the young man never saw them. In Zurich, drugs are increasingly being sold over the internet. More and more consumers who have their substances tested in the DIZ laboratory say they bought them online. And the number of unreported cases is probably much higher. The selection in the online drug market is wide - much wider than traditional street dealers. Some vendors tout lists of two dozen different banned substances. Buying the drugs requires no advanced computer skills. A messenger service like Telegram and an app for crypto payments or an SBB ticket machine for bitcoin transfers are all that is needed. Meanwhile, some dealers even use Instagram and Tiktok to hawk their wares. The providers present themselves as hip and trendy. With promotions and volume discounts, a customer service and FAQ pages, they vie for the favor of clientele. Consumers no longer have to walk down a dark alley to get their fix. Drugs can be discreetly delivered to your home by mail or courier. This has consequences. It has probably never been easier to get drugs than it is today. The rush is always just a click away. Almost three years after his arrest, Raphael Nassar stood before the Zurich District Court last week. He has a criminal record for falsifying a scholarship application a few years ago. Otherwise, the year-old Swiss seems more like a financial advisor than a drug dealer. He wears horn-rimmed glasses, a black turtleneck, has several years of professional experience in serious and lucrative jobs, and claims to now run a company with more than 20 employees. Since the day of his arrest, he has confessed. The judge asked the question that was on everyone's mind in the courtroom, «How do you, as an academic with highly specialized training, come to do something like this? Nassar answered quietly, struggling for words, apologetic. There is no real explanation, he said, but then tried to explain: In , he was plagued by money worries. He said his company suffered from the coronavirus pandemic, and government support failed to materialize for a long time. In a Zurich nightclub, he was approached by a man who identified himself as a drug courier. The next day, he said, he went into business. Nassar then delivered a large quantity of drugs to at least 50 different individuals. Within five weeks, he earned almost 23, francs. It is a network that in was still called «vitamin pigeon. In order to avoid advertising for an illegal business, we refrain from mentioning the new name here. On the trader's Telegram channel, every imaginable substance from amphetamine to Xanax is for sale. The only exception is heroin. One portion, called a unit, costs francs. The more you buy, the cheaper the price becomes. At regular intervals, the provider entices customers with special offers. It is unclear who is behind the ad. When asked, the operators of the Telegram channel reply in a remarkably friendly manner: «Good day, the pigeon thanks you very much for the request. Dealers are also recruited on the Telegram channel. The drug list includes large quantities, such as 50 grams of cocaine or half a kilo of marijuana, for sale. They cost thousands of francs, but should fetch many times that amount when sold to consumers. People like Nassar are tempted by such an offer. They have much more to fear than those responsible in the background, who can hide in the anonymity of the internet. In addition to Nassar, another courier has also been tried in Zurich, and a third case is pending, according to the Zurich-Limmat prosecutor's office. Strikingly, after the arrests of two couriers for the «vitamin pigeon» in the summer of , the Telegram channel went offline. A year later, the ad reappeared — without a courier service. Nevertheless, it is difficult for the police to take action against the illegal supply. This is obviously more difficult on the internet than in the case of physically established crimes,» writes the media office of the Zurich cantonal police upon request. The public prosecutor's office of the canton of St. Despite «extensive investigations,» the perpetrators could not be located. For tactical reasons, the Zurich cantonal police are not disclosing exactly how the investigators are proceeding. Just this much: The investigations are also taking place online. However, the perpetrators are often not in Switzerland, the report continues. Cross-border proceedings pose special challenges for the investigations. There are also repeated calls for legal regulation of the platforms on which the deals are made. Telegram, meanwhile, is denying any responsibility. Upon request, the company wrote that it has been actively combating harmful content — including the sale of banned substances — since its establishment in In addition, moderators monitor the platform's public chats and channels and accept deletion requests from users. Anyone who sees the advertisments for illegal products on the platform may doubt that the messaging service puts a lot of effort into fighting them. Dominique Schori, head of DIZ, has been observing the drug market on Telegram and other channels for years. He warns of possible consequences of the broad online offering. Online stores offer almost everything. That can lead users to try other substances. However, it is also possible the people behind the adverts are simply responding to an existing demand and offering additional substances, Schori points out. After all, «It's a market — economic laws apply here, too. This is also reflected in the purity of the substances. Cocaine laced with rat poison is a myth, Schori says. According to Schori, however, the quality of substances traded online is no better or worse than from other sources. Here, too, you will find many substances that are stretched, overdosed or mislabeled. To be sure, most drugs tested at the DIZ are still acquired in private settings. According to Schori, however, online retail is becoming increasingly important, especially for a young and tech-savvy clientele. However, he does not believe that the ads will attract new consumers. Anyone who wanted to get drugs could have done so in the past — without a cell phone. Raphael Nassar's career as a drug mule was short, steep and only seemingly lucrative. Nasser will receive a conditional prison sentence of 24 months and a fine of 80 Swiss francs per day for days for violating the Narcotics Act. He must also pay the costs of the proceedings of more than 11, francs. The district court thus followed the prosecution's proposed sentence. The well-educated drug courier shows remorse in his closing statement. In order to alleviate the suffering he caused, he had voluntarily donated the 23, Swiss francs he had earned from his illegal business, in addition to all other costs, to a center for addiction medicine. With its curated selection of English-language articles on Swiss and international news, politics, business, technology and society, NZZ in English provides readers with a fresh and independent perspective. Learn more about the project here. There is hardly a city where more cocaine is used than in Zurich. Buying is easier than ever before. International View. Ulrich Speck October 21, 6 min. Markus Ackeret, Moscow October 21, 7 min. Inside Europe. Eric Gujer October 21, 7 min.

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How can I buy cocaine online in Charleroi

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. EP contributed to the conception and design of the study. She did the fieldwork and was also involved in the matching procedure, the analysis and interpretation of the data. She wrote the first draft of the manuscript and was involved in the revision. LVB designed the study, did the fieldwork, was involved in the matching procedure, analyzed the data and was a major contributor in writing and revising the manuscript. FWC contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data. JA was the major link with the local partners, supported the fieldwork and was involved in the matching procedure. LG supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. For Belgium, available estimates of the number of people who inject drugs PWID are based on data from more than fifteen years ago and apply only to those who report ever injecting drugs. As a result, no reliable baseline data exist to determine the scale of services for PWID. We obtained pseudo-anonymized identifier information from treatment and harm reduction service providers and a fieldwork study between February and April in Brussels. To obtain national estimates, we scaled the proportion of PWID in Brussels to the total number of this population in Belgium based on two existing drug treatment registers, which were then multiplied with the result of the CRC. These estimates provide crucial information to ensure that services to PWID are adequately maintained. Keywords: People who inject drugs, capture-recapture, multiplier method, hidden population, harm reduction, treatment. Injecting drug use remains associated with a number of specific negative health outcomes such as increased risk of overdose and transmission of infectious diseases Janjua et al. As a result, people who inject drugs PWID have a considerably greater mortality risk compared to people who do not inject drugs Larney et al. As such, accurate and timely estimates of the size of the PWID population in a given location are vital for understanding the burden of injecting-related harms and are essential to serve as a baseline for evidence-based services to PWID Kwon et al. Indeed, harms related to injecting drug use can persist or increase because of a misallocation of services and resources Des Jarlais et al. The availability of needle exchange services, drug consumption rooms, drug treatment, infectious disease screening and care are important interventions to reduce harms associated with injecting drug use Leclerc et al. These studies are characterized by the use of a variety of methods and definitions Degenhardt et al. Second, not all estimates covered the same geographical area. Only a few studies were conducted on a national scale Bollaerts et al. Third, different age ranges such as 15—54 Kimber et al. Fourth, recent estimates are rarely available, with few exceptions Des Jarlais et al. It is clear that these different methods and definitions are always chosen in relation to a specific context. Some studies have the objective to meet specific requirements and needs at certain locations because of for example the concentration of specific services or vulnerable groups Des Jarlais et al. The availability of services for PWID requires information in order to verify the progress and further evolutions Degenhardt et al. More pragmatic considerations such as the availability of administrative source data are also decisive factors Janjua et al. This variety, however, hinders comparability between estimates. In Belgium, one of the first efforts to estimate the number of people who had ever injected drugs was made by Sartor et al using the national HIV register. The methods used were further improved and corrected for statistical biases in Bollaerts et al. These improvements and corrections were based on a national sero-prevalence study conducted during the years — Plasschaert et al. Over the last decade, this adapted method was used to calculate a yearly estimate of PWID during lifetime in Belgium. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the number of PWID within the last 12 months in Brussels and Belgium in order to have a baseline for evidence-based provision and assessing the coverage of harm reduction and treatment services. PWID are often socially stigmatized, have limited contacts with official services and are hard to reach Kwon et al. As a result, the number of PWID cannot be estimated using standard sampling and estimation techniques Bollaerts et al. In standard household surveys for example, drug users and especially PWID are underrepresented and enumeration of PWID through such surveys will fail because the size of the unsampled PWID population is not taken into account Jones et al. Moreover, within the Belgian household survey for instance, questions on drug use are limited and questions on the route of administration are not included Gisle and Drieskens, It is thus recommended to use indirect estimation techniques such as capture-recapture CRC and the multiplier method MM Hay and Richardson, ; Leclerc et al. In this study, people were defined as PWID when they had injected in the last 12 months. Between February and April we collected data from three sources: i two low-threshold outpatient drug treatment centers Projet Lama and MASS de Bruxelles , ii a low-threshold residential center Transit asbl and iii a fieldwork study. An internal registration system guarantees that users can only approach one of these centers, which means data is mutually exclusive. We therefore grouped data from both centers. The low-threshold residential center Transit asbl offers psycho-social support during the day and a shelter for the night. As not every PWID is in contact with a treatment or harm reduction service, estimations only based on the number of unique individuals currently in contact with these services would underestimate the total number of PWID Des Jarlais et al. Therefore, we integrated a fieldwork study in the CRC. The fieldwork Van Baelen et al. Platt et al. Low-threshold services for drug users can be defined as those which offer services to drug users, do not impose abstinence from drug use as a condition of service access, and endeavor to reduce other documented barriers to service access Mofizul Islam et al. We engaged these providers in Brussels because their expertise and trust within this population allowed us to access this population which is almost completely hidden Kraus et al. The study protocol of the fieldwork has been described elsewhere Van Baelen et al. Selection criteria for the whole CRC-study were: i having injected any substance within the last 12 months, ii aged 18 or older and iii having lived or used drugs in Brussels principally during the last year. In addition, for the part of the fieldwork, respondents iv had to be selected by one of the participating organizations as a seed or having received an invitation by means of a recruitment coupon from someone who participated already and v could not be selected when having participated already in the fieldwork before Van Baelen et al. It was decided to include in the fieldwork study also high-risk opiate users, defined following the directives of the EMCDDA as people who used opiates at least once a week for six months in the last year without medical prescription Thanki and Vicente, , as they were seen as a bridge between different PWID sub-populations or individual PWID. We assumed that all individuals of the target group were equally likely to be captured in any of the three sources Braeye et al. Moreover, a research period of three months is relatively short in the career of drug users. Therefore, we assumed that within this period, the target population did not start or stop using drugs and that they did not move into or out of Brussels Hay and Richardson, ; Vaissade and Legleye, Based on this unique identifier code, we applied probabilistic matching on the three data sources. Three researchers EP, JA and LVB independently checked all codes for which at least 10 out of 13 characters were the same and decided by majority if two different codes referred to the same person or not. In case two codes were identical or when it was decided two slightly different codes referred to the same person and a key characteristic for this person was different for one of the three sources, the existence of the key characteristic was preferred over the absence of the characteristic. In other words, if a source reported for instance a person who was known to them as someone who injected within the last 12 months and another source did not report this, the person was registered in the final database as someone who injected. We used log-linear modelling to analyze the overlap in the number of PWID in the three data sources. Subsequently, on this model we applied interaction terms which were compared to the independence model. For every fitted model, we estimated the total population size, i. We selected the final model based on the goodness of fit and the simplest model with the lowest AIC Table 1. The MM is a two-source method which is relatively easy to apply Bollaerts et al. This method combines an estimate of the size of the known subset of the target population, the benchmark, with an estimate of the proportion of the overall target population, the multiplier Bollaerts et al. Key assumptions of the MM are that the number of the target population in the benchmark sample is known and the multiplier is representative and unbiased Kimber et al. The current study used the results of the CRC as benchmark, which represents the PWID population in Brussels, and two existing drug treatment registers as multiplier. The first register is the Treatment Demand Indicator TDI register, which collects data for Belgium in a standardized way on episodes of people in treatment for alcohol or street drugs. An episode is defined as the period between the first face-to-face contact between a professional and the patient and the end of the activities in the context of the program foreseen. Different variables are registered, including the injection status and last injection occurrence Antoine et al. The second register is the OST register, which collects sociodemographic information on OST clients as well as their use of OST amount, type of medication, provider, etc. Vander Laenen et al. As information about injection behavior is lacking in this register, we assume that the people in the OST register are all ever or last year injectors. Both registers collect information about the geographical area and have a good coverage of PWID in Brussels. Consequently, the definition of PWID used for the multipliers matches the definition of the benchmark Hickman and Taylor, For both registers, data for were the most recent data available at the time of writing. The mean and variance were estimated using the sample mean and variance of the normal distribution. We report the empirical quantiles of the resampled estimates. We have used SAS software version 9. The study protocol was approved by the commission of medical ethics of University hospital Ghent Nr B Within a period of three months, unique adult PWID were identified in Brussels after matching the three data sources. As shown in the figure, 90 PWID met the eligibility criteria at the low-threshold residential center, PWID met the eligibility criteria at the two low-threshold outpatient drug treatment centers and PWID have been interviewed during the fieldwork. The mean age of the PWID was In total, Only As shown in Table 2 , given a total population size aged 18 or older in Brussels of , inhabitants Statbel, , this estimate corresponds to a population prevalence of 0. Total adult population size was , for Brussels and 9,, for Belgium in Statbel, Of them were registered in Brussels and were registered in the rest of Belgium. This gives a ratio of 9. Given a total population size aged 18 or older of 9,, for Belgium Statbel, , this corresponds to 0. The OST register recorded 16, adults of which 2, adults in Brussels in We assume all persons in this register are ever or last year injectors. To deduce the number of injectors in the last year, we again used the TDI register: in Brussels there were last year injectors and ever injectors, i. Applying these figures to the data of the OST register, we estimate a ratio of 9. Given the abovementioned population size for Belgium, this corresponds to a prevalence of 0. We can apply these results in a broader context of infectious disease prevention. Firstly, the outcomes of this study allow us to know the coverage of sterile needle and syringe distribution in Belgium. Indeed, a total number of 1,, needles and syringes was distributed in Belgium in European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Secondly, Van Baelen et al. Both treatment registers give comparable estimates strengthening our findings. The results of this study are important for the implementation of drug consumption rooms DCR , the provision of sterile needles and syringes and the number of PWID who are HCV-antibody positive in Belgium. Firstly, they are crucial for the further planning of drug consumption rooms DCR in Belgium. The purpose is to welcome PWID who would otherwise inject in harmful or dangerous circumstances such as in public places or squats and to prevent risks related to overdoses and infectious diseases Kimber et al. In addition, a DCR aims also to facilitate the access to other health and social services for its target group. Secondly, the results allow us to update estimates of coverage for distributed sterile needles and syringes on the basis of the number of PWID in this study. Knowledge about the coverage of sterile needles and syringes distributed to PWID is needed because the shared use of needles and syringes and other injecting equipment is the primary mode of infectious disease transmission Levine et al. This update of the coverage estimates of distributed needles and syringes per PWID per year shows that Belgium has almost reached the target number for of sterile needles and syringes provided per PWID per year. The target number by is set at sterile needles and syringes WHO, Monitoring trends in coverage level of sterile needles and syringes remains important to ensure that the services are adequately maintained and efforts are maximized to achieve the targets Kwon et al. Nevertheless, this coverage level does not inform us about the specific risk elements of individual PWID or subgroups such as frequency of injecting. It does not provide any indication whether the demand for sterile needles and syringes is met Kwon et al. This is essential to assess the efforts to improve the cascade of care of PWID who are infected with hepatitis C. Van Baelen et al. Consequently, it remains extremely useful to continue the efforts to prevent HCV transmission among PWID through achieving a higher coverage of sterile needles and syringes, but also to reach and convince more PWID to have a first HCV screening and to be treated when needed Fraser et al. At the same time, it is important to be careful with the interpretation of the results. Firstly, some statistical assumptions for CRC may not be met. The high turn-over of PWID in prison suggests that the assumption of a closed population may not hold Des Jarlais et al. Nevertheless, we assume that within a period of three months the change of the target population due to detention or release from prison could be kept to a minimum. The decision to give preference to the existence of a key characteristic in one database over the absence of the characteristic in another database and the assumption that all persons in the OST register are last year or ever injectors can lead to an overestimation. Nevertheless, an over- or underestimation of the estimates is also possible if dependence in selection into the three data sources exists. Finally, we assume that a similar distribution of PWID within 12 months exist in the three Belgian regions. This is not necessarily the case, given the different socio-economic and geographical realities in the three regions. The TDI register shows different proportions of injecting behavior by region depending of the substance used. The results can be used as a basis for further work in this area Larney et al. Only cross-validation studies at national level will be able to confirm, disprove or improve the current estimates Kimber et al. This study provides estimates of the number of adult PWID who injected within the last 12 months in Brussels and the number of adult PWID who injected within the last 12 months in Belgium as a whole. Our results confirm the usefulness of the CRC approach to estimate the number of PWID in a specific location and to monitor closely the size of the PWID population to ensure an evidence-based provision of services. The authors would like to thank Prof. Heimer and Dr. Braeye for their support in the design and the analysis of the study. A special thanks to all the nurses who conducted the fieldwork and who had a major contribution in the success of the study. Last but not least thanks to all the participants for their confidence and time. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. Estimates of people who injected drugs within the last 12 months in Belgium based on a capture-recapture and multiplier method Els Plettinckx Els Plettinckx 1 Directorate of Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14, Brussels, Belgium. Find articles by Els Plettinckx. Find articles by Forrest W Crawford. Find articles by Lies Gremeaux. Find articles by Luk Van Baelen. Contributions EP contributed to the conception and design of the study. Issue date Feb 1. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Drug Alcohol Depend. Open in a new tab. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

How can I buy cocaine online in Charleroi