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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the dental environment there is not much talk about the oral manifestations resulting from the use of drugs, because in general the issue of drugs is a very difficult subject to deal with. Therefore, the objective of this work is to understand what are the most obvious manifestations in the oral cavity and as the dentist can detect them. In order to carry out this bibliographical review, a scientific article search was made by consulting the PubMed database. The abstracts were read to recruit only what was consistent with the chosen topic. The 23 sources of information affirmed the relationship between a bad state of general health, and more in the specific, bad state of oral cavity. The most relevant manifestations were: decay, loss of teeth and precancerous lesions. These manifestations were present in most of the cases studied. All this is a consequence of the drug and the lifestyle acquired by the drug users studied. Tolerance may or may not be present 1. Globally, it is estimated that a million of the adult population aged years used drugs at least once in Some 31 million of substance abusers, are estimated to suffer from drug use disorders. Estimated Figures of drug use in Europe in show 24 million adults aged years used cannabis, 3. Many drug users tend to be polydrug users, making the entire drug-use scenario rather complicated. The most common method of using cannabis is by smoking it mixed with tobacco; health problems may increase with the use of higher potency cannabis products, especially those with high concentrations of the psychoactive component, tetrahydrocannabinol. Common physical health problems include chronic respiratory symptoms or mental health problems, such as cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms. Snorting cocaine is common, however, marginalized users are more likely to inject it or smoke crack cocaine 4. Cocaine use during pregnancy increases the risk of a foetus with a cleft palate 5. Amphetamines may be inhaled or injected, smoked, swallowed as a pill or dissolved in a drink 7. These substances produce an intense rush of pleasure, a sense of euphoria and a general state of dehydration 8 , 9. People who inject drugs PWID are more exposed to infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis and tuberculosis, accidental overdose, and anesthesia complications Drug abuse has both direct and indirect consequences for oral health; the associated complications may result from direct exposure of oral tissues to drugs during smoking or ingestion, biologic interaction of drugs with normal physiology of oral cavity, and the effects of drugs on the brain and on systemic functions 2. The aim of this bibliographic review is to explore the lesions that may appear in the oral area as a result of substance abuse, focusing on the most commonly used drugs nowadays. Review articles, clinical trials, comparative studies and cases series were included, as well as systematic reviews and metanalysis. With the words we have chosen and the filters, we have found articles. Of these, we have eliminated they also included drugs such as alcohol, medication, and tobacco. Of the 23 articles, 3 were used only for introduction and were not included for the results, for the results of this review we have selected 20, of which: 2 retrospective cohort study, 3 reviews, 8 cross-sectional study, 1 prospective cohort study, 1 retrospective observational case, 1 systematic review, 3 pilot studies and 1 comparative study. Of these articles, 3 speak only of cocaine, 1 speaks only of heroin, 1 of cannabis alone and 9 of methamphetamine alone. The remaining articles have been divided in mixed drugs: 3 articles bring together heroin, cocaine and cannabis; 2 articles put together cocaine and cannabis; 1 articles talk about heroin and methamphetamine. The main characteristics of the different articles are detailed in Table 1 , Table 1 cont. It is difficult to identify and isolate the root causes of oral diseases among addicts, since they show a variety of unhealthy behaviors. Poor oral hygiene, increased sugar intake, and inappropriate nutrition, life style and limited education do not favor the proper use of dental service 2. The authors showed the oral side effects of cannabis: periodontal disease, xerostomia, increased risk of decay, erosion of enamel due to cannabinoid hyperemesis, pulpitis, increased risk of candidiasis, leukoplakia, precancerous lesions and oral carcinoma 2 , Thomson et al. One or more periodontal sites with a 4 mm or greater loss of clinical attachment level CAL reached Users with high exposure present 7 times greater the risk compared to none users, of developing periodontal disease. The periodontal effects of tobacco smoke are thought to occur via the systemic effects of nicotine and other toxic constituents on immune function and the inflammatory response within the periodontal tissues. Cannabis contains more than compounds, the constituents are similar to tobacco those have been reported to carry systemic health risks and have histopathological effects that are similar to those of tobacco smoke Also the study by Gigena et al. In fact, the adolescent consumers had a higher plaque index than their peers who did not use drugs, people who are still cannabis smokers are characterized by lack of concern for personal hygiene and appearance, suggesting self-abandonment A study conducted by Mateos Moreno et al. According to a study by Sordi et al. Mateos Moreno et al. This data does not comply with the results of Gigena et al. Saini et al. Shekarchizadeh et al. They also described the appearance of pulpitis during the period of cannabis use; the authors explain that this manifestation is probably due to an adverse effect of cannabis 2 , The authors Gigena et al. The index DMFT was twice as high in the group of marijuana and cocaine addicts as in the group of individuals without toxic habits. More specifically, they observed that factor M missing , was three times higher in the group of cannabis users with respect to the group of individuals who did not use drugs. Moreover, the results of authors Mateos Moreno et al. The study of Sordi et al. As analyzed by these authors, the index was lower in the group of cannabis and cocaine users than in the control group of individuals without any drug addiction, the prevalence of caries and missing teeth was higher in the group of cannabis and cocaine users but the number of filled teeth was higher in the control group. They also observed a higher prevalence of lesions in the oral mucosa in individuals who used cannabis: stomatitis, candidiasis, keratosis by friction, loss of the papillae of the tongue and obvious signs of poor post-exodontia healing Mateos Morenos et al. Brand et al. These patients all present a decreased salivary pH, thus increasing the risk of caries 5 , Antoniazzi et al. Cocaine can also generate involuntary jaw movements, these dyskinesias can be caused by both cocaine and crack 2. Among cocaine inhalers, very typical injuries were observed such as perforation of the nasal septum, palatal perforation, also chronic sinusitis, changes in the sense of smell and recurrent epistaxis, rhinolalia and regurgitation of solid food and liquids through the nares 2 , 5 , 11 , Another factor that may favor perforation of the septum nasal is a high presence of staphylococcus aureus in the nasal cavity 5. Brown et al. Individuals usually also have periodontal disease, inadequate oral hygiene habits and bad nutrition that worsens the oral situation. Due to the effects of the drug sometimes they do not perceive the sensation of pain that inflammation or infection can cause level of the oral cavity, ignoring the warning signs of the organism and therefore not seeking dental care 10 , 11 , Other complications that can be associated with heroin use are xerostomia, syndrome of the burning mouth, alteration of taste and difficulty in mastication. Additionally, many times pain management is not possible since analgesics and anesthetics do not have the desired effect in these patients 2 , Methamphetamine is of major importance as it is a very popular drug which causes a lot of oral destruction and diseases that sometimes oblige the patient to adopt the solution of a removable prosthesis due to the impossibility of saving the teeth remnants. Shetty et al. In relation to this description of rampant caries for MA users is the study by De Carolis et al. The study conducted by Shetty et al. Among the participants of this study using the DMFT index, Women, according to the study by Shetty et al. According to Dye et al. These data were collected among the consuming participants who preferably smoked MA The results of Shetty et al. The greatest lack of teeth of drug addicts is due to the fact that for financial reasons, they had to extract their teeth instead of treating them, especially in the posterior sector because the cost increases when there is a great destruction of the crown. According to studies by Clague et al. This habit, due to poor oral hygiene, means that they present more caries Another possible factor that leads to a poor oral state of MA users is the xerostomia that comes from the alteration caused by MA at the physiological level 7 , 9 , 18 , In addition, the inhalation of MA can cause a caustic effect on the teeth and this may be due to the excretion of the drug through the crevicular fluid 7. Another habit that drug addicts tend to have is the consumption of cigarettes; in fact, there is a major difference between the teeth present in the mouth of consumers of MA and smokers, with respect to those who do not smoke - being Among cigarette consumers, there was more dental recession compared to non-smokers. Therefore, in their opinion, there is a definite relationship between the use of cigarettes and caries almost three times more compared to the non-smoker and this is affirmed as a risk factor that leads to the greater presence of untreated caries and root caries, but it is still unknown how it can be related to periodontitis 17 , In the article by Walter et al. In the study by Brown et al. Bearing in mind that, in addition, many drug users are addicted to several of these substances. Cannabis produces dental erosion due to cannabinoid hyperemesis; cocaine has also been related to TMJ alterations and pain, and in its inhaled form it can produce palatal perforation; heroin, in turn, produces dysgeusia and alterations in chewing. Likewise, it is necessary to insist on the cessation of the consumption once the dental treatments have been carried out. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Clin Exp Dent. Graduated in Dentistry at the Universidad Europea de Valencia. Find articles by Federico Cossa. Find articles by Alessia Piastra. Faculty of Health Sciences. Department of Dentistry. European University of Valencia. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Oral manifestations in drug users: A review

How can I buy cocaine online in Bagan

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The data provide estimates of substance use and mental illness at the national, state, and substate levels. NSDUH data also help to identify the extent of substance use and mental illness among different subgroups, estimate trends over time, and determine the need for treatment services. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH , conducted annually by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA , provides nationally representative data on the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; substance use disorders; mental health issues; and receipt of substance use and mental health treatment among the civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older in the United States. Read more here. NSDUH is representative of persons aged 12 and older in the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States and in each state and the District of Columbia. The survey covers residents of households including those living in houses, townhouses, apartments, and condominiums , persons in noninstitutional group quarters including those in shelters, boarding houses, college dormitories, migratory work camps, and halfway houses , and civilians living on military bases. Persons excluded from the survey include individuals experiencing homelessness who do not use shelters, active military personnel, and residents of institutional group quarters such as jails, nursing homes, mental institutions, and long-term care hospitals. The Federal Government has conducted the survey since Over the years, the survey has undergone a series of changes. In , the sample design expanded to include all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and the survey shifted from paper-and-pencil data collection to computer-assisted interviewing CAI. With CAI, staff administer most questions with audio computer-assisted self-interviewing. This provides a confidential way to answer questions and encourages honest responses. Changes were also made to the NSDUH sampling design and the questionnaire in and , respectively. In , NSDUH began including web-based interviews in addition to traditional in-person household interviews. Find key substance use, mental health, and treatment indicators among adults aged 60 or older in the United States, by gender. Estimates were based on The MRB documents detail the data collection and processing methods used and may include documentation on sampling, estimation, imputation, weighting, field interview protocols, and computer-assisted interviewing CAI questionnaire and screening questionnaires. These reports present data on a single state or territory, and they may be released as a stand-alone publication or a recurring report. These reports present data on a single region i. Use this tool to compare between areas, look at how the outcome has changed over time, or compare the data to related issues. History The Federal Government has conducted the survey since Special Reports and Spotlights. Short Report. Reports Annual Detailed Tables Description: These tables provide estimates, including by demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups. View by collection year - View All -. Key Findings Report Description: Annual reports are produced every year, presenting information from a single data source. Location: National. Pagination Current page 1 Page 2 Next page Next. State Level Estimates Description: These reports present data on a single state or territory, and they may be released as a stand-alone publication or a recurring report. Substate Level Estimates Description: These reports present data on a single region i. View Visualization.

How can I buy cocaine online in Bagan