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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Harm reduction encompasses interventions, programmes and policies that seek to reduce the health, social and economic harms of drug use to individuals, communities and societies. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of harm reduction interventions in Europe, including key data on opioid agonist treatment, naloxone programmes, drug consumption rooms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. The use of illicit drugs is a recognised contributor to the global burden of disease. Interventions designed to reduce this burden include prevention activities, intended to reduce or slow the rate at which drug use may be initiated, and the offer of treatment to those who have developed drug problems. A complementary set of approaches goes under the general heading of harm reduction. Here the emphasis is on working non-judgmentally with people who use drugs in order to reduce the risks associated with behaviours that are mostly associated with adverse health outcomes, and more generally to promote health and well-being. Probably the best known of these is the provision of sterile injecting equipment to people who inject drugs, with the aim of reducing the risk of contracting an infectious disease. Over time these sorts of approaches appear to have contributed to the relatively low rate, by international standards, of new HIV infections now associated with injecting drug use in Europe. Over the last decade, as patterns of drug use have changed and the characteristics of those who use drugs have also evolved, to some extent, harm reduction interventions have needed to adapt to address a broader set of health outcomes. Among these are reducing the risk of drug overdose and addressing the often-considerable health and social problems faced by more marginalised populations. Chronic and acute health problems are associated with the use of illicit drugs, and these are compounded by factors that include the properties of the substances, the route of administration, individual vulnerability, and the social context in which drugs are consumed. Chronic problems include dependence and drug-related infectious disease, while there is a range of acute harms, of which drug overdose is the best documented. Although relatively rare, the use of opioids still accounts for much of the morbidity and mortality associated with drug use. Injecting drug use also increases risks. Correspondingly, working with opioid users and those who inject drugs has been historically an important target for harm reduction interventions and also probably the area where service delivery models are most developed and evaluated. Reflecting this, some harm reduction services have become increasingly integrated into the mainstream of healthcare provision for people who use drugs in Europe over the last two decades. In the last two decades, approaches to harm reduction have been broadened in some EU countries to encompass other responses, including supervised drug consumption rooms and take-home naloxone programmes intended to reduce fatal overdoses. In some countries, there are also drug checking facilities, set up to enable people to understand better what substances the illicit drugs they have bought contain. Tablets, for example, purchased as MDMA, may also contain adulterants and other drugs, such as synthetic cathinones. With many synthetic stimulants and new psychoactive substances now available on the illicit market in similar looking powders or pills, consumers may be increasingly at risk of being unaware what particular stimulant or mixture of substances they may be consuming. Some of these interventions remain controversial for reasons that include their legal status and the evolving nature of their evidence base. Coverage of these newer interventions therefore remains uneven within and between countries, and where they do exist, they are often most commonly found only in large cities. Overall, coverage and access to harm reduction services more generally, including those service models that are long-established and relatively well evidenced, varies considerably between EU countries, and in some countries remains inadequate in comparison to estimated needs. Some indicators now suggest that synthetic opioids and synthetic stimulants have a growing potential to cause drug-related harms in Europe, as inadvertent consumption of these substances in powders or mixtures sold as other drugs can lead to poisonings and deaths. This, together with more complex patterns of polydrug consumption, adds to the already considerable challenges of developing effective responses to reduce drug overdose deaths and drug-related poisonings. An example of this growing complexity, albeit currently on a relatively small scale, comes from Estonia where mixtures have been identified containing new synthetic opioids and new benzodiazepines and also the tranquilliser xylazine. The presence on the market of such mixtures highlights the need to review current approaches to the delivery of some harm reduction interventions. For example, these mixtures may need consideration to be given to reviewing distribution and administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone. Reducing the risks associated with injecting drug use has always been an important target for harm reduction interventions, and the service models are relatively well developed and evidenced. However, even in this area, changes in drug consumption are creating new challenges for effective service delivery. In the last decade, there have been HIV outbreaks associated with the injection of illicit synthetic stimulants in 6 major European cities, across 5 EU countries. A potentially increased frequency of injection is associated with stimulant use compared to heroin use, while crushing and dissolving crack cocaine and other tablets for injection also brings additional health risks. These consumption patterns raise questions regarding, for example, the type and adequacy of needles and syringes provided to people in street-based open drug scenes, typically characterised by polydrug use. An additional concern exists that service restrictions during COVID lockdowns adversely impacted on testing for drug-related infections, such as HIV and HCV, and on conduits to care among more vulnerable and marginalised populations of people who use drugs, including those experiencing homelessness. The use of illicit stimulants and other drugs to facilitate group sexual encounters, sometimes of an extended duration, among men who have sex with men is known as chemsex. This high-risk sexual practice can involve participants having multiple sexual partners, with whom they engage in unprotected sexual activity, placing them at risk of sexually transmitted infections. Group chemsex sessions can be associated with the use of social media apps, where access to illicit drugs and group sex may be combined by some organisers. High-risk consumption of some of these drugs, including injecting drug use, places people at risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and HCV, as well as acute drug toxicity, fatal overdose, acute psychiatric complications, substance use disorder and other psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression. In , a monkeypox outbreak was documented for the first time in Europe. Descriptive studies showing a potential association between monkeypox infection and specific exposures chemsex, tattooing have raised questions on the implications and specific harm reduction needs of some groups of people who use drugs. While it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of chemsex, information from research studies and treatment centres suggest it is an issue that is present, albeit at a small scale and among specific subgroups of people who use drugs, across Europe. It must be noted that this group of people are generally not present as clients in drug treatment clinics. Providing effective harm reduction responses for people engaged in these high-risk behaviours remains a challenge and the development of tailored harm-reduction interventions is needed. In Europe, treatment services for drug and sexual health problems are usually funded separately, have different eligibility criteria and are rarely co-located. This makes it difficult to provide integrated care for people exposed to the dual risks of unprotected sex and high-risk drug use in a chemsex context. Ongoing research is aimed at identifying the most appropriate service model to engage clients, such as integrating drug services into existing sexual health services for men who have sex with men. Cannabis users in Europe often smoke the drug with tobacco, and an undeveloped area for the development of harm reduction approaches is the consideration of what might constitute effective inventions to reduce smoking-related harm in this group. More generally, as the types and forms of cannabis products available in Europe continue to change, so too have considerations about the implications this has for harm reduction responses. For example, natural cannabis products sprayed with potent synthetic cannabinoids, but mis-sold as natural cannabis, place consumers at risk of health complications. Generally, cannabis products, both resin and herb, are now of a higher potency than they were historically, while the diversity of product types has expanded, with edibles, e-liquids and extracts all now available. The newness of these cannabis forms raises issues around consumer safety, particularly where little information exists about their impact on human health and creates a complex harm reduction messaging challenge. Among these are substances such as nitrous oxide and ketamine. While these drugs are associated with episodic or recreational use in specific contexts, such as nightlife or entertainment settings, they are linked with a range of possible health harms, of which the people using them may not be aware. While some harm reduction responses remain controversial in some countries in Europe, the overall concept that evidence-based measures to reduce harm are an important component of balanced drug policies is largely accepted. The contexts within which harm reduction services operate, the evidence base that supports them, and what constitutes standards for quality of care in this area therefore remain key areas for policy consideration. Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide contains detailed information for those wanting to find out more about the evidence that exists for the relative effectiveness of harm reduction and other forms of intervention. The coverage is based on the latest national estimates of injecting drug use and high-risk opioid use matched by harm reduction activity data within a maximum of 2 years. The estimate of coverage of opioid agonist treatment for Belgium is derived from a subnational study conducted in Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Harm reduction — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Source data The data used to generate infographics and charts on this page may be found below. Show source tables List of tables Table 1 number of European countries implementing harm reduction interventions, up to Table 2 availability of take-home naloxone in Europe Table 3 needle and syringes distribution and opioid agonist treatment coverage in relation to WHO targets, or latest available estimate Table 4 location and number of drug consumption facilities throughout Europe Table 1. Number of European countries implementing harm reduction interventions, up to Year Drug checking Drug consumption rooms Methadone maintenance treatment Needle and syringe programmes Take-home naloxone 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 6 8 7 8 9 11 11 13 12 1 15 14 16 16 17 19 20 21 2 22 5 23 25 26 26 27 7 27 28 1 2 8 4 1 6 9 2 7 6 9 10 8 11 9 13 12 15 12 10 27 28 Table 2. Table 3. Needle and syringe distribution and opioid agonist treatment coverage in relation to WHO targets, or latest available estimate Country Proportion in opioid agonist treatment Syringes per person who injects drugs Number people who inject drugs Croatia 0. Table 4. Location and number of drug consumption facilities throughout Europe City Country lat lon Number of facilities Brussels Belgium Hidden tables for page ID Term 10 WHO target for opioid agonist treatment provision 20 Proportion of high-risk opioid users receiving opioid agonist treatment 30 WHO target for needle and syringe distribution 40 Number of sterile syringes per person who injects drugs per year 45 Number people who inject drugs 50 Click to zoom in. Number of sites: 90 Number of countries 60 sites. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.
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How can I buy cocaine online in Apeldoorn
These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Production in Europe. Trafficking and supply. Criminal networks. Prices and purities. Retail markets. Effects, risks and harms of use. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. At the global level, Europe is a key producer of amphetamine, with most of it manufactured in the Netherlands and neighbouring countries in illicit laboratories where other synthetic drugs may also be produced. Synthetic drug producers in the Netherlands are believed to control much of the production taking place in Belgium, with laboratories often found close to the border with the Netherlands, and more recently near the Belgian-French border. Production facilities for synthetic drugs — including amphetamine — are often set up in remote regions on farms or in warehouses, where the risks of detection are relatively low. In addition, there are indications that Dutch criminal networks have expanded production activities to Germany and potentially to other EU countries. Information collected during the dismantling of illicit laboratories by law enforcement and precursor seizure data show that the Leuckart method, which requires BMK and formamide, is the most commonly used means to produce amphetamine in Europe. BMK may itself be imported, but the BMK used is typically produced in Europe from alternative chemicals that are trafficked from abroad, typically China. These substances appear on the market, only to be replaced by alternatives when authorities put controls in place to restrict their use. The Leuckart method is relatively straightforward, yet somewhat low yielding and reliant on a number of controlled chemicals. The amphetamine consumed in the EU is believed to be exclusively produced in the EU, with production concentrated in the Netherlands and Belgium. In some cases, the manufacturing of the consumer product is not completed in these countries and the amphetamine base oil is exported to another country, where it is converted into amphetamine sulfate salt. A much smaller proportion of the amphetamine produced in the EU is used to make captagon tablets, which are then exported to the main consumer markets in the Arabian Peninsula see Box Amphetamine as captagon tablets. Like most synthetic drugs, amphetamine can be produced by multiple methods, depending on the available chemicals and equipment, reaction conditions and, to some extent, the skills of the producer. Importantly, many of these methods are versatile enough to yield a variety of drugs, with only small changes needed to the chemicals and equipment used. This is the case for the Leuckart method, a standard organic chemistry method that can be used in the synthesis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA, as well as a number of other chemical products. To avoid the legal controls placed on BMK, the production of amphetamine often starts with the conversion of commercially available chemicals into BMK. A number of illicit laboratories specialise in this process. The process comprises five main steps, with an additional, optional, first step being the production of BMK from alternative chemicals see Figure Simplified general schema of amphetamine production :. Although there is no systematic collection of data in this area, the available information suggests that BMK and alternative chemicals for amphetamine production are mostly sourced in China, whereas solvents and other essential chemicals acids, bases, solvents may be obtained directly in EU countries. The sourced chemicals are often transported to the main production countries of the Netherlands and Belgium by road via transit countries. Between and , sites related to illicit amphetamine production were dismantled in the EU. Among these were production sites, chemical or equipment storage facilities and waste dump sites. Of these sites, were dismantled in in Belgium 6 , Bulgaria 4 , Germany 35 , Estonia 1 , the Netherlands 38 , Poland 25 , Spain 4 and Sweden 1. The totals for Germany and Poland include a number of laboratories where amphetamine oil was processed into amphetamine sulfate 28 and 15 sites respectively. Out of the sites dismantled in , 44 were operational compared to 72 in , and were detected in Germany 4 , the Netherlands 32 , Poland 3 , Spain 4 and Sweden 1 see Figures Number of amphetamine production sites dismantled in the EU, and Location of sites related to amphetamine production in the EU, The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. According to the available data, the Netherlands is a notable hub for synthetic drug production in the EU, with Dutch law enforcement data revealing that a total of synthetic drug production sites were detected between and Combination laboratories, where at least two different types of synthetic drugs are manufactured, were less frequently found, but 25 such sites were discovered that involved amphetamine. Combined production of amphetamine or MDMA with methamphetamine was found to have increased over this period, while combined production of amphetamine and MDMA decreased National Police of the Netherlands, Amphetamine laboratories are often situated in rural or residential areas, on farms, in private houses, in industrial parks or in remote industrial premises. Criminal networks engaging in this business are adaptable and take measures to reduce the risks of, and any losses resulting from, detection. Such measures include setting up laboratories that can be quickly dismantled when they are no longer needed or become unsafe, as well as using separate locations for different stages of the production process. Equipment that can be reused may be removed when a laboratory is dismantled by the criminal networks, and waste is often left behind. Europe has historically been the source of amphetamine and other synthetic drugs for the United Kingdom UK drug market, however, evidence of large-scale amphetamine production in the UK has emerged since This may be partly explained by the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. For example, in December , four members of a criminal network were convicted of running an industrial-scale amphetamine lab in Scotland. Information from law enforcement in Europe suggests that most of the amphetamine produced in Europe is synthesised using the Leuckart method. Other techniques have been encountered, albeit infrequently, including what is commonly called the nitrostyrene method and the pressure reaction method. There have been some recent signals, however, that the nitrostyrene method may become more prominent in the future. This reflects the adaptability and resilience of synthetic drug producers, who can shift and adjust production methods in response to or in anticipation of changes in the availability of chemicals. The Leuckart method is the most commonly used means of manufacturing amphetamine in illicit laboratories in the Netherlands and Belgium. Between and , this method of synthesis was reported in cases in the Netherlands and 23 in Belgium. By contrast, the nitrostyrene method was only identified in one case in the Netherlands in The Leuckart method is a relatively simple, versatile and well-established organic chemistry process that converts carbonyl compounds aldehydes or ketones into amines, under heating. This method may also be used in the synthesis of methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA and a number of other compounds, depending on what carbonyl and amine combination is used see Figure Main precursors and essential chemicals needed for the synthesis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDA via the Leuckart method. Typically, the Leuckart synthesis of amphetamine starts with heating BMK with formamide, often in the presence of formic acid, to form an intermediate N -formylamphetamine or N-FA. This intermediate is converted to amphetamine base oil and the base oil is subsequently processed into the desired amphetamine salt typically amphetamine sulfate. Although uncomplicated, the method suffers from product losses, mostly due to impurities generated from side reactions, but also because of the extensive and often incomplete purification steps. Risks associated with the Leuckart method are mostly related to fire, if open flames are used, and possible overheating during the initial synthesis steps, which can result in hot chemicals being spilled or projected. BMK is a crucial starting material for the synthesis of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Despite legal controls on its trade, significant amounts of BMK oil are still trafficked predominantly from China and Hong Kong into Europe every year, with the Netherlands reporting the most seizures. To avoid these controls, synthetic drug producers can use a number of non-scheduled alternative chemicals that can be converted into BMK. The last few years have seen a number of alternative chemicals being successively and rapidly introduced into Europe in response to or even in anticipation of the introduction of legal controls; this is indicative of a resilient and adaptable market, run by well-informed synthetic drug producers. When BMK is used to produce amphetamine, formamide is the chemical used to synthesise the drug. This can occur in the presence or absence of formic acid, which can reduce the temperatures reached in the Leuckart reaction. Reflecting its role as a global amphetamine producer, Europe remains the region where the largest seizures of formamide and formic acid are reported INCB, In , almost 39 litres of formamide were seized by four EU countries Belgium, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands , alongside almost 28 litres of formic acid reported by Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands see Figure Quantities of seized chemicals associated with the Leuckart method in the EU, In , the scale of seizures was slightly more modest 10 litres of formamide, close to 10 litres of formic acid , yet still significant at the global level. Where contextual information was available, the seizures were carried out in illicit laboratories and warehouses associated with amphetamine production, either exclusively or in conjunction with other drugs or precursors INCB, , a. Dutch law enforcement intelligence indicates that formamide, BMK and its alternative chemicals are mostly obtained from China. Formamide is often found in large litre barrels National Police of the Netherlands, These shipments are frequently imported into various European countries and eventually transported to the Netherlands by road, rather than being shipped there directly. Formamide is also diverted from legitimate chemical suppliers in the EU, a practice that has been noted in Germany. These chemicals, regardless of their origin, are typically mislabelled, for example as cleaning products. Other chemicals, including solvents, gas cylinders, acids and bases may be sourced from several European countries, including Poland and Germany, where a number of legitimate chemical companies are based see Box Illegal dumping of chemical waste leads to precursor supplier. Russia is also thought to be an important source of sodium hydroxide for Dutch synthetic drug laboratories, including those producing amphetamine National Police of the Netherlands, , but presumably this supply has been interrupted by the war in Ukraine. In one case, reported by Germany in , the seizure of precursors associated with amphetamine production occurred in a large illicit laboratory operated with the support of Dutch criminals. The use of BMK and its alternative chemicals in the synthesis of amphetamine can be circumvented by use of the nitrostyrene method also known as the nitropropene method. Production of amphetamine using the nitrostyrene method has rarely been reported in Europe, with the exception of Poland. In Europe, seizures of precursors and essential chemicals associated with the nitrostyrene method are typically small in scale compared to those associated with the Leuckart method. A possible reason for this may be that the chemicals needed for the nitrostyrene method are widely used in various industries. Where data are available, the seizures typically occur in small to mid-size illicit laboratories. Between and , the method of amphetamine synthesis used in illicit laboratories in Poland was reported in 22 cases, with 10 using the nitrostyrene method and 12 using the Leuckart method. The nitrostyrene method proceeds through the formation of a bright yellow intermediate 1-phenylnitropropene or P2NP from benzaldehyde and nitroethane in the presence of catalytic amounts of an amine via a standard Knoevenagel reaction. This intermediate can be converted into amphetamine oil by a number of reduction techniques and is finally purified and converted into amphetamine sulfate. These processes are relatively simple, high yielding and avoid the use of controlled chemicals. The second step is particularly hazardous as it generates heat and needs to be carefully controlled to avoid explosions and fires breaking out at the production sites — particularly if the synthesis is being conducted on a large scale. In , seizures amounted to only 19 kilograms all in Austria see Figure Quantities of seized chemicals that may be associated with the nitrostyrene method in the EU, While this suggests that the method is mainly restricted to small production sites and has not been gaining ground in recent years, it should be noted that in at least one seizure of just over litres of benzaldehyde was reported by the Netherlands. Together with recent seizures of these chemicals elsewhere, this may indicate that this production method may become more prominent in Europe. These developments need to be carefully monitored in the future. Information from law enforcement agencies suggests that this synthetic route is mostly associated with the production of MDMA, but that on a limited number of occasions it has been used in amphetamine production, simply by changing the precursor from PMK to BMK. In these cases, the method is initiated by reacting BMK and ammonia in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst e. Raney nickel. The air generated by the reaction is removed by vacuum and hydrogen gas is added at a defined pressure. As the reaction proceeds, the temperature rises while the pressure lowers until both are stable. The resulting amphetamine oil can then be separated from the catalyst and purified by distillation. This method is more demanding and requires more sophisticated equipment than the other two methods described here. The piece of equipment that is central to amphetamine production is the reaction vessel, however other equipment is also needed, for example separators, drying apparatus, presses, vacuum heat sealers and tablet presses, some of which are commercially available. Large-scale amphetamine producers use increasingly customised — or fully custom-made — high-quality reaction vessels in order to eliminate possible tracing and to increase the amount of amphetamine produced, and hence their profits. In addition to custom-made equipment, which is on occasion outsourced to specialists, equipment may also be purchased from online and offline vendors. Reaction vessel capacities vary depending on the need, from small-scale, litre capacity, to industrial-scale vessels that can hold 4 litres or more of reactants. Criminal networks are adaptable and can readily find equipment suppliers, either via brokers or by engaging directly with the producers. Companies and individuals in the metal industry may be approached by criminal networks for the purpose of sourcing, building or customising equipment. As production equipment becomes more sophisticated, the task of identifying and dismantling the equipment becomes more challenging, and, in some cases, more dangerous for law enforcement. Synthetic drug production poses a number of other possible hazards. In the last few years, several fatalities have been recorded in synthetic drug production laboratories in the Netherlands and Belgium as a result of fires or explosions van den Berg, or due to suffocation from carbon monoxide or other toxic fumes caused by the production process Steenberghe, A scientific review of cases of exposure to chemicals in illicit drug laboratories linked this contact not only to mild or moderate respiratory, ocular and dermal effects, but also to severe symptoms and fatalities Koppen et al. The manufacture of amphetamine not only poses hazards to those involved in its production; it also entails the generation of chemical waste products, which are typically dumped away from the production site, sometimes even in neighbouring countries. Such waste has been found dumped in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. Such practices can frustrate efforts to identify production sites and present collateral risks for the environment and the people involved, as well as the local community. The waste generated by the production of synthetic drugs can be estimated on the basis of instructions found in dismantled illicit laboratories. For the conversion of BMK to amphetamine and the synthesis of BMK from alternative chemicals, it has been estimated that the manufacture of one kilogram of amphetamine generates between 19 and 39 kilograms of chemical waste Ter Laak and Mehlbaum, This results in health risks, environmental damage and high clean-up costs. A variety of methods are used to dispose of these large quantities of chemical waste. For example, the waste may be simply poured down the sink or toilet, although this is unlikely to be a common practice, as the waste can be corrosive or so viscous that it would damage the pipes or block the drains. However, if chemical waste is disposed of in this way, it may affect the quality of drinking water or adversely affect municipal wastewater treatment plants Emke et al. A more common occurrence is that members of the public report containers of waste dumped in the countryside. There have also been instances where waste has been found buried underground or discharged directly into the soil. Waste can also be left in abandoned properties or loaded into stolen vans or lorry trailers, which may then be set on fire to conceal forensic evidence. More elaborate methods have been found, including the use of modified vans that pump waste onto road surfaces. The dumping of synthetic drug production waste directly into surface waters, or indirectly via the sewers and wastewater treatment plants, can affect surface water quality Emke et al. Scenario studies making use of hydrological modelling illustrate that a large emission of drug production waste from an illicit laboratory into a sewer or directly into surface water can temporarily affect surface water quality over wide distances Pronk, Waste discharged into surface water can be cleaned up when the water is stagnant, such as in lakes or ditches, and the response time is short. However, this is not possible in large rivers and fast-flowing streams Ter Laak and Mehlbaum, Four dumping sites specifically related to amphetamine production were reported in the EU in two in Belgium and another two in the Netherlands. This represents only a fraction of the total dumping sites reported in the EU that year. It is therefore likely that many more of these sites were related to amphetamine production but this cannot be confirmed, as samples are not always taken for analysis to ascertain the particular synthetic drug or chemical processes to which the waste related. Knowledge of the mechanisms and extent of environmental damage related to synthetic drug production is fragmented and the topic is under-researched. A study on the impact of synthetic drug production on the environment through the analysis of contaminants in groundwater samples was commissioned to shed some light on this issue see Box Groundwater contamination related to synthetic drug production waste disposal. While stand-alone studies on specific impacts have been conducted, a more comprehensive and complete assessment of the environmental impact of synthetic drug production has not yet been carried out. Show source table hidden by default due to large size. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production in Europe Production in Europe Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Criminal networks Criminal networks Prices and purities Prices and purities Retail markets Retail markets Effects, risks and harms of use Effects, risks and harms of use Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Source data. Quantities of seized chemicals associated with the Leuckart method in the EU, Quantity litres Formamide Formic acid Quantities of seized chemicals that may be associated with the nitrostyrene method in the EU, Quantity kg Benzaldehyde Phenylnitropropene Nitroethane 1 0 1 0 12 15 3 35 22 44 78 1 1 14 2 2 11 4 4. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Amphetamine — main page. 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