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How can I buy cocaine online in Almelo

New psychoactive substances NPSs are associated with a significant number of intoxications. With the number of readily available forms of these drugs rising every year, there are even risks for the general public. Consequently, there is a high demand for methods sufficiently sensitive to detect NPSs in samples found at the crime scene. Infrared IR and Raman spectroscopies are commonly used for such detection, but they have limitations; for example, fluorescence in Raman can overlay the signal and when the sample is a mixture sometimes neither Raman nor IR is able to identify the compounds. Here, we investigate the potential of X-ray powder diffraction XRPD to analyse samples seized on the black market. A series of psychoactive substances heroin, cocaine, mephedrone, ephylone, butylone, JWH, and naphyrone was measured. Comparison of their diffraction patterns with those of the respective standards showed that XRPD was able to identify each of the substances. The same samples were analyzed using IR and Raman, which in both cases were not able to detect the compounds in all of the samples. These results suggest that XRPD could be a valuable addition to the range of forensic tools used to detect these compounds in illicit drug samples. The pharmacophore is the part of the chemical structure that is responsible for the biological effect of the substance. Thus, if the structure of a chemical entity is modified without affecting the pharmacophore, this substance will very likely retain the biological effects of the starting compound. These findings are widely used in drug design; however, the pharmacophore theory has also begun to be used in the illicit drug scene over the last decade. If the structure of an illicit drug is modified while retaining its pharmacophore, the newly prepared entity will not be covered by the current legislation, while its effects will very likely be similar to the already banned unaltered substance. The increase of both substances that are completely new on the market and those that occur on the market regardless of any legal regulations already exerts considerable pressure on the analytical teams monitoring these compounds. Moreover, psychoactive substances are often sold as blends, which complicates their detection further. Hence, there is a significant demand for the development of easy, fast and reliable field detection methods for psychoactive substances European Monitoring Centre for Drugs Drug Addiction, ; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs Drug Addiction Europol, According to the respondents, the mostly used group of methods belong to the chemical analysis techniques \[i. While GC and LC enable separation of the analytes and thus may provide both qualitative and quantitative analysis, NMR is especially valuable due to its potential to elucidate unknown structures in the samples. The choice of analytical instrumentation is often limited by the type of the sample. Biological samples such as blood Mercieca et al. Therefore, considerable effort has been invested into development of separation methods coupled with mass detection, which are, together with immunochemical methods Cannaert et al. Furthermore, the sensitivity of current techniques and the knowledge of psychoactive substance metabolisms Vikingsson et al. Substances of certain groups e. Mass spectrometry seems to be also used to analyse seized psychoactive substances in its powder form even though such samples can be analyzed by any of the aforementioned methods. Although a tandem of separation technique with a mass detector appears to be the universal method Pasin et al. This renders the analyses expensive Pasin et al. Therefore, from the perspective of price efficiency, there is still a significant demand for less resource intensive yet reliable analytical alternatives. Infrared IR and Raman spectroscopies belong to the other most common choices for the analysis of solid illicit street drug samples as they generally enable a fast and relatively cheap analysis Stewart et al. Their application does not demand a complicated sample preparation and commercially available portable spectrometers offer the possibility of in situ measurements Correia et al. However, these methods also have some limitations. In case of Raman spectroscopy, a high level of fluorescence caused either by an active substance or by an additive may complicate the interpretation of the spectra. Furthermore, in the case of complex mixtures e. Hence, we investigated the potential of X-ray powder diffraction XRPD in the analysis of solid samples seized on the black market. Moreover, the situation in the field of psychoactive substances has changed dramatically with the NPSs entering the drug market in recent years. XRPD represents a simple, non-destructive technique enabling the reliable identification of either pure solid substances or their street sample mixtures. Moreover, it might also be able to distinguish inorganic compounds e. XRPD may serve as a suitable complementary method to vibrational spectroscopy for the analysis of various seized street drug samples that may especially help in cases where fluorescence or the varied composition of the analyzed samples hinder the routine identification by Raman or IR spectroscopies. However, the scope of XRPD is limited solely to use on solid samples. In this work, we analyzed cocaine, heroin, and 5 NPS street samples with their respective standards by XRPD and the results were compared with the commonly used IR and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The origin and specifications of all the analyzed samples are given in Table 1. The sample crystals were crushed with a microscope slide on a silicon pod see Supplementary Figure 1 and, thus, a narrow surface was created. For the remeasurement, JWH samples were ground extensively in the agate mortar to show the differences in relative intensities. The top of the smoothed peaks was used to determine the peak positions and intensities. To compare similarity of XRPD diffractograms quantitatively, a cross-correlation score was used. To accentuate peaks and attenuate background noise and minor pollutant effects, we pre-prepare the normalized patterns by squaring them Equations 1, 2 and only then calculating their cross-correlation Equations 3, 4. Crystal shapes were visualized by confocal microscope Olympus Lext OLS without any additional image processing. All the samples were in the form of a powder and they were analyzed by the ATR technique with a diamond crystal. The spectral background was collected before every sample measurement. In the case of the nm laser, a diffraction grid comprised of lines per mm, a laser power of 5 mW and 10 accumulations each of 10 s exposure time were used. A diffraction grid with lines per mm, a laser power of 65 mW and 10 accumulations each of 10 s exposure time were used for the measurements with the nm laser. The spectra were processed with the correction of fluorescence 6th order polynomial. Therefore, in the current study, we analyzed 7 samples of psychoactive substances cocaine, heroin, and 5 NPSs that were seized on the black market and the acquired results were compared with the diffraction patterns of the respective standards Figure 1. Figure 1. Diffraction patterns of heroin, cocaine, mephedrone, ephylone, butylone, JWH, and naphyrone samples. The red line marks the seized samples and the black marks the standards. Although this database does not contain most NPSs, this database contains diffraction patterns of heroin and cocaine. Such a big amount of patterns in this database made us wonder if it would be possible to use it for identification of street samples of heroin and cocaine. The results were quite impressive, as we were able to identify both cocaine and heroin in street mixtures see non-modified search data in the Supplementary Data using this commercial database. However, we were unable to assign the cutting agents, as this database mostly does not contain their respective patterns. Because there is no suitable database of illicit substances yet, street samples of NPSs were just compared with the diffraction patterns of their respective standards. JWH was identified by XRPD Figure 1 in one of the seized materials despite the observation that relative intensities in the diffraction pattern differed considerably. The most intensive peak of the standard sample was However, these differences in the relative intensities might be caused by different crystal shapes. To confirm that the standard and seized sample had different crystal shapes, they were subjected to a visual analysis by the optical confocal microscope Figure 2. The crystal proportions of the seized sample were approximately the same in all three dimensions, but the standard formed needle-like shapes and so one dimension was significantly larger than the other two. This was presumably caused either by the type of crystallization or the synthetic process of the respective samples Morris et al. Therefore, to reduce the differences in relative intensities both JWH sample and the respective standard were extensively ground in an agate mortar and remeasured with the same setting of the goniometer see Figure 3. The differences in the signal intensities did not have any effect regarding the identification of the compound in the seized sample as the peak positions did not change. The sample was successfully identified according to the peak positions and no other peaks were observed suggesting a high purity of the JWH in the seized material. Figure 2. Figure 3. Diffraction patterns of JWH sample and the respective standard remeasured after grinding in the agate mortar. Mephedrone, ephylone, naphyrone, and butylone were successfully identified in the seized material by comparison of the seized samples and respective standard diffraction patterns. Although the relative intensities of some peaks differed slightly in both samples, which was presumably caused again by different crystal shapes, there were no other peaks at different positions suggesting that the seized materials were of high purity. Since cocaine and heroin have been already measured and their diffractograms were included in the database of PDFs powder diffraction file , database cards were used for the identification instead of using the respective standards. This approach was chosen mainly to prove that the samples could be identified without the need of a standard only by using a suitable database. The seized sample of heroin was successfully identified as diacetylmorphine with card PDF when most of the peaks belonged to the drug. The relatively intensive peaks However, the aim of this study was to prove that XRPD can be used for drug identification and therefore, these impurities were not further investigated. Cocaine was identified by XRPD in the last seized sample. All of the major peaks were attributed to cocaine hydrochloride PDF with the exception of the less intensive peak To compare the efficiency of XRPD with other non-destructive methods that are often used in forensic practice, all of the samples and standards were measured by the IR and Raman spectroscopies. The differences of the results provided by these methods have been highlighted. The Raman spectroscopy suffered from the high fluorescence level with the use of the nm excitation wavelength, where only measurements of the real sample of JWH provided an interpretable spectrum. After the application of the nm excitation wavelength, the fluorescence level decreased in most cases and the active substances were identified by a simple comparison with the spectra of the corresponding standards Figure 4 and Supplementary Data. However, the high level of fluorescence made the analysis of the naphyrone street sample impossible Supplementary Data and the high amount of the adulterants in the heroin sample did not allow a reliable identification of the active substance Figure 4. Figure 4. Raman spectra of ephylone, naphyrone, and heroin. The IR spectroscopy performed slightly better, as it allowed the reliable identification of 6 of the 7 analyzed samples Figure 5 and Supplementary Data , but the identification of the active substance in the heroin street sample was not possible due to the presence of many interfering bands. Both IR and Raman spectroscopies can offer spectra within several minutes, whereas XRPD instrumentation is usually more time demanding about 15—20 min. All the measured data can be found in the Supplementary Data. Figure 5. IR spectra of ephylone, naphyrone, and heroin. Vibrational spectroscopy proved to be a powerful tool in the analysis of illicit drug samples as was expected. However, in the case of the heroin sample, both methods struggled in the identification of the active substance. On the other hand, heroin was easily identified by XRPD, we thus believe that its potential in the forensic practice is promising. Although differences in relative intensities in the XRPD patterns may seem to complicate the identification of unknown substances, on the contrary, in some cases, it might further provide valuable data about the analyte e. To demonstrate this ability, six different samples of the 5F-ADB, which were obtained during our NPS survey in the Czech Republic, were analyzed and compared with the standard. The same peak positions in the diffraction patterns enabled the identification of the 5F-ADB in the samples. Two of the samples offered diffraction patterns with not only the same peak position but the relative intensities corresponded as well. The other samples exhibited differences in relative intensities see Figure 6. Figure 6. Diffraction patterns of 5F-ADB samples. The color lines marks the seized samples and the black marks the standards. This difference in relative intensities makes qualitative estimation of similarity by visual comparing and simple pattern subtracting suggestive but tricky and non-trivial. As a quantitative similarity approach, we proposed a cross-correlation score. This showed that the XRPD patterns of all seven different samples of 5F-ADB have a much higher score than the diffractograms of other, unrelated compounds see Figure 7. Figure 7. A cross-correlation score for the quantitative comparison of XRPD diffractograms. This suggests that peak positions are essential for the substance identification, whereas an exact match of the relative intensities is not needed, as is a well-known property of XRPD patterns Pecharsky and Zavalij, A match of the relative intensities occur when the shape of the crystals and partly their size correspond. Interestingly, we observed a similar relative intensity pattern for sample V. If so, such information may be useful for investigators as samples with the same relative intensities could either be from the same source or possibly even from the same batch. Yet, drawing such conclusions based on the agreement of relative intensities may be unreliable, therefore the use of LC-MS remains the only reliable and generally powerful method for this purpose. In case a reliable correlation could be found generally, XRPD may be useful as a pre-screening method for this purpose. Nevertheless, it is essential to note that if it is not possible to assign all the signals in the diffraction pattern, then further analyses may be required. However, after creating a robust database of diffraction patterns of NPSs and cutting agents, such database would enable the identification of not only the main compound but also help with assigning all of the other signals in the pattern to other compounds. In the latter case, the methods of vibrational spectroscopy struggled with the identification of the active substance, while XRPD provided a convincing result, which documents its promising potential in the field of the forensic practice. This instrumentation is not omnipotent, nor are any other instrumentation currently being used in forensics. However, further combination of XRPD with vibrational spectroscopic methods can effectively eliminate the shortcomings of each of the methods and thus increase the overall reliability of the analysis. Moreover, we believe that in the future, when an appropriate database becomes available, this technique will have the potential to become a strong forensic tool. The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. BJ and MK designed the experiment. WD and DS developed, tested and applied Python script for cross-correlation calculations. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Apirakkan, O. Drug Test. Cannaert, A. Activity-based concept to screen biological matrices for opiates and synthetic opioids. Ciolino, L. Quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids in plant materials using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection validated method. Forensic Sci. Correia, R. Portable near infrared spectroscopy applied to abuse drugs and medicine analyses. Methods 10, — Croft, T. Prevalence of illicit and prescribed neuropsychiatric drugs in three communities in Kentucky using wastewater-based epidemiology and monte carlo simulation for the estimation of associated uncertainties. Hazard Mater. European Drug Report Trends and Developments. Google Scholar. Fabresse, N. 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Occurrence of drugs of abuse in surface water from four Spanish river basins: Spatial and temporal variations and environmental risk assessment. Mercieca, G. Rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cathinones, amphetamine-like stimulants and other new psychoactive substances in blood and urine by GC-MS. Metternich, S. Ion mobility spectrometry as a fast screening tool for synthetic cannabinoids to uncover drug trafficking in jail via herbal mixtures, paper, food, and cosmetics. Meyer, M. Identification of main human urinary metabolites of the designer nitrobenzodiazepines clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam by nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for drug testing purposes. Morris, K. Determination of average crystallite shape by X-ray diffraction and computational methods. Namera, A. Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicol. Pasin, D. Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review. Pecharsky, V. Boston, MA: Springer. Pereira, L. Screening method for rapid classification of psychoactive substances in illicit tablets using mid infrared spectroscopy and PLS-DA. Popovic, A. Review of the most common chemometric techniques in illicit drug profiling. Rosi-Marshall, E. A review of ecological effects and environmental fate of illicit drugs in aquatic ecosystems. Salomone, A. Hair testing for drugs of abuse and new psychoactive substances in a high-risk population. FAME 3: predicting the sites of metabolism in synthetic compounds and natural products for phase 1 and phase 2 metabolic enzymes. Stewart, S. Acta , 1—6. Thatcher, P. The application of X-Ray powder diffraction to forensic science. Powder Diffr. The Challenge of New Psychoactive Substances. Vikingsson, S. Identification of AKB and 5F-AKB metabolites in authentic human urine samples using human liver microsomes and time of flight mass spectrometry. Identifying metabolites of meclonazepam by high-resolution mass spectrometry using human liver microsomes, hepatocytes, a mouse model, and authentic urine samples. AAPS J. Yu, B. Sensitive and simple determination of zwitterionic morphine in human urine based on liquid-liquid micro-extraction coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Keywords: new psychoactive substances, X-ray powder diffraction, drug detection, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Introduction The pharmacophore is the part of the chemical structure that is responsible for the biological effect of the substance. Experimental Section Analyzed Samples The origin and specifications of all the analyzed samples are given in Table 1. Table 1. Overview of the tested samples and standards.

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