How To Use Latex
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These tutorials, provide a hands-on introduction to LaTeX. You will see, the usage is very simple. Even if you have only used word processors (e.g. Word) before, you can learn LaTeX in no time.
I’m constantly trying to improve and extend these lectures. Please let me know if you think a crucial feature is not covered on this website.
LaTeX-Tutorial provides step-by-step lessons to learn how to use LaTeX in no time. It allows you to start creating beautiful documents for your reports, books and papers through easy and simple tutorials.
\documentclass { article }
\begin { document }
First document. This is a simple example, with no
extra parameters or packages included.
\end { document }
\documentclass [12pt, letterpaper] { article }
\usepackage [utf8] { inputenc }
\documentclass [12pt, letterpaper, twoside] { article }
\usepackage [utf8] { inputenc }
\title { First document }
\author { Hubert Farnsworth \thanks { funded by the Overleaf team }}
\date { February 2017 }
\begin { document }
\maketitle
We have now added a title, author and date to our first \LaTeX {} document!
\end { document }
\begin { document }
\maketitle
We have now added a title, author and date to our first \LaTeX {} document!
% This line here is a comment. It will not be printed in the document.
\end { document }
Some of the \textbf { greatest }
discoveries in \underline { science }
were made by \textbf { \textit { accident }} .
Some of the greatest \emph { discoveries }
in science
were made by accident.
\textit { Some of the greatest \emph { discoveries }
in science
were made by accident. }
\textbf { Some of the greatest \emph { discoveries }
in science
were made by accident. }
\documentclass { article }
\usepackage { graphicx }
\graphicspath { { images/ } }
\begin { document }
The universe is immense and it seems to be homogeneous,
in a large scale, everywhere we look at.
\includegraphics { universe }
There's a picture of a galaxy above
\end { document }
\begin { figure } [h]
\centering
\includegraphics [width=0.25\textwidth] { mesh }
\caption { a nice plot }
\label { fig:mesh1 }
\end { figure }
As you can see in the figure \ref { fig:mesh1 } , the
function grows near 0. Also, in the page \pageref { fig:mesh1 }
is the same example.
\begin { itemize }
\item The individual entries are indicated with a black dot, a so-called bullet.
\item The text in the entries may be of any length.
\end { itemize }
\begin { enumerate }
\item This is the first entry in our list
\item The list numbers increase with each entry we add
\end { enumerate }
In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation $ E = mc^ 2 $ , discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
\[ E = mc^ 2 \]
discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
In natural units ( $ c = 1 $ ), the formula expresses the identity
\begin { equation }
E=m
\end { equation }
Subscripts in math mode are written as $ a_b $ and superscripts are written as $ a^b $ . These can be combined an nested to write expressions such as
\[ T^{i_ 1 i_ 2 \dots i_p}_{j_ 1 j_ 2 \dots j_q} = T ( x^{i_ 1 }, \dots ,x^{i_p},e_{j_ 1 }, \dots ,e_{j_q} ) \]
We write integrals using $ \int $ and fractions using $ \frac {a}{b} $ . Limits are placed on integrals using superscripts and subscripts:
\[ \int _ 0 ^ 1 \frac {dx}{e^x} = \frac {e - 1 }{e} \]
Lower case Greek letters are written as $ \omega $ $ \delta $ etc. while upper case Greek letters are written as $ \Omega $ $ \Delta $ .
Mathematical operators are prefixed with a backslash as $ \sin ( \beta ) $ , $ \cos ( \alpha ) $ , $ \log ( x ) $ etc.
\begin { document }
\begin { abstract }
This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the
document. A brief introduction about the main subject.
\end { abstract }
\end { document }
\begin { document }
\begin { abstract }
This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the
document. A brief introduction about the main subject.
\end { abstract }
Now that we have written our abstract, we can begin writing our first paragraph.
This line will start a second Paragraph.
\end { document }
\chapter { First Chapter }
\section { Introduction }
This is the first section.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing
elit. Etiam lobortisfacilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et
neque pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdietmi nec ante.
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
\section { Second Section }
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\subsection { First Subsection }
Praesent imperdietmi nec ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
\section* { Unnumbered Section }
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem
\begin { center }
\begin { tabular }{ c c c }
cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\
cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\
cell7 & cell8 & cell9
\end { tabular }
\end { center }
\begin { center }
\begin { tabular }{ |c|c|c| }
\hline
cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\
cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\
cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\
\hline
\end { tabular }
\end { center }
\begin { center }
\begin { tabular }{ ||c c c c|| }
\hline
Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex]
\hline\hline
1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\
\hline
2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
\hline
3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
\hline
4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
\hline
5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex]
\hline
\end { tabular }
\end { center }
Table \ref { table:data } is an example of referenced \LaTeX {} elements.
\begin { table } [h!]
\centering
\begin { tabular }{ ||c c c c|| }
\hline
Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex]
\hline\hline
1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\
2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex]
\hline
\end { tabular }
\caption { Table to test captions and labels }
\label { table:data }
\end { table }
\documentclass { article }
\usepackage [utf8] { inputenc }
\title { Sections and Chapters }
\author { Gubert Farnsworth }
\date { }
\begin { document }
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\section { Introduction }
This is the first section.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing
elit. Etiam lobortisfacilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et
neque pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdietmi nec ante.
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
\section* { Unnumbered Section }
\addcontentsline { toc }{ section }{ Unnumbered Section }
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\section { Second Section }
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\end { document }
In this guide, we hope to give you your first introduction to L a T e X . The guide does not require you to have any prior knowledge of L a T e X , but by the time you are finished, you will have written your first LaTeX document, and hopefully will have a good knowledge of some of the basic functions provided by L a T e X .
L a T e X (pronounced LAY-tek or LAH-tek ) is a tool used to create professional-looking documents. It is based on the WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) idea, meaning you only have focus on the contents of your document and the computer will take care of the formatting. Instead of spacing out text on a page to control formatting, as with Microsoft Word or LibreOffice Writer, users can enter plain text and let L a T e X take care of the rest.
L a T e X is used all over the world for scientific documents, books, as well as many other forms of publishing. Not only can it create beautifully typeset documents, but it allows users to very quickly tackle the more complicated parts of typesetting, such as inputting mathematics, creating tables of contents, referencing and creating bibliographies, and having a consistent layout across all sections. Due to the huge number of open source packages available (more on this later), the possibilities with L a T e X are endless. These packages allow users to do even more with L a T e X , such as add footnotes, draw schematics, create tables etc.
One of the most important reasons people use L a T e X is that it separates the content of the document from the style. This means that once you have written the content of your document, we can change its appearance with ease. Similarly, you can create one style of document which can be used to standardise the appearance of many different documents. This allows scientific journals to create templates for submissions. These templates have a pre-made layout meaning that only the content needs to be added. In fact there are hundreds of templates available for everything from CVs to slideshows.
The first step is to create a new L a T e X project. You can do this on your own computer by creating a new .tex file, or else you can start a new project in Overleaf .
Let's start with the simplest working example:
You can see that L a T e X has already taken care of the first piece of formatting for you, by indenting the first line of the paragraph. Let's have a close look at what each part of our code does.
The first line of code declares the type of document, known as the class . The class controls the overall appearance of the document. Different types of documents will require different classes i.e. a CV/resume will require a different class than a scientific paper. In this case, the class is article , the simplest and most common L a T e X class. Other types of documents you may be working on may require different classes such as book or report .
After this, you write the content of our document, enclosed inside the \begin{document} and \end{document} tags. This is known as the body of the document. You can start writing here and make changes to the text if you wish. To see the result of these changes in the PDF you have to compile the document. To do this in Overleaf, simply hit Recompile . (You can also set your project to automatically recompile when you edit your files, by clicking on the small arrow next to the ' Recompile button and set ' Auto Compile to ' On .)
If you are using a basic text editor such as gedit, emacs, vim, sublime, notepad etc., you will have to compile the document manually. To do this, simply run pdflatex in your computers terminal/command line. See here for more information on how to do this.
If you are using a dedicated LaTeX editor such as TeXmaker or TeXworks, simply hit the Recompile button. Consult the programs documentation if you are unsure of where this is.
Now that you have learnt how to add content to our document, the next step is to give it a title. To do this, we must talk briefly about the preamble .
In the previous example the text was entered after the \begin{document} command. Everything in your .tex file before this point is called the preamble . In the preamble you define the type of document you are writing, the language you are writing in, the packages you would like to use (more on this later) and several other elements. For instance, a normal document preamble would look like this:
Below a detailed description of each line:
To add a title, author and date to our document, you must add three lines to the preamble (NOT the main body of the document). These lines are
With these lines added, your preamble should look something like this
Now that you have given your document a title, author and date, you can print this information on the document with the \maketitle command. This should be included in the body of the document at the place you want the title to be printed.
As with any code you are writing, it can often be useful to include comments. Comments are pieces of text you can include in the document which will not be printed, and will not affect the document in any way. They are useful for organizing your work, taking notes, or commenting out lines/sections when debugging. To make a comment in L a T e X , simply write a % symbol at the beginning of the line as shown below:
We will now look at some simple text formatting commands.
An example of each of these in action is shown below:
Another very useful command is the \emph{...} command. What the \emph command actually does with its argument depends on the context - inside normal text the emphasized text is italicized, but this behaviour is reversed if used inside an italicized text- see example below:
Moreover, some packages, e.g. Beamer , change the behaviour of \emph command.
We will now look at how to add images to a L a T e X document. On Overleaf, you will first have to upload the images .
Below is a example on how to include a picture.
L a T e X can not manage images by itself, so you will need to use a package . Packages can be used to change the default look of your L a T e X document, or to allow more functionalities. In this case, you need to include an image in our document, so you should use the graphicx package. This package gives new commands, \includegraphics{...} and \graphicspath{...} . To use the graphicx package, include the following line in you preamble: \usepackage{graphicx}
The command \graphicspath{ {images/} } tells L a T e X that the images are kept in a folder named images under the current directory.
The \includegraphics{universe} command is the one that actually included the image in the document. Here universe is the name of the file containing the image without the extension, then universe.PNG becomes universe . The file name of the image should not contain white spaces nor multiple dots.
Note: The file extension is allowed to be included, but it's a good idea to omit it. If the file extension is omitted it will prompt LaTeX to search for all the supported formats. It is also usually recommended to use lowercase letters for the file extension when uploading image files. For more details see the section about generating high resolution and low resolution images .
Images can be captioned, labelled and referenced by means of the figure environment as shown below:
There are three important commands in the example:
When placing images in a L a T e X document, we should always put them inside a figure environment or similar so that L a T e X will position the image in a way that fits in with the rest of your text.
Note: If you are using captions and references on your own computer, you will have to compile the document twice for the references to work. Overleaf will do this for you automatically.'
Lists are very simple to create in L a T e X . You can create lists using different list environments . Environments are sections of our document that you want to present in a different way to the rest of the document. They start with a \begin{...} command and end with an \end{...} command.
There are two main different types of lists, ordered lists and unordered lists. Each will use a different environment.
Unordered lists are produced by the itemize environment. Each entry must be preceded by the control sequence \item as shown below.
By default the individual entries are indicated with a black dot, so-called bullet. The text in the entries may be of any length.
Ordered list have the same syntax inside a different environment. We make ordered lists using the enumerate environment:
As with unordered lists, each entry must be preceded by the control sequence \item , which will automatically generate the number labelling the item. The enumerate labels consists of sequential numbers starting at one.
One of the main advantages of L a T e X is the ease at which mathematical expressions can be written. L a T e X allows two writing modes for mathematical expressions: the inline mode and the display mode. The first one is used to write formulas that are part of a text. The second one is used to write expressions that are not part of a text or paragraph, and are therefore put on separate lines.
Let's see an example of the inline mode:
To put your equations in inline mode use one of these delimiters: \( ... \) , $ ... $ or \begin{math} ... \end{math} . They all work and the choice is a matter of taste.
The displayed mode has two versions: numbered and unnumbered.
To print your equations in display mode use one of these delimiters: \[ ... \] , \begin{displaymath} ... \end{displaymath} or \begin{equation} ... \end{equation} . $$ ... $$ is discouraged as it can give inconsistent spacing, and may not work well with some math packages.
Important Note: equation* environment is provided by an external package, consult the amsmath article .
Many math mode commands require the amsmath package, so be sure to include it when writing math. An example is shown below of some basic math mode commands.
The possibilities with math in L a T e X are endless and it is impossible to list them all here. Be sure to check out our other articles on
We will now look at how to write abstracts, as well as how to format a L a T e X document into different chapters, sections and paragraphs.
In scientific documents it's a common practice to include a brief overview of the main subject of the paper. In L a T e X there's the abstract environment for this. The abstract environment will put the text in a special format at the top of your document.
When writing the contents of your document, if you need to start a new paragraph you must hit the "Enter" key twice (to insert a double blank line). Notice that L a T e X automatically indents paragraphs.
To start a new line without actually starting a new paragraph insert a break line point, this can be done by \\ (a double backslash as in the example) or the \newline command.
Care should be taken that multiple \\ or \
https://latex-tutorial.com/tutorials/
https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes
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