How Sarah Became A Nudist
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How Sarah Became A Nudist
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2013
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How Sarah Became a Nudist Paperback – 1 Jan. 2007
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A Nudist (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0)
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A Nudist (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0) (1 Jan. 2007)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the South African patrol vessel, see Sarah Baartman (ship) .
La Belle Hottentote , a 19th-century French print of Baartman
^ Jump up to: a b c Frith, Susan. "Searching for Sara Baartman" .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Crais, Clifton C.; Scully, Pamela (2009). Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A ghost story and a biography . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13580-9 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davie, Lucille (14 May 2012). "Sarah Baartman, at rest at last" . SouthAfrica.info . Archived from the original on 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Qureshi, Sadiah (June 2004). "Displaying Sara Baartman, the 'Venus Hottentot' " . History of Science . 42 (136): 233–257. doi : 10.1177/007327530404200204 . S2CID 53611448 . The woman ... is now called Sara Baartman. Unfortunately, no record of her original name exists and she is better known by her epithet, the Hottentot Venus', to her contemporaries, present-day historians, and political activists.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Upham, Mansell (13 August 2019). "From the Venus Sickness to the Hottentot Venus: Saartje Baartman & the 3 men in her life: Alexander Dunlop, Hendrik Caesar & Jean Riaux" . Muatze . Retrieved 18 November 2021 . This article was published originally (in 2 parts) in the Quarterly Bulletin of the National Library of South Africa (QB), vol. 61, no. 1 (January–March 2007), pp. 9-22 & vol. 61, no. 2 (April–June 2007), pp. 74-82.
^ In her testimony to the Court of King's Bench via a Dutch interpreter Baartman said: 'Her father was a drover of cattle, and in going up the country was killed by the Bushmen.' The Times (London, England), 29 November 1810, p. 3: Law Report. Court of King's Bench.
^ Crais, Clifton; Scully, Pamela (June 2009). "Hendrik Cesars and the Tragedies of Race in South Africa" . Wonders and Marvels .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kelsey-Sugg, Anna; Fennell, Marc (16 November 2021). "The Fight for Sarah Baartman" . ABC News . Radio National . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ "Law Report", The Times (London, England), 26 November 1810: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 August 2012.
^ The Times (London, England), 29 November 1810, p. 3: "Law Report". Court of King's Bench. The Attorney-General commented: "As to Lord Caledon's permission, it would have been wrong in his lordship to have given it. But it should be known, that ... no contract among them [the Khoisan] was valid unless it was made before a Magistrate. This contract between the Hottentot and Cezar[sic] was made as usual; but when Lord Caledon discovered for what purpose, he was much displeased, and would have stopped the parties if they had then been in his power."
^ Another "Hottentot Venus" featured at a fête given in 1829 for the Duchess of Berry :Poster Archived 30 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Sartjee, the Hottentot Venus" . NYPL Digital Collections .
^ Jump up to: a b Strother, Z.S. (1999). "Display of the Body Hottentot", in Lindfors, B., (ed.), Africans on Stage: Studies in Ethnological Show Business . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press: 1–55.
^ Jump up to: a b The Times , 26 November 1810, p. 3: "...she is dressed in a colour as nearly resembling her skin as possible. The dress is contrived to exhibit the entire frame of her body, and the spectators are even invited to examine the peculiarities of her form."
^ Parkinson, Justin (7 January 2016). "The significance of Sarah Baartman" . www.bbc.com . BBC . Retrieved 1 September 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scully, Pamela; Crais, Clifton (2008). "Race and Erasure: Sara Baartman and Hendrik Cesars in Cape Town and London". Journal of British Studies . 47 (2): 301–323. doi : 10.1086/526552 . S2CID 161966020 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lederman, Muriel and Ingrid Bartsch (2001). The Gender and Science Reader . New York: Routledge, p. 351 .
^ "Dunlop produced a contract signed by himself and Sara dated 29 October 1810, which was to run from the preceding March for five years. This stated that she was his domestic servant and would allow herself to be exhibited in public in return for 12 guineas a year." Harvey, Karen. "Baartman, Sarah". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/73573 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ The Times , Thursday, 12 December 1811, p. 3: "The African fair one who has so greatly attracted the notice of the town... is stated to have been baptized on Sunday week last, in the Collegiate church at Manchester, by the name of Sarah Bartmann."
^ Sarah Bartmann at England Births and Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch.
^ Jump up to: a b Biologist Stephen Jay Gould recounted Cuvier's monograph on Baartman's genitalia, "The labia minora , or inner lips, of the ordinary female genitalia are greatly enlarged in Khoi-San women, and may hang down three or four inches below the vulva when women stand, thus giving the impression of a separate and enveloping curtain of skin."Gould, Stephen Jay (1985). "The Hottentot Venus." The Flamingo's Smile . New York: W. W. Norton, p. 298.
^ "It is but justice to the modesty of the Hottentots to say that I have constantly found as many difficulties in the part of the women to submit to the exposure parts which a closer inspection required, as in all probability would have occurred in persuading an equal number of females of any other description to undergo examination." William Somerville, a surgeon stationed at the Cape Colony between 1799 and 1802, describing his difficulty in gathering information about Khoisan anatomy.
^ Reuters (9 August 2002). "Remains of Abused South African Woman Given Final Resting Place" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 22 January 2022 .
^ Zilwa, Obed (9 August 2002). "Sold as a slave, exhibited as a freak, Sarah finds dignity after 200" . The Independent . Retrieved 22 January 2022 .
^ "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Royal Institute of France" . The Journal of Science and the Arts . III (V): 154. 1818 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 .
^ In The Blood by Steve Jones has it that "Saartje's hands are covered by the marks of the smallpox that killed her" (p. 204).
^ "The Hottentot Venus, it appears from the French papers, died at Paris last week, after an illness of eight days. Her malady is said to have been the small pox, which the physicians mistook successively for a catarrh, a pleurisy, and a dropsy of the chest." The Times (London, England), 6 January 1816: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 August 2012.
^ Cuvier refers to her instrument as a "guimbarde", usually translated into English as "jew's harp": a contemporary illustration however shows Baartman with a Khoi instrument, the goura .
^ "Son caractère étoit gai, sa mémoire bonne, et elle reconnoissoit après plusieurs semaines une personne qu'elle n'avoit vue qu'une fois. Elle parloit tolérablement le hollandais qu'elle avoit appris au Cap, savoit aussi un peu d'anglais, et commencoit à dire quelques mots de francais. Elle dansoit à la manière de son pays, et jouoit avec assez d'oreille de ce petit instrument qu'on appelle guimbarde....ses épaules, son dos, le haut de sa poitrine avoient de la grace...Ses bras un peu grèles, étoient très-bien faits, et sa main charmante. Son pied étoit aussi fort joli..."("Her personality was lively, her memory good and, after a gap of some weeks, she recognised someone she had seen only the once. She spoke reasonable Dutch, which she had learned in The Cape, knew some English, and was beginning to say a few words in French. She danced according to the fashion of her own country, and played on the instrument they call the 'jew's harp' quite by ear....her shoulders, back, and upper chest were graceful...Her arms (rather slender) were very well-made, and her hand charming. Her foot was also very pretty....") Cuvier, G.:"Extrait d'observations faites sur le cadavre d'une femme connue à Paris et à Londres sous le nomme de Vénus Hottentotte", Mémoires du Musée Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, iii (1817), pp. 259–274.
^ " 'Hottentot Venus' goes home" . BBC News . 29 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 .
^ For a discussion of the politics of her return, see chapter 7 Crais and Scully, Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus
^ "Saartjie Baartman Centre for Women and Children" . Saartjie Baartman Centre for Women and Children .
^ "SA takes on poachers" . 11 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Renaming Memorial Hall Sarah Baartman Hall" . University of Cape Town . Retrieved 13 December 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon-Chipembere, Natasha (2011). Representation and Black Womanhood: The Legacy of Sarah Baartman . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-29798-6 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gilman, Sander L. (1985). "Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an iconography of Female Sexuality in Late Nineteenth Century Art, Medicine, and Literature" . Critical Inquiry . The University of Chicago Press. 12 (1): 204–242. doi : 10.1086/448327 . JSTOR 1343468 . PMID 11616873 . S2CID 27830153 .
^ Shibamoto, S Janet. Feminism and Linguistic Theory by Deborah Cameron (Book Review), Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society (1988): 635–640.Print.
^ "etymologiebank.nl" . etymologiebank.nl . Retrieved 25 September 2018 .
^ Mary McMahon, "Who are the Hottentots" , Wise Geek , 9 November 2014.
^ Osha, Sanya (2014), "African Sexualities II", African Postcolonial Modernity , Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 181–199, doi : 10.1057/9781137446930_8 , ISBN 9781349496174
^ Jump up to: a b c d Willis, Deborah. "Black Venus 2010: They called her 'Hottentot.'" Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010. Project Muse
^ hooks, bell. (1992) Black Looks : Race and Representation. South End Press. pp. 115 – 131.
^ Min-ha, Trin – T, "Reassemblage: From the firelight to the screen." , Youtube , 23 March 2012.
^ Lee, Jolie, "Kardashian photo plays off controversial black imagery" USA today , 13 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Geneva, "Kim Kardashian: Posing Black Femaleness?" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Clutch .
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Kelsey, "The Troubling Racial History of Kim K's Champagne Shot" , Refinery 29 , 13 November 2014.
^ "When Disco Queen Grace Jones Lamented 'I Need a Man,' Artist Jean-Paul Goude Prowled Too Near Her Cage" . people.com .
^ Telusma, Blue, "Kim Kardashian doesn't realize she's the butt of an old racial joke" , The Grio , 12 November 2014.
^ Oliveira, Cleuci de. "Saartjie Baartman: The Original Booty Queen" . Jezebel . Retrieved 28 November 2017 .
^ "Neelika Jayawardane" . Africa is a Country . Retrieved 28 November 2017 .
^ "#EpicFail When @Jezebel Wanted to make Saartjie Baartman Relevant to Millenials" . Africa is a Country . 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 .
^ "Body Talk" . frieze.com .
^ McKay, James; Johnson, Helen (July 2008). "Pornographic eroticism and sexual grotesquerie in representations of African American sportswomen". Social Identitities . 14 (4): 491–504. doi : 10.1080/13504630802211985 . S2CID 143309969 .
^ Ashley, Rokeshia Renné (15 July 2021). "How Sarah Baartman's hips went from a symbol of exploitation to a source of empowerment" . The Conversation . Retrieved 11 September 2021 .
^ The Times , 10 January 1811; p. 2.
^ "Another Venus once I saw, / A young Caffrarian from the Cape ;/And Bond Street swells surveyed with awe/The vast proportions of her shape. / Jet-black and woolly was her hair,/And damson-hued her bounteous lips ;/But more admired, beyond compare,/Were two enormous – pillow-slips./Yet slenderer was her girth than thine,/If measured round that Crinoline!" From "Crinoliniana" by "Dunshunner" ( William Edmondstoune Aytoun : Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine Vol. 93 (572): June 1863 , p. 763.
^ "Walton: 'Hornpipe' from Facade" . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.
^ "THE HOTTENTOT VENUS (poem) - Mordechai Geldman - Israel - Poetry International" . www.poetryinternational.org .
^ "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" " . Icarus Films. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2020 .
^ Postcolonial Performance and Installation Art: Lyle Ashton Harris and Renee Valerie Cox: "Hottentot Venus 2000" . Postcolonial Studies @ Emory. Emory University . Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ "Megan Tench: 'Exploring, not exploiting, a shameful history'" , Boston Globe , 2 November 2008.
^ "National Poetry Month at the Rumpus - The Rumpus.net" . The Rumpus.net . April 2012.
^ Raw Nerves: Lauren Beukes Chats to Diane Awerbuck and Recommends Home Remedies , Times Live , 25 March 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
^ O'Mahony, John (11 August 2014). "Edinburgh's most controversial show: Exhibit B, a human zoo" . The Guardian .
^ "A Khoisan Woman, by Zodwa Nyoni" . Summerhall - Open Minds Open Doors . Retrieved 20 December 2019 .
Sarah Baartman ( Afrikaans: [ˈsɑːra ˈbɑːrtman] ; c. 1789– 29 December 1815), also spelt Sara , sometimes in the diminutive form Saartje ( Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈsɑːrtʃi] ), or Saartjie , and Bartman , Bartmann , was a Khoikhoi woman who was exhibited as a freak show attraction in 19th-century Europe under the name Hottentot Venus , a name which was later attributed to at least one other woman similarly exhibited. The term "Hottentot" was the colonial-era term for the indigenous Khoekoe (formerly known as Khoikhoi) people of the southwestern area of Africa. The women were exhibited for their steatopygic body type uncommon in Western Europe which not only was perceived as a curiosity at that time, but became subject of scientific interest, albeit of racist bias frequently, as well as of erotic projection. However, it has been suggested by anthropologists that this body type was once more widespread in humans, based on carvings of idealised female forms dating to the Paleolithic era collectively known as Venus figurines , also referred to as Steatopygian Venuses.
"Venus" is sometimes used to designate representations of the female body in arts and cultural anthropology, referring to the Roman goddess of love and fertility . " Hottentot " was the name for the Khoi people , now usually considered an offensive term. The Sarah Baartman story is often regarded as the epitome of racist colonial exploitation , and of the commodification of the dehumanizatio
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