How Did Trajan Die

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How Did Trajan Die
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"Traian" redirects here. For other uses, see Traian (disambiguation) .
"Marcus Ulpius Trajanus" redirects here. For the emperor's father, see Marcus Ulpius Trajanus (father of Trajan) .
Rome (ashes of Trajan's Column , now lost), now known as Trajan's Forum
  Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
  lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned
  grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
  bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties


^ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.

^ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.

^ Jump up to: a b Levick (2014), p. 161.

^ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.

^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 7.

^ Jump up to: a b c DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian" .

^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 9.

^ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.

^ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus" .

^ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3

^ Smith (1870), "Hadrian" , pp. 319–322.

^ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim ; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.

^ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor , p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.

^ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 163.

^ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 162.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levick (2014), p. 164.

^ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.

^ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Giacosa (1977), p. 10.

^ The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 72.22 ) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24 .

^ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.

^ Jump up to: a b c Levick (2014), p. 117.



^ modern Gazipaşa ) in Cilicia afterwards called Trajanopolis



^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy . Cambridge University Press. p. 492. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2 .

^ Cassius Dio, lxviii. 4, lxix. 1, 3.

^ Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Hadrian", 1.

^ Syme, Tacitus , p. 792 ff.

^ Jump up to: a b Arnold Blumberg, Great Leaders, Great Tyrants? Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History , 1995, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 315: "Trajan is frequently but misleadingly designated the first provincial emperor, because the Ulpii were from Baetica (southern Spain). The family, resident in Spain for some time, originated in Italian Tuder, not far from the Flavian home of Reate. The emperor's father, M. Ulpius Trajanus, was an early adherent of Vespasian and perhaps the old family friend. This Trajan evidently married a Marcia (her name is inferred from that of their daughter Marciana) whose family owned brickyards in the vicinity of Ameria, near both Reate and Tuder. She was possibly an older sister of Marcia Furnilla, second wife of Vespasian's son Titus. Further, Ulpia, sister of the senior Trajan, was a grandmother of Hadrian. In other words, the emperor Trajan was succeeded in 117 by his cousin, member of another Italian family resident in Baetica."

^ Strobel 2010 , p. 40.

^ Discourses on Livy , I, 10, 4

^ Nelson, Eric (2002). Idiots guide to the Roman Empire . Alpha Books. pp. 207–209. ISBN 978-0-02-864151-5 .

^ Strobel 2010 , p. 14.

^ Strobel 2010 , p. 15.

^ Bennett 2001 , pp. xii/xiii & 63.

^ Finley Hooper, Roman Realities . Wayne State University Press , 1979, ISBN 0-8143-1594-1 , p. 427

^ Carlos F. Noreña, "The Social Economy of Pliny's Correspondence with Trajan". American Journal of Philology , 128 (2007) 239–277, p. 251

^ Bennett 2001 , p. xiii.

^ Jump up to: a b Syme, Tacitus, 30–44; PIR Vlpivs 575

^ Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan Optimus Princeps (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0253214351 .

^ Bennett 2001 , pp. 1–3.

^ Strobel 2010 , p. 41.

^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003). In the name of Rome: The men who won the Roman Empire . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 320.

^ Jackson, Nicholas (2022). Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). Chapter: Impressionable Years: GreenHill Books. ISBN 978-1784387075 .

^ Jackson, Nicholas (2022). Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror . Chapter: Impressionable Years: GreenHill Books. ISBN 978-1784387075 .

^ Bennett 2001 , pp. 22–23.

^ Garzetti 2014 , p. 378.

^ Bennett 2001 , p. 13.

^ Jump up to: a b Augustan History, Life of Hadrian 2.5–6

^ "Pompei Plotina" . Britannica . Retrieved 26 January 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Bennett 2001 , p. 58.

^ Robert H. Allen, The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia . Jefferson: McFarland, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7864-2349-1 , page 131

^ Bennett 2001 , p. 43.

^ Jackson, Nicholas (2022). Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). Chapter: The Making of a General: GreenHill Books. ISBN 978-1784387075 .

^ Jump up to: a b Bennett 2001 , pp. 45–46.

^ Alston 2014 , p. 261.

^ Jason König, Tim Whitmarsh, eds., Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press , 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-85969-1 , p. 180

^ Grainger 2004 , pp. 91, 109.

^ Veyne 1976 , p. 686, note 399.

^ Some sources credit Sura with building a bathhouse on Rome's Aventine Hill , and naming the bathhouse after himself; others claim the bathhouse was named in his honour but built by Trajan. In either case, the association of his name with a public building was a signal honour; most public buildings in the capital were named after members of the imperial family. See Garrett G. Fagan, Bathing in Public in the Roman World . University of Michigan Press , 2002, ISBN 0-472-08865-3 , pp. 113/114

^ Sura's baths were later enlarged by the third century emperor Decius , to emphasise his link to Trajan. See Stephen L. Dyson, Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City . Baltimore: JHU Press,2010, ISBN 978-0-8018-9253-0 , p. 338

^ Eugen Cizek, "Tacite face à Trajan", available at [1] , pp. 127/128. Retrieved July 20, 2014

^ Barbara M. Levick, Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age . Oxford University Press , 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9 , p. 42

^ Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984), The History of the Roman People, pp. 353, 354 Prentice-Hall, New Jersey

^ Feriale Duranum 1.14-15 : "V K[al](endas) [Feb]rarias... ob imperium [Divi Traiani]."

^ Jackson, Nicholas (2022). Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). Chapter: Adoption and Accession: GreenHill Books. ISBN 978-1784387075 .

^ Grainger 2004 , p. 111.

^ Bennett 2001 , p. 52.

^ Alston 2014 , p. 262.

^ Alston 2014 , pp. 200, 206.

^ Rees 2012 , p. 198.

^ Peter V. Jones, Keith C. Sidwell, eds., The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture . Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-38421-4 , pp. 254, 231

^ Jones 2002 , p. 178.

^ Anastasia Serghidou, Fear of slaves, fear of enslavement in the ancient Mediterranean . Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, 2007, ISBN 978-2-84867-169-7 , p. 314

^ Sam Wilkinson, Republicanism during the Early Roman Empire . New York: Continuum, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4411-2052-6 , p. 131

^ Rees 2012 , p. 121.

^ Veyne 2005 , p. 402.

^ Letters III, 20, 12,

^ Veyne 2005 , p. 38, footnote.

^ Kathleen Kuiper, ed., Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion . New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2010, ISBN 978-1-61530-207-9 , p. 128

^ M.S. Gsell, "Étude sur le rôle politique du Sénat Romain à l'époque de Trajan", Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire , 1887, V.7.7, available at [2] . Accessed January 20, 2015

^ Veyne 2005 , p. 37.

^ Ryan K. Balot, ed., A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought .John Wiley & Sons, 2012,

^ Roger Rees, ed., Latin Panegyric , Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-957671-5 , p. 137

^ Carlos F. Noreña, "The Ethics of Autocracy in the Roman World". IN Ryan K. Balot, ed., A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought . Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-5143-6 , p. 277

^ Bernard W. Henderson, "Five Roman Emperors" (1927).

^ F. A. Lepper, "Trajan's Parthian War" (1948).

^ Edward Togo Salmon, A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138 . London: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-04504-5 , p. 274

^ Elizabeth Forbis, Municipal Virtues in the Roman Empire: The Evidence of Italian Honorary Inscriptions . Stuttgart: Teubner, 1996, ISBN 3-519-07628-4 , pp. 23/24

^ Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order .Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0 , p. 175

^ Veyne 2005 , p. 241.

^ Joshua Rice, Paul and Patronage: The Dynamics of Power in 1 Corinthians . Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2013, ISBN 978-1-62032-557-5 , p. 84 sqq.

^ Simon Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy . Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-925521-0 , p. 90

^ Yun Lee Too, Niall Livingstone, eds. Pedagogy and Power: Rhetorics of Classical Learning .Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-59435-6 , p. 202; Leonard L. Thompson, The Book of Revelation , Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511580-5 , p. 112.

^ Lukas De Blois, ed., The Statesman in Plutarch's Works: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congerence of the International Plutarch Society Nijmegen/Castle Hernen, May 1–5, 2002 . Leiden: Brill, 2004, ISBN 90-04-13795-5 , p. 28.

^ Giuseppe Zecchini, "Plutarch as Political Theorist and Trajan" in Philip A. Stadter, L. Van der Stockt, eds., Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.) . Leuven University Press , 2002, ISBN 90-5867-239-5 , p. 196

^ Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press , 2013, ISBN 0-691-11691-1 , p. 399

^ Benjamin Isaac, 487; Albino Garzetti, From Tiberius to the Antonines , 348

^ Veyne 2005 , p. 240.

^ Simon Swain, Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD 50–250 . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-814772-4 , p. 237

^ Thérèse Renoirte (Sœur), Les "Conseils politiques" de Plutarque. Une lettre ouverte aux Grecs à l'époque de Trajan . Review by Robert Flacelière, L'antiquité classique , 1952, available at [3] . Retrieved December 12, 2014

^ E. Guerber, "Les correctores dans la partie hellénophone de l'empire Romain du règne de Trajan à l'avènement de Dioclétien : étude prosopographique" Anatolia Antiqua , V.5, no. 5, 1997; available at [4] . Retrieved December 12, 2014

^ Brian Jones, The Emperor Domitian , Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-203-03625-5 , p. 171

^ Brian Jones, The Emperor Domitian , 172; Petit, Pax Romana , 52; Martin Goodman, The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180 . Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-0-415-55978-2 , p. 120

^ Pergamum inscription (Smallwood NH 214), reproduced in Brian Campbell, The Roman Army, 31 BC – AD 337: A Sourcebook . London: Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-07172-0 , p. 63

^ Junghwa Choi, Jewish Leadership in Roman Palestine from 70 C.E. to 135 C.E. . Leiden: Brill, 2013, ISBN 978-90-04-24516-7 , p. 162

^ Pierre Lambrechts, "Trajan et le récrutement du Sénat", L'antiquité classique , 1936, 5–1, pp. 105–114. Available at [5] . Retrieved January 4, 2015

^ Stanley E. Hoffer, The Anxieties of Pliny, the Younger . Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-7885-0565-3 , p. 121

^ de Ste. Croix 1989 , p. 119.

^ de Ste. Croix 1989 , p. 466.

^ Hildegard Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der Neueren Forschung. Principat, Part 2, Volume 2 .Leiden: De Gruyter, 1975, ISBN 3-11-004971-6 , pp. 367/368

^ K. W. Arafat, Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers . Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-55340-7 , p. 192

^ Veyne 2005 , pp. 195–196.

^ Veyne 2005 , p. 229.

^ Veyne 2005 , pp. 229–230.

^ Giovanni Salmeri, "Dio, Rome, and the Civic Life of Asia Minor" IN Simon Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy . Oxford U. Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-925521-0 , p. 91

^ Simon Goldhill, Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire . Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-66317-2 , p. 293

^ Bradley Hudson McLean, An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Alexander the Great Down to the Reign of Constantine (323 B.C.–A.D. 337) . University of Michigan Press, 2002, p. 334

^ A. G. Leventis, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta . London: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-48218-2 , p. 138

^ Pliny, Letters , 10.70.2

^ David S. Potter, ed. A Companion to the Roman Empire . Malden, MA: Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-631-22644-4 , p. 246

^ Ramsey Macmullen, Enemies of the Roman Order . London, Routledge, 1992, ISBN 0-415-08621-3 , p. 185.

^ Graham Anderson, Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire . London, Routledge, 2005, Google e-book, available at [6] . Retrieved December 15, 2014

^ Potter, 246

^ Dio, Discourse 38, To the Nicomedians on Concord with the Nicaeans , 37. Available at [7] . Retrieved February 20, 2016

^ Veyne 2005 , pp. 232–233.

^ Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, eds., Politische Geschichte: Provinzen und Randvoelker – Griescher Balkanraum: Kleinasien . Berlin; de Gruyter, 1980, ISBN 3-11-008015-X , pp. 668–669

^ Paul Veyne, "L'identité grecque devant Rome et l'empereur", Revue des Études Grecques , 1999, V.122-2, p. 515. Available at [8] . Retrieved December 20, 2014

^ Jesper Majbom Madsen, Roger David Rees, eds. Roman rule in Greek and Latin Writing: Double Vision . Leiden: Brill, 2014, ISBN 978-90-04-27738-0 , p. 36

^ Quoted by Hooper, Roman Realities , 429

^ JC Carrière ,"À propos de la Politique de Plutarque " – Dialogues d'histoire ancienne , V.3, no.3, 1977. Available at [9] Retrieved December 13, 2014

^ Fergus Millar, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, society, and culture in the Roman Empire . Univ of North Carolina Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8078-2852-1 , p. 31

^ Jesper Majbom Madsen, Eager to be Roman: Greek Response to Roman Rule in Pontus and Bithynia . London: Bloombury, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7156-3753-1 , p. 116

^ Simon Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy . Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-925521-0 , p. 68

^ Paraskevi Martzavou, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, eds., Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century BC to Second Century AD . Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-965214-3 , p. 115

^ Temporini & Haase, Politische Geschichte , 669

^ de Ste. Croix 1989 , p. 530.

^ Jesper Majbom Madsen, Eager to be Roman , 117

^ Sviatoslav Dmitriev, City Government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor . Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-517042-9 , p. 155

^ Fergus Millar, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, society, and culture in the Roman Empire . University of North Carolina Press , 2004, ISBN 0-8078-5520-0 , pp. 37/38

^ Opper, Thorsten (2008), Hadrian: Empire and Conflict , Harvard University Press , p. 67 , ISBN 9780674030954

^ N. J. E. Austin & N. B. Rankov, Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople . London: Routledge, 2002, p. 177

^ Wiseman, James 1997 "Beyond the Danube's Iron Gates." Archaeology 50(2): 24–9.

^ Šašel, Jaroslav. 1973 "Trajan's Canal at the Iron Gate." The Journal of Roman Studies . 63:80–85.

^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Nicholas (2022). Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). Chapter: Biding Time between Wars: GreenHill Books. ISBN 978-1784387075 .

^ Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984) History of the Roman People, p. 382, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

^ Packer, James (January–February 1998). "Trajan's GLORIOUS FORUM". Archaeology . 51 (1): 32.

^ Martin Klonnek, Chronologie des Römischen Reiches 2: 2. Jh. – Jahr 100 bis 199 . Berlin: epubli, 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0702-8 , p. 109

^ Dikla Rivlin Katz, Noah Hacham, Geoffrey Herman, Lilach Sagiv, A Question of Identity: Social, Political, and Historical Aspects of Identity Dynamics in Jewish and Other Contexts . Berlin: Walter de Griyter, 2019 ISBN 978-3-11-061248-6 , p. 304

^ Jump up to: a b "Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian" Stadter, Philip A.; Stockt, L. Van der (2002). Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.) . Leuven University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-90-5867-239-1 .

^ Beard, Mary (2015). SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome . Profile. p. 424. ISBN 978-1-84765-441-0 .

^ Butler, A. J. (1914). Babylon of Egypt: A study in the history of Old Cairo . Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 5 .

^ Humphrey, John H. (1986). Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04921-5 . pp. 80, 102-103, 126-129. The viewing box ( pulvinar ) accommodated the Emperor, his family, and images of Rome's deities, brought from their temples to be laid on dining couches with great ceremony, so that they could share in the spectacle.

^ Epitome of Cassius Dio, Roman History , 68.15.1

^ Quoted by Andrea Giardina, ed. The Romans . University of Chicago Press, 1993, ISBN 0-226-29049-2 , p. 272

^ Z. Yavetz, "The Urban Plebs in the Days of the Flavians, Nerva and Trajan". IN Opposition et Resistances a L'empire D'auguste a Trajan . Geneva: Droz, 1987, ISBN 978-2-600-04425-7 , p. 181

^ Stephen Benko, Pagan Rome and the Early Christians . Bloomington: Indiana U. Press, 1986, ISBN 0-253-20385-6 , pp. 6/7

^ "Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate" " . Tulane.edu. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 .

^ Petit 1976 , p. 188.

^ "Alimenta" . Tjbuggey.ancients.info. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 .

^ John Rich, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, eds., City and Country in the Ancient World . London: Routledge, 2003, ISBN 
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