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Pejorative slang word for a person or thing, mainly a woman
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this section , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new section, as appropriate. ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
^ "Definition of bitch | Dictionary.com" . dictionary.com . Retrieved 2021-08-12 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
^ Jump up to: a b c Kleynman, Sherryl (Spring 2009). "Reclaiming Critical Analysis:The Social Harms of "Bitch" " (PDF) . Sociological Analysis . 3 .
^ Tamayo, Yvonne A. (2009-02-14). " 'Rhymes with Rich': Power, Law, and the Bitch" . Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1468989 . SSRN 1468989 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
^ "Women reflect on sexist slur that often goes unpunished" . PBS NewsHour . 2020-07-25 . Retrieved 2021-04-12 .
^ Drexler, Peggy (10 August 2015). "How the 'B-word' is used to keep women down" . CNN . Retrieved 2021-04-12 .
^ HALL JAMIESON, KATHLEEN (Summer 2008). "The 'B' Word in Traditional News and on the Web" . Nieman Reports : 31–33.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pop Goes the Feminist , Deborah Solomon interviews Andi Zeisler , The New York Times , August 6, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "bitch, n. 1" , Oxford English Dictionary Online , Oxford University Press , retrieved 10 August 2017
^ Jump up to: a b c Grynbaum, Michael M. (August 7, 2007). "It's a Female Dog, or Worse. Or Endearing. And Illegal?" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-10-01 .
^ Jump up to: a b Franco, Cristiana (2014). Shameless: The Canine and the Feminine in Ancient Greece . University of California Press. ISBN 9780520273405 . OCLC 886107785 .
^ Bayley, Clare. "The Evolution of Bitch in the English Language" . Bitch a History . Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
^ Higginson, Thomas. The Greek Goddesses . Middlebury College. p. 197.
^ Jump up to: a b Hughes, Geoffrey. Encyclopedia of Swearing : The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World . Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.
^ Grose, Francis. 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue . Hosted at Project Gutenberg . Retrieved on January 9, 2007.
^ Gross, Beverly (1994). "Bitch". Salmagundi .
^ Kleinman, Sherryl; Ezzel, Matthew; Frost, A. Corey (Spring 2009). "The Social Harms of 'Bitch' " (PDF) . Sociological Analysis .
^ "Google Ngram Viewer" . books.google.com . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ "Meet the New Bitch" . The Atlantic . 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ "19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women%27s Right to Vote" . www.archives.gov . Retrieved 2015-10-20 .
^ Triska, Zoë (January 23, 2013). "You Say 'Bitch' Like It's A Bad Thing: Examining the Implications of the Notorious Word" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 18, 2015 .
^ Jay, Timothy (March 2009). "The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words" . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 4 (2): 153–161. doi : 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01115.x . PMID 26158942 . S2CID 34370535 .
^ Klonoff, Elizabeth A.; Landrine, Hope; Campbell, Robin (March 2000). "Sexist Discrimination May Account for Well-Known Gender Differences in Psychiatric Symptoms" . Psychology of Women Quarterly . 24 (1): 93–99. doi : 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01025.x . ISSN 0361-6843 . S2CID 143941020 .
^ "The Bitch Is Back by Elton John Songfacts" . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ "bitchin' | very good or appealing" . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ The Bitch in the House, ed. Cathi Hanaeur
^ Elton John and Boy George End Feuf Archived June 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Carlson, Margaret (16 January 1995). "The Public Eye: Muzzle the B Word" . Time .
^ Hall, Kathleen. "Nieman Reports | The 'B' Word in Traditional News and on the Web" . Nieman.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ Jump up to: a b Felmlee, Diane; Inara Rodis, Paulina; Zhang, Amy (2020-07-01). "Sexist Slurs: Reinforcing Feminine Stereotypes Online" . Sex Roles . 83 (1): 16–28. doi : 10.1007/s11199-019-01095-z . ISSN 1573-2762 .
^ SlutWalk Rally Against Sexual Violence Draws Huge Crowd of Feminists Archived 2012-05-04 at the Wayback Machine , Rebecca Nathanson, Village Voice , October 2, 2011
^ Third Wave Feminism , by Tamara Straus, MetroActive, December 6, 2000.
^ You've Really Got Some Minerva, Veronica Mars Archived 2007-04-23 at the Wayback Machine , 2006-11-21.
^ "Bitch Media" . Bitchmagazine.org. 2012-04-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25 . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ "The Bitch Manifesto - Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement" . Scriptorium.lib.duke.edu . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ "The BITCH Manifesto" . Jofreeman.com . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ Jump up to: a b "The Evolution of the Bitch | VICE | United States" . VICE . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ "Rihanna (Ft. Beyoncé) – Bad Bitch (Demo)" . Genius . Archived from the original on 2015-10-12 . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ "Starships - Nicki Minaj" . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ Kleinman, Sherryl; Copp, Martha (July 2009). "Denying Social Harm: Students' Resistance to Lessons About Inequality" . Teaching Sociology . 37 (3): 283–293. doi : 10.1177/0092055X0903700306 . ISSN 0092-055X . S2CID 144951871 .
^ "BITCH - Beautiful Individual That Causes Hardons" . Abbreviations.com . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ "Beautiful Intelligent Talented Creative Honest - What does BITCH stand for? Acronyms and abbreviations by the Free Online Dictionary" . Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ Scallen. "Bitch Thesis." 2010. Department of American Studies. Paper. 17 October 2015.
^ Layne, Asha. Now That's a Bad Bitch!: The State of Women in Hip-Hop . 24 April 2014. Article. 19 October 2015.
^ Aldave, Cherryl (2003-01-29). "Forgotten Elements: A Bitch Iz A Bitch | Rappers Talk Hip Hop Beef & Old School Hip Hop" . HipHop DX . Retrieved 2013-02-24 .
^ Jump up to: a b Adams, Terri M.; Fuller, Douglas B. (July 2006). "The Words Have Changed but the Ideology Remains the Same: Misogynistic Lyrics in Rap Music". Journal of Black Studies . 36 (6): 938–957. doi : 10.1177/0021934704274072 . S2CID 143525484 .
^ Powers, Ann (6 September 2012). "Who You Calling A B----?" . NPR.org . Retrieved 2015-10-23 .
^ "Dr. Dre – Bitches Ain't Shit Lyrics" . Rap Genius . Retrieved 2013-02-24 .
^ Neal, Mark Anthony and Murray Forman. That’s the Joint! The Hip-Hop Studies Reader . New York: Routledge, 2004, p. 315, ISBN 978-0-415-96918-5 .
^ Dyson, Miachel Eric. Know What I Mean?: Reflections on Hip-Hop . New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007, p. 124, ISBN 978-0-465-01716-4 .
^ "7 Women Who Put Kanye in His Place About Using the Word "Bitch" " . mic.com . Retrieved 2019-04-30 .
^ Coyne, James C.; Sherman, Richard C.; O'Brien, Karen (December 1978). "Expletives and woman's place". Sex Roles . 4 (6): 827–835. doi : 10.1007/bf00287702 . S2CID 143420865 .
^ "King Lear" . It.usyd.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2010-05-18 . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ Shakespeare, William (1602). Troilus and Cressida . Yale University Press. p. 35.
^ Rushkoff, Douglas (29 July 2009). "Microsoft's Prison Yard Conquest" . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC . Retrieved 27 February 2012 .
^ Sears, Donald A. (1978). John Neal . Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 080-5-7723-08 .
^ Barnes, Albert F. (1984). Greater Portland Celebration 350 . Portland, Maine: Guy Gannett Publishing Co. p. 47. ISBN 0-930096-58-4 .
^ Neal, John (1840) [originally published as Seventy-Six in 1823]. Seventy-Six; or, Love and Battle . Novel newspaper ;no. 87. London, England: J. Cunningham. p. 52.
^ "The Word Son of a Bitch – Epithets" . Esquire . 2008-06-18 . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ "Our Son of a Bitch" . 28 August 2013.
^ "Science Quotes by Kenneth Bainbridge" .
^ Boak, Josh (24 January 2022). "Biden caught on hot mic swearing at Fox News reporter" . AP News . AP . Retrieved 25 January 2022 .
^ New Jersey Free Poker. "Poker Glossary Poker Terms and Poker Definitions and Poker Meanings" . Worldfreepoker.com . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ "Bitch Definition, www.dictionary.com" . Retrieved 2008-10-10 .
^ Shachtman, Noah (2009-01-14). "Northrop Unveils Bitchin' Bomber-Cycle" . Wired .
Bitch ( / b ɪ t ʃ / bich ) [1] is a pejorative slang word for a person, usually a woman. When applied to a woman or girl, it means someone who is belligerent, unreasonable, malicious, controlling, aggressive, or dominant. [2] When applied to a man or boy, bitch reverses its meaning and is a derogatory term for being subordinate, weak, or cowardly.
The term bitch is one of the most common curse words in the English language. It has been used as a "term of contempt towards women" for "over six centuries," [3] and is a slur that fosters sexism against women. [4] It has been characterized as "an archaic word demeaning women since as early as the 15th century" that seeks to control women. [5] The word is considered taboo in mainstream media, and euphemisms such as "the B-word" are used to minimize its negative impact. [6]
The term bitch literally means a female dog . Its original use as a vulgarism carried a meaning suggesting high sexual desire in a woman, comparable to a dog in heat . [2] The range of meanings has expanded in modern usage (such as when applied to a man). In a feminist context, it can indicate a strong or assertive woman and has therefore been reappropriated by some women. [7]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term bitch comes from the Old English word bicce or bicge , meaning "female dog", which dates to around 1000 CE. It may have derived from the earlier Old Norse word bikkja , also meaning "female dog". [8] [9]
"Dog" has long been used as an insult toward both women and men. In ancient Greece , dog was often used in a derogatory sense to refer to someone whose behavior was improper or transgressive. This could include shamelessness or lack of restraint, lack of hospitality, lack of loyalty, and indiscriminate or excessive violence, among other qualities. [10] Over time, classicist C. Franco argues, a "persistent symbolic connection" developed between dogs and women in Greek literature that expressed and reinforced women's subordinate position in society and their supposedly inferior nature. [10]
There may also be a connection between less literal senses of "bitch" and the Greek goddess Artemis . As she is the goddess of the hunt, she was often portrayed with a pack of hunting dogs and sometimes transformed into an animal herself. [11] She was seen as free, vigorous, cold, impetuous, unsympathetic, wild, and beautiful. [12]
The earliest use of "bitch" specifically as a derogatory term for women dates to the fifteenth century. [8] [9] Its earliest slang meaning mainly referred to sexual behavior , according to the English language historian Geoffrey Hughes: [13]
The early applications were to a promiscuous or sensual woman, a metaphorical extension of the behavior of a bitch in heat. Herein lies the original point of the powerful insult son of a bitch, found as biche sone ca. 1330 in Arthur and Merlin ... while in a spirited exchange in the Chester Play (ca. 1400) a character demands: "Whom callest thou queine, skabde bitch?" ("Who are you calling a whore, you miserable bitch?").
Bitch remained a strong insult through the nineteenth century. The entry in Francis Grose 's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1785) reads:
A she dog, or doggess; the most offensive appellation
that can be given to an English woman, even more
provoking than that of whore, as may be gathered from the
regular Billinsgate or St Giles answer–"I may be a
whore, but can't be a bitch." [14]
Throughout the word's evolution into the nineteenth century, it became gradually less offensive. The Oxford English Dictionary in the nineteenth century described the insult as "strictly a lewd or sensual woman". [15] The word went through many similar phases throughout history. It was not until the 20th century that feminism began to reevaluate the term and its appropriation. [16]
In the 1920s, bitch became once again a common insult used against women. The term bitch became more popular in common language during this era. Between 1915 and 1930, the use of "bitch" in newspapers and literature more than doubled. [17] The writing of Ernest Hemingway popularized the more modern meaning of "bitch" in this era. He used it to represent favorable qualities such as ferocity, edginess, and grit. [18] It was during this time that women began gaining more freedom (such as the right to vote through the Nineteenth Amendment ). [19] The word "bitch" during the twenties meant "malicious or consciously attempting to harm", "difficult, annoying, or interfering", and "sexually brazen or overly vulgar". [20]
According to Dr. Timothy Jay, there are "over 70 different taboo words," but 80 percent of the time only ten words are used, and bitch is included in that set. [21] Being called the term bitch has been associated with worsening the mental health of women. [22]
In modern usage, the slang term bitch has different meanings depending largely on social context and may vary from very offensive to endearing, [9] and as with many slang terms, its meaning and nuances can vary depending on the region in which it is used.
The term bitch can refer to a person or thing that is very difficult, as in "Life's a bitch" or "He sure got the bitch end of that deal". It is common for insults to lose intensity as their meaning broadens (" bastard " is another example). [13] In the film The Women (1939), Joan Crawford could only allude to the word: "And by the way, there's a name for you ladies, but it isn't used in high society - outside of a kennel." At the time, use of the actual word would have been censored by the Hays Office . By 1974, Elton John had a hit single (#4 in the U.S. and #14 in the U.K.) with " The Bitch Is Back ", in which he says "bitch" repeatedly. It was, however, censored by some radio stations. [23] On late night U.S. television, the character Emily Litella (1976-1978) on Saturday Night Live (portrayed by Gilda Radner ) would frequently refer to Jane Curtin under her breath at the end of their Weekend Update routine in this way: "Oh! Never mind...! Bitch! "
Bitchin' arose in the 1950s to describe something found to be cool or rad. [24]
Modern use can include self-description, often as an unfairly difficult person. For example, in the New York Times bestseller The Bitch in the House , a woman describes her marriage: "I'm fine all day at work, but as soon as I get home, I'm a horror....I'm the bitch in the house." [25] Boy George admitted "I was being a bitch" in a falling out with Elton John. [26]
Generally, the term bitch is still considered offensive, and not accepted in formal situations. According to linguist Deborah Tannen , " Bitch is the most contemptible thing you can say about a woman. Save perhaps the four-letter C word ." [27]
It's common for the word to be censored on Prime time TV, often rendered as "the b-word". During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a John McCain supporter referred to Hillary Clinton by asking, "How do we beat the bitch?" The event was reported in censored format: [28]
On CNN's "The Situation Room," Washington Post media critic and CNN "Reliable Sources" host Howard Kurtz observed that "Senator McCain did not embrace the 'b' word that this woman in the audience used." ABC reporter Kate Snow adopted the same locution. On CNN's "Out in the Open," Rick Sanchez characterized the word without using it by saying, "Last night, we showed you a clip of one of his supporters calling Hillary Clinton the b-word that rhymes with witch." A local Fox 25 news reporter made the same move when he rhymed the unspoken word with rich.
A study reported that, when used on social media, bitch "aims to promote traditional, cultural beliefs about femininity". [29] Used hundreds of thousands of times per day on such platforms, it is associated with sexist harassment, "victimizing targets", and "shaming" victims who do not abide by degrading notions about femininity. [29]
In the context of modern feminism , bitch has varied reappropriated meanings that may connote a strong female ( anti-stereotype of weak submissive woman), cunning (equal to males in mental guile), or else it may be used as a tongue-in cheek backhanded compliment for someone who has excelled in an achievement. [7] [31] [32] For example, Bitch magazine describes itself as a "feminist response to pop culture". [33]
Feminist attorney Jo Freeman (Joreen) authored "The BITCH Manifesto" in 1968: [34] [35]
A Bitch takes shit from no one. You may not like her, but you cannot ignore her....[Bitches] have loud voices and often use them. Bitches are not pretty....Bitches seek their identity strictly thru themselves and what they do. They are subjects, not objects...Often they do dominate other people when roles are not available to them which more creatively sublimate their energies and utilize their capabilities. More often they are accused of domineering when doing what would be considered natural by a man.
Bitch has also been reappropriated by hip-hop culture, rappers use the adjective " bad bitch " to refer to an independent, confident, attractive woman. The term is used in a complimentary way, meaning the woman is desirable. One of the first instances of "bitch" being used in this way is in the song "Da Baddest Bitch" by Trina , released in 1999. [36] This can also be seen throughout multiple different songs from Rihanna's song entitled "Bad Bitch" featuring Beyoncé which reiterates the line "I'm a bad bitch" [37] multiple times. Nicki Minaj is another female rap icon who uses the term in her song "Starships" where she says “bad bitches like me is hard to come by”. [38] This use of the word bitch shows women reappropriating the meaning to be a more positive and empowering word for women.
The increased usage of the word bitch casually or in a friendly way by women has been characterized by Sherryl Kleynman as a result of the absorption of sexist culture by women. [2] Such usage has been cited by Kleinman et al. as increasing the perception the word is acceptable and excusing men who use it against women. [39]
In pop culture, the use of the term bitch has increased through media such as television, movies, magazines, social media, etc. The use of the word "bitch" on television shows tripled between 1998 and 2007, which had much to do with the word's feminist facelift in the previous decade. [36]
In a 2006 interview titled "Pop Goes the Feminist", Bitch magazine co-founder Andi Zeisler explained the naming of the magazine: [7]
When we chose the name, we were thinking, well, it would be great to reclaim the word "bitch" for strong, outspoken women, much the same way that " que
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