Horse Goes Balls Deep

Horse Goes Balls Deep
The stallion’s penis consists of 3 parts: (1) the root or bulb, (2) the body or shaft, (the main part), and (3) the glans, the enlarged free end of the penis. When not erect, the penis is 50 cm long and 2.5 to 6 cm in diameter with the distal end 15 to 20 cm free in the prepuce. When erect, the penis doubles in length and thickness and the glans increases by 3 to 4 times. The prepuce or sheath is a double invagination of the skin that covers the distal portion of the penis when not erect. Examination of the penis and prepuce is most conveniently done at the time of washing. Allow the stallion to approach the mare in order to be stimulated to let down, at which time the penis extends from the sheath. Exercise caution because some stallions may be reluctant to be examined and cow kick or kick backwards at the examiner. Be careful to protect everyone involved. Examine the penis and prepuce both manually and visually. Grasp the shaft of the penis just behind the glans. Examine the urethral process for lesions and the associated structures for debris or other foreign material. The examination continues up the shaft where any injuries, scars or other lesions are noted. With the penis exposed, examine the internal and external portion of the prepuce. Usually a small amount of greasy smegma is found at the base of the penis. Any trauma or injury to the penis or prepuce can be very detrimental to the stallion’s ability to cover a mare and could result in long term psychological problems. This is particularly true if the stallion is kicked by the mare while attempting to breed her. Trauma can also occur by improper handling of artificial vaginas.
The scrotum is an outpouching of skin in the inguinal area that encloses the testes. It has a longitudinal midline where the two sacs are fused. The scrotum may be examined at the time of washing or after ejaculation, which may be safer for everyone involved. The stallion’s scrotum is not as pendulous as a bull’s and is held closer to the abdomen. The scrotum’s skin is soft and pliable with a greasy texture due to sebaceous glands. The scrotum is important in thermoregulation of the testicles.
The testes are ovoid structures, measuring 8 to 12 cm long by 6 to 7 cm high by 5 cm wide. They consist of seminiferous tubules in which spermatogenesis occurs and interstitial tissues of which the Leydig cells produce testosterone. The testicles should be freely movable within the scrotal sac. The epididymides are divided into 3 parts: (1) head; (2) body and (3) tail. The head of the epididymis is closely attached to the testicle’s anterior dorsal aspect. The body of the epididymis continues along the testicle’s back side until it terminates at the rather large tail of the epididymis that is loosely attached to the testicle’s tail. The testes and epididymides are palpated through the scrotal wall to determine their presence, size, symmetry and consistency. The normal stallion has two testes. Palpation should reveal that they have the same consistency with no abnormalities of shape or texture. The right testis is normally slightly smaller than the left. Determine testicular size by measuring scrotal width of both testicles. Measure scrotal width using calipers at the point of greatest width with a nonerect penis. Scrotal width is positively correlated with daily sperm production and output. Normal scrotal widths range from 9 to 13 cm. Stallions older than 7 years of age tend to have greater scrotal widths than younger stallions. Certain medications, particularly androgens, adversely affect testicular size. Cryptorchidism is common in stallions and its genetic control is not fully understood. The left testicle is the one most commonly retained. Congenital cryptorchid stallions should not be considered for breeding.
The ductus deferens is the continuation of the epididymis and runs from the tail of the epididymis through the inguinal canal to the area of the neck of the bladder. The duct expands near the bladder to form the ampulla which acts as a sperm storage organ.
The vesicular glands, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands are collectively called the accessory sex glands. They all provide a portion of the seminal fluid, but are not necessary for fertility. These glands are normally rectally palpated. The vesicular glands are usually the most difficult to palpate because before teasing they are essentially collapsed. However, after vigorous teasing, the vesicles enlarge due to the accumulation of the gels fraction and are easier to palpate. This is why it may be more desirable to palpate after teasing, but on the other hand, most stallions are more tractable following ejaculation. So, timing the rectal examination is mainly at the examiner’s discretion.
This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. 2020-41595-30123 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Over their lifetime, horses present with an array of lumps and bumps on various occasions. At times the lump or bump will seemingly appear suddenly from out of nowhere, or it may develop slowly and remain for years without change. The behaviour and clinical picture of the lump/bump will determine whether it needs further investigation and attention, or whether space and time is the best course of action.
Whenever a new mass or swelling occurs acutely on a horse, within hours to days, a hematoma or a seroma is a likely candidate. These swellings are usually linked to trauma from a kick or some type of collision. The tissues are bruised during the injury and hemorrhage or serum leak under the skin to form the mass. Although unsightly and sensitive to touch, these masses are usually of little consequence to the horse as its body heals the damage, reorganizing the tissues and reabsorbing the fluid. This slow process yields the most cosmetic result and requires no further treatment other than patience. It may take up to two months for the swelling to fully resolve.
If the hematoma or seroma become invaded with bacteria an abscess is a possible complication. If such occurs, medical intervention will hasten its resolve and usually involves drainage and flushing of the abscess. Hematomas, seromas, and abscesses will generally occur on the horse’s upper body rather than the limbs.
Swellings which occur on the limbs may be accompanied by varying degrees of lameness. Fluid swellings along tendon sheaths, “pouchings” of joints, and painful swellings along bony surfaces often necessitate further investigation to determine their cause and thus proper treatment to ensure a successful outcome. Some of these may require simple rest to resolve, whereas others may require extensive medical treatment and a daily regime.
Horses can also get the typical flat-topped skin nodules known as hives whenever they have an allergic reaction. Although hives can occur during any season, they tend to have a higher incidence during the summer months and can present as a singular wheal or as multiples covering large areas of the body. They are sometimes accompanied by itching, scabs, and serous discharge.
Hives develop suddenly and often disappear just as suddenly as they arrive. They tend to be an immediate skin reaction to an allergen, which is a catch-all term referring to numerous inciting causes.
Biting insects are the most common culprit, however, reactions to drugs, chemical fly sprays and shampoos, vaccines, plants and feedstuffs are all possible allergen agents.
Just like certain people, certain horses have greater sensitivities as well. Discovering the cause can be challenging yet these animals will not find true relief until the causative agent is removed. In severe cases, the reaction can get out of control and may cause respiratory distress and generalized swelling. Careful monitoring of these reactions is very important. Mild allergic reactions usually clear up on their own with time, however, immediate veterinary intervention may be necessary if the horse appears distressed or has difficulty breathing.
Another type of more persistent skin lump is the eosinophilic or nodular collagenolytic granuloma. These persistent lumps, also known as “protein bumps,” are usually non-painful firm “bumpy” swellings. They can be found singly or in multiples, varying in size from small to moderate, and are commonly found along the neck, withers, and back of the horse. Although their exact cause is unknown, they are thought to result from trauma or irritation to the underlying connective tissue. Their presentation is often bothersome to the horse owner as they are typically located where tack contacts the body, i.e. under the saddle. However, this situation also provides a valuable clue as to their probable cause and therefore it is a useful exercise to consider that the lumps are in response to an irritation and/or small yet repetitive trauma, such as ill-fitting tack.
It is not uncommon whenever a lump or mass appears on a horse for an owner to be concerned about cancer. Whilst skin cancers can develop in horses they are generally considered to be uncommon. The three most common types of skin cancer in horses are sarcoids, melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas and their development is generally slow. Veterinary consultation will be able to determine the best course of action for these, as in many situations they are treatable.
Sarcoids vary in appearance ranging from thickened flat hairless lesions to a warty fibrous-like nodule of considerable size. They can be found anywhere on the body. Treatment is variable, depending on location, type, and size of the tumour with no one treatment considered to be curative. The squamous cell carcinoma is found in association with the mucous membranes near the skin in locations such as eyes, vulva, and penis. Recommendations for treatment are based on their individual specifics. Removal or cryotherapy are the most common treatments, and are best attempted early, when the mass is small.
Melanomas are most commonly found in grey horses and typically appear under the tail and along the perineum or vulva. Generally they are best treated with “benign neglect” meaning — simply left alone. Treatment, if chosen, is variable and includes removal, chemotherapy, and trial with a new vaccine. Recommendations are based on individual cases.
The challenge with lumps and bumps on horses is in determining which ones are significant and need further investigation and which ones can be cared for with indifference. Veterinarians are a valuable resource for providing diagnosis and further direction whenever the nature and proper treatment of a lump or bump is in question.
Carol Shwetz is a veterinarian focusing on equine practice in Millarville, Alberta.
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A nice day to make hay
July 4, 2016
Forages

Editorial: Time to change
June 23, 2016
Editorial

A nice day to make hay
July 4, 2016
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June 23, 2016
Editorial

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Over their lifetime, horses present with an array of lumps and bumps on various occasions. At times the lump or bump will seemingly appear suddenly from out of nowhere, or it may develop slowly and remain for years without change. The behaviour and clinical picture of the lump/bump will determine whether it needs further investigation and attention, or whether space and time is the best course of action.
Whenever a new mass or swelling occurs acutely on a horse, within hours to days, a hematoma or a seroma is a likely candidate. These swellings are usually linked to trauma from a kick or some type of collision. The tissues are bruised during the injury and hemorrhage or serum leak under the skin to form the mass. Although unsightly and sensitive to touch, these masses are usually of little consequence to the horse as its body heals the damage, reorganizing the tissues and reabsorbing the fluid. This slow process yields the most cosmetic result and requires no further treatment other than patience. It may take up to two months for the swelling to fully resolve.
If the hematoma or seroma become invaded with bacteria an abscess is a possible complication. If such occurs, medical intervention will hasten its resolve and usually involves drainage and flushing of the abscess. Hematomas, seromas, and abscesses will generally occur on the horse’s upper body rather than the limbs.
Swellings which occur on the limbs may be accompanied by varying degrees of lameness. Fluid swellings along tendon sheaths, “pouchings” of joints, and painful swellings along bony surfaces often necessitate further investigation to determine their cause and thus proper treatment to ensure a successful outcome. Some of these may require simple rest to resolve, whereas others may require extensive medical treatment and a daily regime.
Horses can also get the typical flat-topped skin nodules known as hives whenever they have an allergic reaction. Although hives can occur during any season, they tend to have a higher incidence during the summer months and can present as a singular wheal or as multiples covering large areas of the body. They are sometimes accompanied by itching, scabs, and serous discharge.
Hives develop suddenly and often disappear just as suddenly as they arrive. They tend to be an immediate skin reaction to an allergen, which is a catch-all term referring to numerous inciting causes.
Biting insects are the most common culprit, however, reactions to drugs, chemical fly sprays and shampoos, vaccines, plants and feedstuffs are all possible allergen agents.
Just like certain people, certain horses have greater sensitivities as well. Discovering the cause can be challenging yet these animals will not find true relief until the causative agent is removed. In severe cases, the reaction can get out of control and may cause respiratory distress and generalized swelling. Careful monitoring of these reactions is very important. Mild allergic reactions usually clear up on their own with time, however, immediate veterinary intervention may be necessary if the horse appears distressed or has difficulty breathing.
Another type of more persistent skin lump is the eosinophilic or nodular collagenolytic granuloma. These persistent lumps, also known as “protein bumps,” are usually non-painful firm “bumpy” swellings. They can be found singly or in multiples, varying in size from small to moderate, and are commonly found along the neck, withers, and back of the horse. Although their exact cause is unknown, they are thought to result from trauma or irritation to the underlying connective tissue. Their presentation is often bothersome to the horse owner as they are typically located where tack contacts the body, i.e. under the saddle. However, this situation also provides a valuable clue as to their probable cause and therefore it is a useful exercise to consider that the lumps are in response to an irritation and/or small yet repetitive trauma, such as ill-fitting tack.
It is not uncommon whenever a lump or mass appears on a horse for an owner to be conc
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Horse Goes Balls Deep

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