Horizontal Gene Transfer
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) is a fascinating process where genetic material is transferred between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction. This process allows for the rapid acquisition of new genes and traits, contributing to genetic diversity and evolution. There are three main mechanisms of HGT:
- Transformation: Uptake of free DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell.
- Transduction: Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
- Conjugation: Direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through a physical connection called a pilus.
HGT plays a crucial role in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria and can occur in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gut. It's a key factor in microbial evolution and adaptation.