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This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Home video" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
For the band, see Home Video (band) . For the album by Lucy Dacus , see Home Video (album) . For motion pictures made by amateurs, see Home movies .
Prerecorded video media that are either sold, rented, or streamed for home entertainment

^ "home video" . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved Apr 29, 2020 .

^ "home video" . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved Apr 29, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wasser, Frederick (2001). Veni, Vidi, Video: The Hollywood Empire and the VCR . Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9780292791466 . Retrieved 7 July 2020 .

^ Marich, Robert (2005). Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies Used by Major Studios and Independents . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 234. ISBN 9781136068621 . Retrieved 3 February 2022 . According to this source, as of 2005 a release print still cost at least $1,000 to make.

^ Gomery, Douglas (1992). Shared Pleasures A History of Movie Presentation in the United States . Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 277. ISBN 9780299132149 .

^ Ulin, Jeffrey C. (2013). The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV and Video Content in an Online World . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 162. ISBN 9781136057663 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gomery, Douglas (1992). Shared Pleasures A History of Movie Presentation in the United States . Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780299132149 .

^ "Super 8mm Film History | Motion Picture Film" . motion.kodak.com . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 .

^ , "50 Years of the Video Cassette Recorder" . WIPO . Retrieved 7 June 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Wasser, Frederick (2001). Veni, Vidi, Video: The Hollywood Empire and the VCR . Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780292791466 . Retrieved 10 January 2022 .

^ Ulin, Jeffrey C. (2013). The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV and Video Content in an Online World . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 164. ISBN 9781136057663 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 .

^ Ulin, Jeffrey C. (2013). The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV and Video Content in an Online World . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 169. ISBN 9781136057663 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b Wasser, Frederick (2001). Veni, Vidi, Video: The Hollywood Empire and the VCR . Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780292791466 . Retrieved 10 January 2022 .

^ Wasser, Frederick (2001). Veni, Vidi, Video: The Hollywood Empire and the VCR . Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780292791466 . Retrieved 10 January 2022 .

^ Ulin, Jeffrey C. (2013). The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV and Video Content in an Online World . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 172. ISBN 9781136057663 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Ulin, Jeffrey C. (2013). The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV and Video Content in an Online World . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 173. ISBN 9781136057663 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 .

^ Ulin, Jeffrey C. (2013). The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV and Video Content in an Online World . New York and London: Focal Press. p. 174. ISBN 9781136057663 . Retrieved 7 January 2022 .

^ "Home Video Publishing: Are You Ready?" by Michael Wiese, PMA Newsletter , July 1987, pp.6-13

^ "Special Interest Comes of Age," by Bo Lebo, PMA Newsletter , May 1990, p.18

^ "6JSC/ALA/16/LC response" (PDF) . rda-jsc.org. September 13, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2014 .

^ "Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses" (Press release). Toshiba. February 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008 . Retrieved February 26, 2008 .

^ "SONY BUYS A FACEBOOK SPINOFF TO GIVE NEW LIFE TO BLU-RAY" . Wired . May 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017 . Retrieved March 5, 2017 .

^ Morris, Chris (January 8, 2016). "Blu-ray Struggles in the Streaming Age" . Fortune . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved October 3, 2018 .

^ Sun, Yazhou; Yan, Sophia (2016-07-22). "The last VCR will be manufactured this month" . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2018-01-22 .

^ Steel, Emily (July 26, 2015). "Netflix refines its DVD business, even as streaming unit booms" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2019 .

^ Pogue, David (January 25, 2007). "A Stream of Movies, Sort of Free" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on March 22, 2016 . Retrieved February 7, 2016 .

^ "Q1 2019 Letter to Netflix Shareholders" (PDF) . Netflix Investor Relations . Retrieved April 17, 2019 .

^ "Netflix Corporate Information" . Netflix . Archived from the original on January 3, 2018.

^ McClintock, Pamela (January 22, 2019). "Netflix Becomes First Streamer to Join the Motion Picture Association of America" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Netflix Forgoes Wide Release for Martin Scorsese's 'The Irishman' " . The Hollywood Reporter . 27 August 2019 . Retrieved 2019-10-05 .

^ Kerrigan, Finola (4 November 2009). Film Marketing . Routledge. ISBN 9781136440014 .

^ Guerrasio, Jason. "The $35,000 device that celebrities and the super-rich use at home to stream movies still in theaters" . Business Insider . Retrieved 2019-10-18 .

^ "Bubble May Burst Hollywood" . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 7 June 2016 .

^ "The Video Recordings Act | British Board of Film Classification" . www.bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved 7 June 2016 .

^ "Il Cinema Ritrovato - DVD Awards" (PDF) . Cineteca di Bologna . Istituzione Cineteca del Comune di Bologna . Retrieved 16 April 2018 .

^ "DVD AWARDS 2015 – XII edition: THE WINNERS" . Il Cinema Ritrovato . Cineteca di Bologna . 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 .

^ "Il Cinema Ritrovato DVD Awards – XIII edition. The Winners" . Il Cinema Ritrovato . Cineteca di Bologna . 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 .

^ "Il Cinema Ritrovato Dvd Awards 2017 EDITION XIV" . Il Cinema Ritrovato . Cineteca di Bologna . 2017 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 .

^ "Il Cinema Ritrovato DVD Awards 2018 XV edition – The winners" . Il Cinema Ritrovato . Cineteca di Bologna . 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 .

^ "Il Cinema Ritrovato DVD Awards 2019 XVI edition – The winners" . Il Cinema Ritrovato . Cineteca di Bologna . 2019 . Retrieved 13 September 2019 .

^ "Il Cinema Ritrovato DVD Awards XVI edition – 2020" (PDF) . Il Cinema Ritrovato . Cineteca di Bologna . 2020 . Retrieved 14 September 2002 .

Home video is prerecorded media sold or rented for home viewing. [1] The term originates from the VHS and Betamax era, when the predominant medium was videotapes , but has carried over to optical disc formats such as DVD and Blu-ray . In a different usage, "home video" refers to amateur video recordings, also known as home movies . [2]

The home-video business distributes films , television series , telefilms and other audiovisual media in the form of videos in various formats to the public. These are either bought or rented, and then watched privately in purchasers' homes. Most theatrically released films are now [ when? ] released on digital media, both optical and download-based, replacing the largely obsolete videotape medium. The Video CD format remains popular in Asia, although DVDs are gradually losing popularity since the late 2010 and early 2020s, when streaming media became mainstream.

As early as 1906, various film entrepreneurs began to discuss the potential of home viewing of films, and in 1912, both Edison and Pathé started selling film projectors for home use. [3] Because making release prints was (and still is) very expensive, [4] early home projector owners rented films by mail from the projector manufacturer. [3] Edison's business model was fundamentally flawed because the company had started with phonographs and did not understand that home viewing is fundamentally different from home listening. [3] Edison ended its home viewing business in 1914, while Pathé remained somewhat longer, but exited at some point during World War I. [3]

After the quick failures of these early attempts at home viewing, most feature films were essentially inaccessible to the public after their original theatrical runs. [5] For most of the 20th century, the idea that ordinary consumers could own copies of films and watch them at their convenience in their own homes "was beyond the grasp of reasonable expectations." [6] Some very popular films were given occasional theatrical re-releases in urban revival houses and the screening rooms of a few archives and museums. [ citation needed ] Beginning in the 1950s, most could be expected to be broadcast on television, eventually. [ citation needed ] During this era, television programs normally could only be viewed at the time of broadcast . Viewers were accustomed to the fact that there was no easy way to record television shows at home and watch them whenever desired. [ citation needed ]

In 1924, Kodak invented 16 mm film , which became popular for home use, [3] and then later developed 8 mm film . [7] After that point, the public could purchase a film projector for one of those film formats and rent or buy home-use prints of some cartoons, short comedies, and brief "highlights" reels edited from feature films. [ citation needed ] In the case of the 16 mm format, most of these were available with an optical soundtrack . Some entire feature films in 16-mm could be rented or bought. [ citation needed ] The 8 mm films almost never ran longer than 10 minutes; only a few were available with a magnetic soundtrack late in the life [ colloquialism? ] of the format. [ citation needed ] The Super 8 film format, introduced in 1965, [8] was marketed for making home movies, but it also boosted the popularity of show-at-home films. [ citation needed ] Eventually, longer, edited-down versions of feature films were issued, which increasingly came in color and with a magnetic soundtrack, [ citation needed ] but in comparison to modern [ specify ] technologies, film projection was still quite expensive and difficult to use. [7] As a result, home viewing of films remained limited to a small community of dedicated hobbyists willing and able to invest large amounts of money in projectors, screens, and film prints, [7] and it therefore made little revenue for film companies. [3]

In 1956, Ampex pioneered the first commercially practical videotape recording system. [7] The Ampex system, though, used reel-to-reel tape and physically bulky equipment not suitable for home use. [7]

In the mid-1970s, videotape became the first truly practical home-video format with the development of videocassettes , which were far easier to use than tape reels. The Betamax and VHS home videocassette formats were introduced, respectively, in 1975 and 1976 [9] but several more years and significant reductions in the prices of both equipment and videocassettes were needed before both formats started to become widespread in households. [ citation needed ]

The first company to duplicate and distribute feature films from major film studios on home video was Magnetic Video . [10] Magnetic Video was established in 1968 as an audio and video duplication service for professional audio and television corporations in Farmington Hills, Michigan . [ citation needed ] After Betamax was launched in the United States in 1976, Magnetic Video chief executive Andre Blay wrote letters to all the major film studios offering to license the rights to their films. [10] Near the end of 1977, Magnetic Video entered into a first-of-its-kind deal with 20th Century Fox . [10] Magnetic Video agreed to pay Fox a royalty of $7.50 per unit sold and a guaranteed annual minimum payment of $500,000 in exchange for nonexclusive rights to 50 films, which had to be at least two years old and had already been broadcast on network television . [10]

Home video was born, initially, as a rental business. [11] Film studios and video distributors assumed that the overwhelming majority of consumers would not want to buy prerecorded videocassettes, but would merely rent them. They felt that virtually all sales of videocassettes would be to video rental stores and set prices accordingly. [12] According to Douglas Gomery , studio executives thought that the handful of consumers actually interested in purchasing videocassettes in order to watch them again and again would be similar to the small community of film buffs who for decades had willingly paid hundreds of dollars to purchase release prints. [13] Therefore, in 1977, Magnetic Video originally priced its videocassettes at $50 to $70 each—a princely sum at a time when the average price of an American movie ticket was $2.23—and sold them only to wholesalers capable of handling a minimum order of $8,000. [13] When the rental market took off like a rocket, Fox bought Magnetic Video in 1978 and turned the company into its home video division . [14]

During the 1980s, video rental stores became a popular way to watch home video. Video rental stores are physical retail businesses that rent home videos such as movies, prerecorded TV shows, as well as sometimes selling other media, such as physical video game copies on disc. Typically, a rental shop conducts business with customers under conditions and terms agreed upon in a rental agreement or contract , which may be implied, explicit, or written. Many video rental stores also sell previously viewed movies and/or new unopened movies. In the 1980s, video rental stores rented films in both the VHS and Betamax formats, although most stores stopped using Betamax tapes when VHS won the format war late in the decade. The shift to home viewing radically changed revenue streams for film companies, because home renting provided an additional window of time in which a film could make money. In some cases, films that performed only modestly in their theater releases went on to sell significantly well in the rental market (e.g., cult films ). [ citation needed ]

During the 1980s, video distributors gradually realized that many consumers did want to build their own video libraries, and not just rent, if the price was right . Rather than sell a few thousand units at a wholesale price of $70 into the rental channel, video distributors could sell hundreds of thousands of units at a wholesale price of $15-20 into the retail " sell-through " channel. [15]

The "ultimate accelerant" for the rise of the "sell-through" home video market was the development of children's home video. [16] The pre-1980s conventional wisdom that consumers had no interest in watching the same films again and again at home turned out to be entirely wrong with respect to children. Many harried parents discovered that it was a good investment to pay $20 to purchase a videocassette that could reliably keep their children riveted to the television screen for over an hour—and not just one time, but many, many times. [16] The Walt Disney Company recognized that its flagship animation studio's family-friendly films were superbly positioned to conquer the home video market, and through its home video division, Buena Vista Home Entertainment , the company did just that during the 1980s and 1990s. [16] This spectacular success "catapulted the head of Disney's video division, Bill Mechanic , into executive stardom." [17] In 1994, Mechanic left Disney to become head of Fox Filmed Entertainment . Another executive, Bob Chapek , would later rise through the ranks of Disney's home video division to become the company's chief executive officer in 2020.

Until the mid-1980s, home video was dominated by feature film theatrical releases such as The Wizard of Oz , Citizen Kane , and Casablanca from major film studios . At that time, not many people owned a VCR , and those who did tended to rent rather than buy videos. [ citation needed ] Toward the end of that decade, a rise [ colloquialism ] of smaller companies began producing special-interest videos, also known as "nontheatrical programming" and "alternative programming", and "selling-through" to the customer. [ citation needed ] It was pointed out at the time that:

[L]imitations within the video marketplace may be gone tomorrow. More people are finding innovative ways to create visually stimulating entertainment and information for the video tape player... Like contemporary book publishing, you can produce and distribute yourself to very narrow markets or seek broad-based distributors for mass-oriented appeal [18]

Special-interest video increased the number of topics and audiences to include "...dog handling videos, back pain videos and cooking videos", which were not previously thought of as marketable. Next, even "golf and skiing tapes* started selling. Contemporary sources noted, "new technology has changed the territory" of the home video market. [19]

In the early 2000s, VHS gradually began to be displaced by DVD . The DVD format has several advantages over VHS. A DVD consists of a single disc, which is spun at high speed, while VHS videocassettes had several moving parts that were far more vulnerable to breaking down under heavy wear and tear. Each time a VHS cassette was played, the magnetic tape inside had to be pulled out and wrapped around the inclined drum head inside the player. While a VHS tape can be erased if it is exposed to a rapidly changing magnetic field of sufficient strength, DVDs and other optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields. The relative mechanical simplicity and durability of DVD compared to the fragility of VHS made DVDs a far better format from a rental store's perspective.

Though DVDs do not have the problems of videocassettes, such as breakage of the tape or the cassette mechanism, they can still be damaged by scratches. Another advantage from the perspective of video rental stores is that DVDs are physically much smaller, so they take less space to store. DVDs also offer a number of advantages for the viewer: DVDs can support both standard 4:3 and widescreen 16:9 screen-aspect ratios, and can provide twice the video resolution of VHS. Skipping ahead to the end is much easier and faster with a DVD than with a VHS tape (which has to be rewound). DVDs can have interactive menus, multiple language tracks, audio commentaries, closed captioning, and subtitling (with the option of turning the subtitles on or off, or selecting subtitles in several languages). Moreover, a DVD can be played on a computer.

Due to all these advantages, by the mid 2000s, DVDs had become the
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