Holguin buying weed

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Holguin buying weed

Aims: Long-term heavy use of cannabis and alcohol are known to be associated with memory impairments. In this study, we used event-related potentials to examine verbal learning and memory processing in a commonly used behavioral task. ERPs were calculated for words which were subsequently remembered vs. Pre-planned principal components analyses PCA were used to quantify the ERP components in these recall and recognition phases separately for each study. Results: Memory performance overall was slightly lower than published norms using the standardized RAVLT delivery, but was generally similar and showed the expected changes over trials. Few differences in performance were observed between groups; a notable exception was markedly poorer delayed recall in HD relative to DNC Study 2. PCA identified components expected from prior research using other memory tasks. At encoding, there were no between-group differences in the usual P2 recall effect larger for recalled than not-recalled words. Conclusions: This study is the first examination of ERPs in the RAVLT in healthy control participants, as well as substance-using individuals, and represents an important advance in methodology. The results indicate alterations in recognition memory processing, which even if not manifesting in overt behavioral impairment, underline the potential for brain dysfunction with early exposure to alcohol and cannabis. Acute as well as chronic use of both alcohol and cannabis can result in memory dysfunction see, for example, Solowij and Battisti, ; Konrad et al. Recent research has focused on the possible effects of younger age of onset of use e. Regular cannabis users have been shown to perform more poorly than non-using controls on the RAVLT and related memory tasks when not acutely intoxicated for review see Broyd et al. Impairments have been reported by our team for both adult Solowij et al. Cannabis-related deficits in memory and learning appear not to be permanent e. There are disparities in the reported results for alcohol dependent groups or heavy drinkers in comparison to controls. For alcohol dependence, Phelan reported fewer words recalled over Trials I-V for alcohol dependent participants approaching significance , and alcohol dependence was also associated with poorer recognition performance. On the other hand, Waugh et al. Amongst young heavy drinkers, Parada et al. However, our team has found no differences between adolescent drinkers and non-drinkers in RAVLT performance Solowij et al. In the current study, we examine in detail the memory performance of groups of young heavy drinkers, cannabis users most, but not all, of whom were also heavy drinkers , and controls who neither used cannabis nor drank heavily. In addition to studying behavioral measures, we also examine electrophysiological functioning using event-related potentials or ERPs. These represent the brain's average electrical response to an event, resulting in peaks and troughs of electrical negativity and positivity corresponding to various stages of processing, reviewed below. In several studies, electrophysiological and neuroimaging measures have proven to be more sensitive to drug effects than behavioral measures e. Our group has previously reported differences in ERPs associated with word list learning between light and heavy drinkers in the absence of behavioral performance differences Fox et al. Babiloni et al. In , they presented traditional ERP analyses of the same participants, with a late positive peak apparent around ms post-stimulus being larger for recalled than unrecalled words. While these results are in line with expectations for memory tasks as reviewed below, they are not easily generalizable to a wider population. Firstly, as epilepsy patients have abnormal patterns of brain activity, it is difficult to predict the pattern of brain activity in healthy control participants, much less potential differences in substance abusing individuals. Secondly, intracerebral recording techniques are less sensitive to noise than scalp-recorded ERPs. Lastly, presumably because of time and posture constraints associated with neurosurgery, the recognition portion of the RAVLT was not performed. SNR is a function of both the size of the signal and the number of trials available for averaging, and as a rule of thumb, the largest ERP components may require 30—60 trials per condition to achieve adequate SNR, while the smallest e. The current study, however, uses established statistical procedures which can identify latent sources of variability in ERP waveforms. In general, principal components analysis PCA is a technique used to extract latent variables explaining variance in a dataset. When applied to ERPs in the temporal domain, PCA extracts factors which explain a large proportion of variance across time between subjects, conditions, and scalp sites, while noise, explaining a smaller proportion of variance, is reduced Donchin and Heffley, ; Coles et al. Factor loadings can be analyzed to determine the time over which a particular component is active, while the peak component amplitudes for each identified factor of interest analogous to the more traditional peak-picked component amplitudes can be assessed statistically via ANOVA or MANOVA to examine potential differences in scalp distribution, and between conditions and groups. One major difference in ERP waveforms associated with recall is the amplitude of the P2 component, being larger to words which are later recalled, compared to those which are not recalled e. Peak or mean amplitude measures have often been employed, despite Chapman et al. Early studies on recognition memory reported more positive-going waveforms for previously studied old words compared to new words e. However, later studies reported dissociation between effects at frontal vs. Familiarity-based recognition involves a global matching process between study items and test items, while recollection requires a distinct memory signal involving the retrieval of the context of learning for a review see Wilding and Rugg, ; Curran, ; Rugg and Curran, The index of familiarity is held to be the N, a negativity occurring around — ms post-stimulus, typically at mid-frontal sites, which is more negative larger for new words. These effects have been functionally separated by experimental paradigms more complex than the RAVLT e. The current studies build upon previous work examining memory in young heavy drinkers and cannabis users by including the first analysis of ERPs in addition to behavioral performance during the RAVLT. In a small pilot study of male adolescents, recorded with a reduced scalp montage, we first show proof of concept, that even with low numbers of trials, we can extract meaningful components from the ERPs which behave in predictable ways. In a subsequent larger study of young adults of both sexes, with a larger scalp montage, and more detailed information about use of alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs, we again demonstrate the viability of examining ERPs in the RAVLT and that ERPs may be more sensitive to effects of alcohol and cannabis use, and of sex, than behavioral measures alone. To foreshadow the results, consideration of ERPs adds sensitivity to the analyses, since some substance-related differences were observed in ERP comparisons which were not apparent in behavioral data. Participants were 33 males aged between 16 years and 18 years 11 months recruited from a larger, separate cohort of adolescents Mattick et al. Participants were eligible to participate if they were not regular users of any other drug apart from alcohol, cannabis or tobacco, had normal or corrected vision, were not using psychoactive medications, and had never suffered a seizure or serious head injury. The experimenter showed the participant the lab and recording equipment and described the experimental protocol before written informed consent was obtained. Participants then completed a short demographics questionnaire as well as questions about their alcohol and other drug use, and the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Holdnack, Because we wanted to use the words traditionally included in the RAVLT, but also to standardize the duration of their presentation, in line with many other ERP memory studies, we used a visual rather than auditory presentation modality. Participants were presented with the 15 List A words, displayed for ms, with a ms stimulus onset asynchrony, in white capital letters on a black screen. Two seconds after the end of each sequence of 15 words, the word RECALL appeared in green text, prompting participants to recall, out loud, as many words as possible in any order. This was repeated five times Trials I-V. Next, the 15 List B words were presented, with the same timing and instructions Trial B. Following this, participants were unexpectedly asked to recall as many List A words as possible, without another presentation of that list Trial VI. Participants then completed a 20 min non-verbal distractor task, followed by again being unexpectedly asked to recall List A words Trial VII. For the recognition part of the experiment, some further modifications were necessary for compatibility with ERP techniques. The usual method for the recognition phase is to present the 15 List A words, 15 List B words, and 20 new words in random order on a sheet of paper, and ask the participant to circle the List A words. Here, we presented the words one at a time, in white capitals on a black background, and asked participants to press one button e. The response assignment was counterbalanced between participants. Words were displayed on the screen until the participant made a response, and were then replaced by a black screen for ms, when the next word appeared. For recall performance, we counted the number of words correctly recalled on Trials I-VII; we gave credit for words that were pluralized. Additional electrodes recorded vertical and horizontal EOG. All electrodes were referenced to linked mastoids and grounded midway between FPz and Fz. Signals were recorded between 0. The EEG was filtered with a bandpass from 0. Noisy electrodes were interpolated offline using Curry 7; 6 participants had one interpolated channel, 4 participants had two, and 1 participant had three. All epochs began ms prior to and ended ms after stimulus presentation, and were baselined during the prestimulus interval. An average of 47 trials minimum 30 were included for Remembered words, while an average of 39 trials minimum 21 were included for Not Remembered words. One participant performed poorly on the recognition task such that only 3 trials were available for averaging for List A words; this participant was excluded from analyses of ERPs from the recognition phase. ERP data were downsampled to Hz to increase the ratio of cases subjects, conditions, sites to variables timepoints and were then subjected to separate temporal principal components analyses PCA for the recall and recognition phases of the experiment, using Matlab 9. Factors were labeled based on their polarity and peak latency. Three positive factors were identified in the P2 time range, however only Factor 6, labeled P peaking at ms, maximal at FCz, and explaining 4. For completeness, the additional factors peaking in the P2 range, as well as factors peaking at ms N time range and ms P time range are presented in Supplementary Material. Factor 1, labeled P peaking at ms, maximal at CPz, explaining To assess proactive interference i. For assessment of retroactive interference i. Descriptive statistics only means and standard errors were calculated for the accuracy and reaction time for correctly categorized words in the Recognition phase. Contrasts on the Sagittal factor compared activity at frontal sites with that at parietal sites, and their average with activity at central sites. Contrasts on the Lateral factor compared activity at left hemisphere sites with that at right hemisphere sites, and their average with activity at midline sites. Such contrasts are optimal for efficiently deriving maximal information about component topography. For the recognition phase, planned contrasts on the Type factor for N indexing familiarity compared activity for List A vs. List B words highly familiar words vs. New not seen before. For the P indexing recognition , we compared List A words with the mean of List B and New words indicating correct source recollection of the word as being List A vs. Other , and compared List B with New words although this is necessarily confounded with familiarity. These analyses are important for characterizing the topographic distribution of the component, and differences in amplitude and topography between different trial types. As the contrasts were planned and there were no more of them than the degrees of freedom for effect, no Bonferroni-type adjustment to alpha was necessary Tabachnick and Fidell, Participants' mean age was Five participants were left-handed. Figure 1 shows the mean number of words recalled by participants for each trial. Figure 1. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Despite our modifications to the RAVLT required for recording and analyzing ERPs, we observed the within-subject effects typically seen in the standard version—that is, learning over trials, proactive and retroactive interference, and forgetting after a delay. The slightly poorer performance of our group relative to published norms e. Figure 2. Figure 3. Topographic plots of activity across sites and conditions for P in the Recall phase, and N and P in the Recognition phase for adolescent males Study 1. Despite relatively few trials being included in each participant's average, the grand mean ERPs nonetheless present component morphology in line with expectations. Again, a clear N1-P2 complex can be seen, followed by a frontal negativity peaking around ms and appearing similar in amplitude for List B and New words, followed by a larger parietal late positivity peaking around ms, largest for List A words. Topographic plots of N activity are presented in Figure 3. For New words vs. On the whole, we observed the ERP components that we expected based on research using other memory tasks, with typical topographies and differences in amplitude according to trial type words which were Remembered vs. Similarly, N and P in the recognition phase showed the expected frontocentral and centroparietal maxima, respectively. In summary, this pilot study provides proof of concept that meaningful ERP components associated with recall and recognition can be extracted using PCA techniques in a modified version of the RAVLT, and that these behave in a manner predictable from other research. In the second study, we report the results of a separately conducted examination of a larger sample of young adults. For this study, we collected more detailed information about use of alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs, with eligibility criteria requiring slightly heavier use, larger samples including both male and female participants, and recorded EEG from a denser scalp montage to increase the information available for PCA. Participants were young adults aged between 18 years and 21 years 11 months , who were recruited into three groups based on their reported use of alcohol and cannabis. Participants were recruited via posters displayed on the university campus and via participant referral, and were excluded if they had ever had an epileptic seizure, a serious head injury or period of unconsciousness, uncorrected hearing or vision problems, or regular at least twice a month use of other drugs. Additionally, participants reported no use of medication other than contraception or antibiotics. We did not assess or screen for a family history of psychiatric illness, including substance abuse. Participants were requested to reference a standard drinks guide provided while they completed this section. Only the first section of the DUDIT-E was administered, and was used to screen participants for eligibility to the study. Twenty-nine DNC and 12 HD participants had a total score of zero CU by definition scored at least 3 , and no participant in this study scored more than 2 for any drug class except tobacco and cannabis; this was an exclusion criterion of the study. Use of tobacco does not contribute to the total score. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the participants included in the study. Table 1. Demographic information for males and females in each group in the sample of young adults Study 2. All participants also underwent structured interviews assessing lifetime alcohol use and lifetime cannabis use using a modified version of the Lifetime Drinking History interview Skinner, Participants referred to the standard drinks guide during the alcohol section of the interview. For participants who had never consumed one standard drink per month, the age of onset was entered as the participant's age on the day of testing, and the duration years of regular drinking was entered as zero. The cannabis section was used to calculate the age of first regular use, the duration of regular use, and frequency of use in the 6 months prior to testing for the cannabis user group. Continuous monopolar EEG was recorded from 60 scalp sites using an elasticised cap with tin electrodes. Additional tin cup electrodes recorded activity from the left and right mastoid as well as vertical and horizontal EOG. All electrodes were referenced to an electrode on the tip of the nose, grounded midway between FPz and Fz. Signals were recorded DC to Hz, amplified 10 times, and sampled at 1, Hz using NeuroScan recording software and hardware Synamps 2. EEG data was re-referenced offline to linked mastoids before filtering, eye movement correction, interpolating, epoching, baselining, artifact rejection and averaging proceeded as described for Study 1. One female HD participant had exceptionally noisy mastoid channels in both the recall and recognition EEG files, and her data were excluded from all ERP analyses but included in behavioral measures. The EEG file for the recognition phase was lost for one male HD; however, his behavioral performance for that phase could be retrieved from the Presentation log file. The grand mean waveforms for the Recall and Recognition phases of the experiment are displayed in Figure 4. Figure 4. Two positive factors were identified in the P2 time range. Only one of these, labeled P Factor 5 peaking at ms, maximal at FC1, explaining 6. Analyses of the other P2-like factor Factor 4 , as well as factors peaking at ms Factor 2 and ms Factor 1 are described in Supplementary Material. Factor 1 was labeled P peaking at ms, maximal at P1, explaining Statistical analysis for demographic and behavioral measures proceeded as described for Study 1 except with the additional factors Sex and Group being included in MANOVAs for behavioral measures. We included sex as a factor in our analyses because women tend to outperform men on verbal memory tasks e. These group comparisons were selected because alcohol consumption by the CU group was similar to that in the HD group see results. Thus the DNC vs. HD comparison assesses the effect of heavy drinking, while the CU vs. HD comparison assesses the effect of cannabis use while controlling for heavy drinking; although we allow that there could be interactive effects of alcohol and cannabis, examination of these is beyond the scope of this study. A two-step approach was taken with analyses of ERP data, to accurately describe the topography of the PCA-identified components, and to assess the important Group and Sex main effects and interactions. Contrasts on the Group and Type factors were as mentioned above. An alpha level of 0. In summary, we recruited samples of young adults which were generally comparable, but differed as expected on the substance use measures. However, while it was our intention to match the CU and HD groups for alcohol use, in order to examine the effect of cannabis use after controlling for alcohol use, we note that the CU group showed an earlier onset and longer duration of regular alcohol use, despite similar consumption overall. Therefore, it is possible that this early alcohol exposure, rather than cannabis use per se , may be responsible for any group differences observed between CU and HD groups. Lastly, we did not assess or control for the presence of a family history of psychiatric illness, including substance abuse; this is an important predictor of cognitive dysfunction e. Table 2. There was a significant sex difference in the RT to List A vs. There were no interactions involving group. Thus, it appears the performance of our sample is relatively normal and demonstrates the expected changes over trials, although, similar to Study 1, performance is slightly poorer than published norms e. Overall, females did slightly but non-significantly better than males, consistent with previous reports of a slight verbal memory advantage for females e. However, the substantially greater forgetting after a 20 min delay in HD bears some discussion: HD lost an average of 2. For comparison, females typically forget 1. The lack of significant deficits in CU is clearly in contrast to many previous studies which have reported significant memory deficits in cannabis users e. We reference those two studies in particular because they utilized a similar approach as here, by controlling for alcohol use, which is itself associated with learning and memory deficits. It is unclear why we do not observe deficits associated with cannabis use after controlling for alcohol use : it is not the case that, due to the smaller sample size of the current study, our statistical power was too low to detect cannabis-related deficits. Grand mean ERPs in the Recall phase of the experiment can be observed in Figure 4 top , while topographic maps of activity can be seen in Figure 5. Generally similar waveform morphology is observed, compared to the adolescents in Figure 2. Again, a clear N1-P2 complex is observed, with an appearance of larger P2 amplitudes for Remembered than Not Remembered words, followed by a frontocentral negative wave around ms, appearing larger for Not Remembered words. Figure 5. Topographic plots of activity across sites, groups and conditions for P in the Recall phase, and N and P in the Recognition phase for female and male young adults Study 2. Again, the waveform morphology was similar to the adolescent group, and in line with expectations. A clear N1-P2 complex can be seen, followed by a frontal negativity peaking around ms and appearing similar in amplitude for List B and New words for most groups, followed by a larger parietal late positivity peaking around ms, largest for List A words. There were no significant effects for List A vs. List B words. For New vs. P was substantially larger for List A vs. Within-subject ERP results for the Recall P and the Recognition P were broadly in line with expectations for topographic and condition effects, and similar to Study 1. Additionally, the recognition N showed the expected frontocentral midline maximum. However, a sex difference was observed for the N males showed an unexpected increase in N amplitude to List A words, opposite to the females in this study, and reported in previous research e. Further, the effect is also different to the males in Study 1; it is possible that any of the differences between participants in Study 1 and 2 e. Further research will be required to replicate and explain this observation. The absence of group interactions for the Recall P2 suggests that this process is intact in HD and CU, although some differences were observed in the Recognition N and P For the N, the increase in amplitude for male HD relative to DNC not seen in females , and particularly the abnormal increase for List A and B words see Figure 5 , suggests some difficulties with familiarity-based recognition in this group. The HD also displayed a significant increase in P amplitude relative to DNC, possibly suggesting greater use of recollection-based recognition in this group. Lastly, although we note that the List B vs. Further research will be required to confirm whether this as yet non-significant result can be replicated. A vast literature has investigated memory deficits using performance on the RAVLT in cannabis users and heavy drinkers. There are considerable differences between the samples collected, not only in age, but also in exposure to the drugs of interest, and location—relevant for both socioeconomic status and the recording settings in the individual laboratories, which necessitated some minor differences in early steps of ERP analysis. Despite this, we have confirmed some similarities in results between studies—notably, that while verbal memory performance in our modified RAVLT was slightly lower than published norms, the typical changes over trials remained, and demonstrably similar PCA components were extracted in each dataset. With the exception of the Recognition N in Study 2, these components displayed the expected topographies and condition effects. We thus have provided proof of concept that with a few modifications to the delivery of the task, the RAVLT, a widely-used, easy to administer, and normed test of learning and memory, can be extended for use in psychophysiological contexts. With regards to substance-related effects investigated in Study 2, both the ERP and behavioral measures suggest intact immediate recall processes Trials I-VI , but problems in HD and CU groups concerning forgetting after a delay, and for ERP but not behavioral indices of delayed recognition memory. For the traditional behavioral measures learning over Trials I-V, proactive and retroactive interference , we observed only non-significant trends for group effects sometimes interacting with sex in Study 2; in addition we observed no differences and small effect sizes for Recall P amplitudes between groups. In contrast, HD displayed significantly increased forgetting after a delay, and significantly increased amplitude of the recollection-based component P despite intact recognition performance. CU displayed significantly reduced amplitude of the familiarity-based N component overall, and a non-significant tendency for reduced amplitude of the recollection-based P to List B words, also despite intact recognition performance. Thus, measurement of ERPs has added value to the study of memory processes in the RAVLT, being more sensitive than performance measures to alcohol-related impairments in recognition processes specifically, recollection , and showing that cannabis use is associated with impairments in both recollection and familiarity-based recognition processes, again despite no statistically significant deficit on behavioral measures. The lack of memory deficits in CU is peculiar, given the robust deficits demonstrated elsewhere e. In summary, we have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring meaningful and reliable ERP components in the RAVLT, and its sensitivity in detecting alcohol- and cannabis-related deficits not apparent in performance measures. These studies invite replication of these methods in other laboratories, and lead the way for further ERP research investigating substance-related and other memory deficits, including the effects of age of onset, level of exposure, and interactions with sex. All authors contributed to and approved of the final version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acheson, A. Differential activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus during a gambling simulation in persons with a family history of alcoholism: studies from the oklahoma family health patterns project. Drug Alcohol. Andreano, J. Sex influences on the neurobiology of learning and memory. Babiloni, C. Hippocampal, amygdala, and neocortical synchronization of theta rhythms is related to an immediate recall during rey auditory verbal learning test. Brain Mapp. Activity of hippocampal, amygdala, and neocortex during the rey auditory verbal learning test: an event-related potential study in epileptic patients. Battisti, R. Chronic cannabis users show altered neurophysiological functioning on Stroop task conflict resolution. Psychopharmacology , — Berman, A. The self-report drug use disorders identification test—extended DUDIT-E : reliability, validity, and motivational index. Abuse Treat. Bernardin, F. Cognitive impairments in alcohol-dependent subjects. Psychiatry Brown, S. Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcohol Clin. Broyd, S. Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition - a systematic review. Psychiatry 79, — Carstairs, J. Australian norms and retest data for the rey auditory and verbal learning test. Chapman, R. Science , — Chye, Y. Orbitofrontal and caudate volumes in cannabis users: a multi-site mega-analysis comparing dependent versus non-dependent users. Coles, M. Coles, E. Donchin, and S. Crane, N. Effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functioning: recent advances, neurodevelopmental influences, and sex differences. Neuropsychological sex differences associated with age of initiated use among young adult Cannabis users. Curran, T. Brain potentials of recollection and familiarity. Dien, J. Methods , — Optimizing principal components analysis of event-related potentials: matrix type, factor loading weighting, extraction, and rotations. Donchin, E. Fox, A. Memory functioning in social drinkers: a study of event-related potentials. Alcohol Alcohol. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Holdnack, H. Horn, J. A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika 30, — Kayser, J. Optimising PCA methodology for ERP component identification and measurement: theoretical rationale and empirical evaluation. Kokavec, A. A comparison of cognitive performance in binge versus regular chronic alcohol misusers. Alcohol Alcohol 34, — Konrad, A. Broad disruption of brain white matter microstructure and relationship with neuropsychological performance in male patients with severe alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 47, — Lezak, M. Memory I: Tests. Luck, S. Google Scholar. Mahmood, O. Adolescents' fMRI activation to a response inhibition task predicts future substance use. Mangels, J. Attention and successful episodic encoding: an event-related potential study. Brain Res. Mattick, R. Parental supply of alcohol and alcohol consumption in adolescence: a prospective cohort study. Maurage, P. Latent deleterious effects of binge drinking over a short period of time revealed only by electrophysiological measures. Psychiatry Neurosci. Mota, N. Binge drinking trajectory and neuropsychological functioning among university students: a longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend. Murdock, B. Modality effects in free recall. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. Canberra, ACT. Norman, A. Neural activation during inhibition predicts initiation of substance use in adolescence. Parada, M. Binge drinking and declarative memory in university students. Phelan, A. Pitel, A. Changes in the episodic memory and executive functions of abstinent and relapsed alcoholics over a 6-month period. Pope, H. Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Psychiatry 58, — Jr, and Yurgelun-Todd, D. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA , — Rey, A. Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy. Rugg, M. Event-related potentials and recognition memory. Trends Cogn. Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory. Sanhueza, C. Weekend alcoholism in youth and neurocognitive aging. Psicothema 23, — Sanquist, T. Electrocortical signs of levels of processing: perceptual analysis and recognition memory. Psychophysiology 17, — Saunders, J. Addiction 88, — Schoeler, T. The effect of cannabis use on memory function: an update. Abuse Rehabil. Schreiner, A. Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: a meta-analysis. Semlitsch, H. A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifact, applied to the P ERP. Psychophysiology 23, — Skinner, H. Lifetime Drinking History Structured Interview. Toronto, ON: Author. Smith, J. Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis. Smith, M. Neurophysiological manifestations of recollective experience during recognition memory judgments. Sneider, J. Differential effects of binge drinking on learning and memory in emerging adults. Solowij, N. The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. Drug Abuse Rev. Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users. Differential impairments of selective attention due to frequency and duration of cannabis use. Psychiatry 37, — Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. Stavro, K. Widespread and sustained cognitive deficits in alcoholism: a meta-analysis. Tabachnick, B. Using Multivariate Statistics. Townshend, J. Binge drinking, cognitive performance and mood in a population of young social drinkers. Vakil, E. Rey AVLT: developmental norms for children and the sensitivity of different memory measures to age. Child Neuropsychol. Normative data for composite scores for children and adults derived from the rey auditory verbal learning test. Rey's verbal learning test: normative data for healthy participants aged years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation. Wagner, D. Interactions between specific parameters of cannabis use and verbal memory. Psychiatry 34, — Warren, L. Evoked potential correlates of recognition memory. Waugh, M. Effect of social drinking on neuropsychological performance. Wilding, E. An event-related potential study of recognition memory with and without retrieval of source. Brain , — Winward, J. Heavy alcohol use, marijuana use, and concomitant use by adolescents are associated with unique and shared cognitive decrements. Hippocampal harms, protection and recovery following regular cannabis use. Psychiatry 6:e Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Psychiatry 65, — The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Smith, janette. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Janette L. De Blasio 2,3 Jaimi M. Iredale 1 Allison J. Fox 5 Nadia Solowij 3 Richard P. Mattick 1. Introduction Acute as well as chronic use of both alcohol and cannabis can result in memory dysfunction see, for example, Solowij and Battisti, ; Konrad et al. Study 1 Methods Participants Participants were 33 males aged between 16 years and 18 years 11 months recruited from a larger, separate cohort of adolescents Mattick et al. Procedures The experimenter showed the participant the lab and recording equipment and described the experimental protocol before written informed consent was obtained. Data Reduction ERP data were downsampled to Hz to increase the ratio of cases subjects, conditions, sites to variables timepoints and were then subjected to separate temporal principal components analyses PCA for the recall and recognition phases of the experiment, using Matlab 9. Results and Discussion Demographics Participants' mean age was Behavioral Performance Figure 1 shows the mean number of words recalled by participants for each trial.

Bergen Man Ran Multi-State Marijuana Trafficking Ring: Prosecutor

Holguin buying weed

NICOSIA, Cyprus — The last chance for the long-divided Mediterranean island of Cyprus to reunite may be seized as the relatively new envoy for the United Nations coaxes the two sides in the year dispute to let down their guard and begin talking to each other. A breakthrough may be afoot as some key people met together at UN headquarters in New York City recently. Gerapetritis was at the UN to see his country elected to the Security Council. The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs noted in January that her term could not last beyond six months. The road to any negotiation for her may be as steep as the Troodos Mountains coursing through the center of the island. Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides campaigned in his run for the office in on restarting negotiations with the north. Her meeting at the UN on June 5 with Guterres came sooner than expected, according to relevant parties, as she was supposed to travel to New York City at the end of the month. The presence of a UN peacekeeping mission, as in Cyprus, can also help mitigate conflict ideally or enable negotiations between factions in a given place. It will then be sent to the Security Council, which will likely take up the Cyprus matter under the Russian rotating presidency. He is insisting on a two-state solution rather than accepting the UN Security Council framework of a bizonal communal system — federalism — for the island. Tatar, his spokesperson and other top officials in the north did not answer email or phone requests by PassBlue for interviews. The Mail is based in the south of Nicosia. She did not respond to requests by PassBlue for an interview nor has she spoken with media at the UN. Britain is a former colonizer of Cyprus. Cats roam the grounds to apparently scare off snakes. The camp overlooks Nicosia and beyond, and in the air-conditioned office of Stewart, a Canadian, he spoke about the divided island with both optimism and wariness. The decade from to was the most traumatic period for Turkish Cypriots, one non-Cypriot expert said, when they were the minority in the intercommunal troubles and the ones who suffered the most. That assertion is up for debate by the Greek Cypriots. The last major opportunity for a breakthrough in talks between the two sides, initiated by Guterres early in his first term, in , collapsed when two main sticking points — the withdrawal of Turkish troops from the north and ending the role of international guarantors — could not be agreed on, Menelaou said. The island is said to be one of the most militarized places in the world, with unconfirmed UN reports of as many as 30, Turkish troops and up to 10, Greek National Guard, 3, British troops on two UK bases and around UN military peacekeepers present. It is not hard to escape its physical divisions. To image a unified island — no more barbed wire, a single landscape — could mean not only a more peaceful, relaxed place but also elevate it politically and economically in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Indeed, Cyprus is the last divided country in the European Union. The crossings were opened in In these tight streets, the north-south wealth contrasts sharply. The expanding community of Russians, Israelis and Iranians in a growing coastal city in the north, Kyrenia, is also a worry for Greek Cypriots, Menelaou said, especially newcomers buying property without clear title and still claimed to be owned by Greek Cypriots expelled during the war. The Ledra crossing point, situated in the UN buffer zone between the north and south in Nicosia, symbolizes the Cyprus conundrum. The zone consists of both elegant houses and weed-infested abandoned buildings. Behind it is a buffer-zone ravine. On the other side, across the street from the hotel, another buffer zone and a UN watchtower mark more of the separation. The call of the muezzin from the north can be heard throughout the day. The spot offered a respite from the blistering heat on a recent Saturday, selling iced coffees and teas. Couches beckon inside near shelves lined with books on the topic of peace. Just outside the building, a wall shows much-faded photos of two Greek Cypriots who disappeared in the war. The whereabouts of their remains are unknown. She began her reporting career in small-town papers in San Diego, Calif. She graduated from the University of Colorado and has an M. She lives in Brooklyn, N. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. In March , I was still a student at the Graduate School of International Affairs, Columbia University, when I took the photo of the Security Council adopting the resolution on peacekeeping in Cyprus for three months. I joined the United Nations in February and ended my services with the Organization and returning back home to Cyprus end of May I have now been back 19 years. How long more can it last? The current status quo is not a solution and it is imperative to find a solution most urgently. It is also imperative for my compatriots to stop blaming foreign powers for their own failures and mistakes every time efforts towards settlement fails, and learn lessons from their own mistakes. Foreign powers have their own political and economic interests and will not sacrifice them for the tiny island of Cyprus at the expense of Turkey, a major regional power. Unfortunately, we have extremists on both sides of the divided island. The real tragedy also, in my view, is the fact that we have almost a new generation of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots who have never met each other and have been brought up as enemies. Before the breakdown of the island, we lived in peace together. Today, the Turkish Cypriots seek their place in the vast world of small nations, only 40 miles off the Turkish Riviera. Thus, in , the U. The same court in in Crist v. Indeed, the Turkish Peace Operation is taught in American law schools as one of two modern military operations that actually restored democracy and human rights, the other being the British intervention in the Falkland Islands in Now I am retired and live in Cyprus. Before the Annan plan was put to a vote by the people in Cyprus. I had a gathering at my home in Atlanta. About 30 Cypriots students that were most of them studying on Fulbright scholarships at universities in the metro Atlanta area. I asked all of them to write on a piece of paper 5 things they wanted to see in Cyprus happen. They all did and gave me the piece of paper with there 5 wishes for Cyprus. No names. I could not tell who was a GC or a TC they all wanted the same things. Security,EU membership,freedom of movement all over the island, choice of living anywhere they please, Joint education. I could not distinguish between a GC and TC. The Greeks and the Turks have their own countries. The Cypriots have their own county,but there is too much influence by both Greece and Turkey in Cyprus. That has to end in order to unify the island. I do care who is the president of Cyprus….. We are strongly committed to high-quality original reporting, and our team strives to ensure that these powers are accountable for their actions and decisions. One Side Seems Ready. The headquarters of the UN peacekeeping mission in Cyprus sits atop a hill overlooking the capital of Nicosia. Don't miss a story, Subscribe to PassBlue. We welcome your comments on this article. What are your thoughts on Cyprus? Dulcie Leimbach. We would love your thoughts. Please comment:. Notify of. Inline Feedbacks. Benon Vahe Sevan. Congratulations for the excellent article. Gunay Evinch. Kyriakos Michaelides. Related Posts. Now, Select 2 Countries From the Top 4. Katja Hemmerich. Damilola Banjo. Recent Comments. The UN cannot do its most important job ending war …. Interesting read. Good to know there's people who study the…. Biases and inefficiencies in the ICSC's work have not been…. Had Israel listened to Guterres' call for immediate ceasefire Sinwar,…. About Us. Subscribe to PassBlue. Don't miss a story. Subscribe now to send the smartest news on the UN directly to your inbox. We respect your privacy and take protecting it seriously. Popular Categories. Follow Us.

Holguin buying weed