Holes Destroyed
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Holes Destroyed
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Can a black hole be destroyed? - Fabio Pacucci
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5,366 Questions Answered
TED Ed Animation
Black holes are among the most destructive objects in the universe. Anything that gets too close to a black hole, be it an asteroid, planet, or star, risks being torn apart by its extreme gravitational field. By some accounts, the universe may eventually consist entirely of black holes. But is there any way to destroy a black hole? Fabio Pacucci digs into the possibility.
Editorial Producer Alex Rosenthal
Associate Producer Bethany Cutmore-Scott
Script Editor Alex Gendler
Fact-Checker Eden Girma
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The life and achievements of Stephen Hawking , the British cosmologist who theorized the black hole evaporation, are outstanding from many points of view. A nice portrait of his exceptional personal life and of his scientific endeavors is provided by the recent movie “ The Theory of Everything ” (2014) by James Marsh. Of course, for a larger-than-life character like Hawking, a “Dig Deeper” section is far from enough to describe his entire life. We will then focus on a very limited aspect of his scientific life: his passion for scientific wagers, or bets. Two of them are very famous and remarkable, with one being directly related to our story of black hole evaporation. In 1975 Stephen Hawking bet with his colleague (and recent Nobel Laureate for Physics) Kip Thorne that a very peculiar source, named Cygnus X-1 , would turn out not to be a black hole. Cygnus X-1 was discovered in 1964 during the first observations of the X-ray sky. It is an extremely intense emitter of X-rays located in our own Galaxy. The system turned out to be composed of two elements: a very hot, super-giant star and a massive compact object, with a mass of about 14.8 times the mass of the Sun. Because this mass is significantly larger than the so-called Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit , which provides an approximation for the maximum mass to avoid an infinite gravitational collapse, Cygnus X-1 was identified as a black hole. In 1990, 26 years after the discovery, Hawking conceded the bet, acknowledging that improved observations led to the conclusion that Cygnus X-1 was indeed the first black hole ever discovered. Diligently, Hawking paid Thorne a subscription to the magazine Penthouse (!). In 1997, not satisfied with the previous wager, Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne made a bet with John Preskill on a very peculiar consequence of the evaporation of black holes, nowadays known as the information paradox. Without going into details of this paradox, which will be the focus of another TED-Ed lesson, let’s summarize it as follows. Physics requires that a quantity, which we will call “information”, is always conserved. The evaporation of a black hole, instead, seems to suggest that information is lost during the process. While Hawking and Thorne bet that information is indeed lost in a black hole, Preskill bet that it must not, under any circumstances. The prize for the winner was, quite obviously, an encyclopedia of choice, definitely a book with plenty of information. Hawking ended up convincing himself that information is not lost and conceding the bet in 2004, while Thorne has not conceded yet. The original paper presenting Hawking’s argument to show that information is not lost can be found here . The encyclopedia of choice for the winner was: “Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia” (!). To this date, the bet is still open and the information paradox unsolved. If you are interested in calculating properties of any black hole of your choice, including its evaporation time, try out the Black Hole Calculator of the author of this TED-Ed lesson.
Editorial Producer Alex Rosenthal
Associate Producer Bethany Cutmore-Scott
Script Editor Alex Gendler
Fact-Checker Eden Girma
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On March 29, a Reddit user posted an animation of what they claimed was a recreation of what would happen if a penny-sized black hole landed on Earth.
It was later found to be fake because the animation was actually stock CGI footage of the Earth being destroyed without any black hole modeling, but not before the post had amassed over 5,000 comments and over 60,000 upvotes. The footage can be seen below.
If a penny-sized black hole did form on Earth, the planet would indeed be destroyed killing everyone on it, but the process would likely be different than in the video above.
A penny-sized black hole would have roughly the same mass as the Earth for reasons explained later.
Frank Heile, a particle physicist at the University of Stanford, has previously provided insight into what would happen if a penny-sized black hole appeared at the Earth's core. The Earth wouldn't just collapse in, he said, because of outward pressure and the fact the planet is spinning.
He pointed out black holes are destructive not just due to their mass but also due to the intense heat and radiation they give out, and this could cause some of the Earth to be blown into space rather than sucked into the black hole.
He wrote on Quora: "When the matter near the black hole begins to fall into the black hole, it will be compressed to a very high density that will cause it to be heated to very high temperatures. These high temperatures will cause gamma rays, X-rays, and other radiation to heat up the other matter falling into the black hole.
"The net effect will be that there will be a strong outward pressure on the outer layers of the Earth that will first slow down their fall and will eventually ionize and push the outer layers away from the black hole."
Secondly, he said, mass falling towards a black hole will begin spinning around the black hole at an increasingly fast rate, similar to how an ice skater spins faster when they pull in their arms. This would cause whatever is left of the Earth to essentially orbit the black hole.
"This angular momentum will tend to slow down the fall into the black hole and will eventually result in something like an accretion disc around the black hole," Heile wrote.
Theoretically if there was no spin or outward pressure to take into consideration, Heile said, it would take about 10 to 15 minutes for the entire Earth to fall into the black hole. In reality things would be more complicated.
In addition, since the penny-sized black hole on our planet would effectively double the mass of Earth, the orbits of all the planets in the entire solar system would be slightly affected .
Theoretically yes, but practically it would be impossible to create a penny-sized black hole here on Earth. Forming a penny-sized black hole on Earth would take a huge amount of mass and a method of condensing that mass into a tiny area. In addition, the closest known black hole to Earth is 1,000 light-years away .
Black holes are thought to be incredibly destructive, packing huge amounts of mass into a point in space that is infinitely tiny. This point in space is enclosed in a sphere known as the event horizon, and anything crossing this sphere, including light, will never be able to escape.
The size of a black hole can be thought of in terms of the radius of its event horizon. Astrophysicists refer to this as the Schwarzschild radius , named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who developed the modern idea of a black hole using Einstein's theories over a century ago.
Schwarzschild radii are not limited to black holes. Any object with mass , such as a planet, moon, or a human, has a Schwarzschild radius.
If an object's physical radius becomes smaller than its Schwarzschild radius this object will become a black hole. The Earth's Schwarzschild radius is thought to be around 8.7mm, or roughly 17.5mm in diameter.
A U.S. cent is around 19mm in diameter , so if someone were to shrink the Earth down to a little less than the size of a U.S. cent, it would become a black hole. This means that the theoretical black hole penny would have a little bit more mass than the Earth.
On the other end of the scale, some black holes are so big they are called "stupendously large black holes," or SLABS. One, TON 618, has the mass of 66 billion suns.
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Astrophysicists think they know how to destroy a black hole. The puzzle is what such destruction would leave behind
The idea of a body so massive that its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light dates back to the English geologist John Michell who first considered it in 1783. In his scenario, a beam of light would travel away from the massive body until it reached a certain height and then returned to the surface.
Modern thinking about black holes is somewhat different, not least because special relativity tells us that the speed of light is a universal constant. The critical concept that physicists focus on today is the event horizon: a theoretical boundary in space through which light and other objects can pass in one direction but not in the other. Since light cannot escape, the event horizon is what makes a black hole black.
The event horizon is somewhat of a disappointment to many astrophysicists because the interesting physics, the stuff beyond the known laws of the universe, all occurs inside it and is therefore hidden from us.
What physicists would like, therefore, is way to get rid of the event horizon and expose the inner workings to proper scrutiny. Doing this would destroy the black hole but reveal something far more bizarre and exotic.
Today, Ted Jacobson at the University of Maryland and Thomas Sotiriou and the University of Cambridge explain how this might be done in an entertaining and remarkably accessible account of the challenge.
In general relativity, the mathematical condition for the existence of a black hole with an event horizon is simple. It is given by the following inequality: M^2 > (J/M)^2 + Q^2, where M is the mass of the black hole, J is its angular momentum and Q is its charge.
Getting rid of the event horizon is simply a question of increasing the angular momentum and/or charge of this object until the inequality is reversed. When that happens the event horizon disappears and the exotic object beneath emerges.
At first sight, that seems straightforward. The inequality suggests that to destroy a black hole, all you need to do is to feed it angular momentum and charge.
But that hides a multitude of problems. For a start, things with angular momentum and charge also tend to have mass. And in any case, the equation above describes a steady state. Feeding a black hole creates a dynamic state and there is no guarantee that the object will settle back into a steady state again without shedding the angular momentum and charge that it has been fed.
In fact, the calculations are so fiendish that they have defied all attempts to tame them. “At present nobody knows what it would do,” say Jacobson and Sotiriou.
What would a black hole without its event horizon reveal? That’s where physics turns philosophical. The mathematics here indicates that spacetime becomes infinitely curved, creating what astrophysicists call a singularity.
To any ordinary physicist, a singularity is an indication that a theory has broken down and some new theory is needed to describe what is going on. It is a matter of principle that singularities are mathematical objects, not physical ones and that any ‘hole’ they suggest exists not in the fabric of the Universe but in our understanding of it.
Astrophysicists are different. They have such extraordinary faith in their theories that they believe singularities actually exist inside black holes. The likes of Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking have even proved that singularities are inevitable in gravitational collapse.
For them, removing the event horizon around a black hole raises the exciting prospect of revealing a singularity in all its naked glory. When that happens, we will be able to gaze at infinity.
Destroying a black hole in this way is bound to reveal new physics. But whatever this might be is bound to remain well hidden until we have a theory that better describes what goes on in such extremes. Or until we spot one of these objects somewhere in the night sky.
Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1006.1764 : Destroying Black Holes With Test Bodies
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