Hole In My Heart

Hole In My Heart
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Ferri FF. Atrial septal defect. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 12, 2021.
AskMayoExpert. Atrial septal defect. Mayo Clinic; 2020.
Facts about atrial septal defect. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/atrialseptaldefect.html. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
How the healthy heart works. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/how-the-healthy-heart-works. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
Ammash MN. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of atrial septal defects in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
Atrial septal defect (ASD). American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/atrial-septal-defect-asd. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
Atrial septal defect (ASD). Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/atrial-septal-defect-asd. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
Overview of congenital cardiovascular anomalies. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies#v1095812. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
Connolly H, et al. Surgical and percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Dec. 14, 2021.
Braswell-Pickering EA. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Accessed Aug. 2, 2021.
Stout KK, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000603.
Phillips SD (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 10, 2022.

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An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the heart between the upper chambers (atria). The hole increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. The condition is present at birth (congenital heart defect).
Small atrial septal defects might be found by chance and never cause a concern. Others close during infancy or early childhood.
A large, long-term atrial septal defect can damage the heart and lungs. Surgery may be needed to repair an atrial septal defect and to prevent complications.
Types of atrial septal defects include:
Many babies born with atrial septal defects have no signs or symptoms. Signs or symptoms can begin in adulthood.
Atrial septal defect signs and symptoms can include:
Serious congenital heart defects, including large atrial septal defects, are often diagnosed before or soon after a child is born.
Contact your health care provider if you or your child has:
The cause of atrial septal defect is unclear. Atrial septal defect is a structure problem that occurs during heart development while a baby is still in the womb.
Genetics, certain medical conditions, use of certain medications, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol misuse, may play a role.
A typical heart has two upper and two lower chambers. The upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive incoming blood. The lower chambers, the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump blood out of the heart. The heart valves, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, are gates at the chamber openings.
An atrial septal defect is a hole between the heart's upper chambers. It's a common congenital heart defect.
To understand the cause of atrial septal defect, it may be helpful to know how the heart typically works.
The typical heart is made of four chambers — two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).
The right side of the heart moves blood to the lungs. In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and then returns it to the heart's left side. The left side of the heart then pumps the blood through the body's main artery (aorta) and out to the rest of the body.
A large atrial septal defect can cause extra blood to overfill the lungs and overwork the right side of the heart. If not treated, the right side of the heart eventually grows larger and becomes weak. The blood pressure in the arteries in the lungs can also increase, leading to pulmonary hypertension.
Atrial septal defect (ASD) occurs as the baby's heart is developing during pregnancy. Certain health conditions or drug use during pregnancy may increase a baby's risk of atrial septal defect or other congenital heart defect. These things include:
Some types of congenital heart defects occur in families (inherited). If you have or someone in your family has congenital heart disease, including ASD , screening by a genetic counselor can help determine the risk of certain heart defects in future children.
A small atrial septal defect might never cause any concern. Small atrial septal defects often close during infancy.
Larger atrial septal defects can cause serious complications, including:
Pulmonary hypertension can cause permanent lung damage. This complication, called Eisenmenger syndrome, usually develops over many years and occurs uncommonly in people with large atrial septal defects.
Treatment can prevent or help manage many of these complications.
If you have an atrial septal defect and are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, it's important to talk to your health care provider and to seek proper prenatal care. A health care provider may recommend ASD repair before conceiving. A large atrial septal defect or its complications can lead to a high-risk pregnancy.
Because the cause of atrial septal defect (ASD) is unclear, prevention may not be possible. But getting good prenatal care is important. If you have an ASD and are planning to become pregnant, schedule a visit with your health care provider. This visit should include:
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Home Health Hole in the Heart: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

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Guest Author - October 28, 2017

Faith Ebiojo David - May 19, 2018

Deborah Akinola - August 2, 2019

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Kingsley Felix - November 27, 2018

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Emmanuella Ekokotu - January 10, 2020

Emmanuella Ekokotu - December 19, 2018

Ehikioya Hope - February 25, 2021

Kingsley Felix - March 3, 2019

Laurence Inyang - April 24, 2020

Faith Ebiojo David - August 21, 2020
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Normally, the heart is divided into two parts – left and right – which are separated by a septum (which separates the two upper chambers of the human heart).
The right side of the heart receives oxygen-free blood and directs it to the lungs. Blood saturated with oxygen returns from the lungs and enters the left side of the heart, and from there it goes to all other organs. The septum prevents the mixing of blood.
Some babies are born with a hole in the cardiac septum (on the upper or lower wall). The hole separating the upper chambers of the heart is known as an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), and the opening in the lower part is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).
In both cases (ASD and VSD), it turns out that the blood (enriched with oxygen and without it) is mixed. A large opening, in case of ASD, can cause an overflow of the lungs with blood, thereby complicating the functioning of the heart.
Before we proceed to understand this misfunction, let’s have a look at what is ASD and VSD:
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is an opening in the atrial septum, leading to shunting from left to right and overloading with the volume of the right atrium and right ventricle.
Children with ASD are rarely symptomatic but may experience long-term complications after 20 years which includes pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
Adults and, less commonly, adolescents can suffer from intolerance to physical exertion, shortness of breath , fatigue , and arrhythmias due to this defect. Under ASD, soft meso systolic murmur at the upper-left edge of the sternum with a sharp and constantly bifurcated 2nd cardiac sound (S 2 ) is common.
The diagnosis is done by echocardiography. The treatment of this defect consists of using a transcatheter device for closure or surgery.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is an opening in the interventricular septum, leading to communication between the ventricles. Large defects lead to a significant discharge of blood from left to right and cause shortness of breath during feeding and low growth rates during infancy.
Loud sharp holosystolic noise at the lower-left edge of the sternum is common among patients with VSD. Recurrent respiratory infections and heart failure may develop as a result of this defect.
The diagnosis is done by echocardiography. These defects may close spontaneously in infancy or require surgical intervention.
ASD and VSD are congenital heart defects. Typical causes of the hole are considered:
Most children do not have any symptoms of ASD. Nevertheless, symptoms can occur at a more mature age – at 30 years or even later. Signs of ASD include:
Symptoms of VSD (congenital heart defects) occur shortly after the birth of the baby – during the first few days, weeks or months. Among the symptoms are:
ASD and VSD are diagnosed in the following way:
First, the doctor collects general data about the patient’s health, medical history, and other complaints. This will help to identify the causes and possible complications.
A physical examination is also carried out, that is, the doctor examines the skin, determines body weight, measures blood pressure, listens to heart tones.
Then a general analysis of blood, urine, biochemical blood analysis is prescribed. These studies help identify related diseases, cholesterol, and other important factors.
All this allows the doctor to accurately assess the health status of the patient, his/her heart, determine the size of the anomaly, and so on.
In most cases, ASDs close on their own during the first year of the birth of the child. Based on regular examinations, a doctor may suggest treatment for a medium or large opening between the ages of two and five years.
Treatment usually consists of surgical procedures or catheterization, which allows you to “seal” the hole:
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is subject to simple control if it does not show any symptoms. In situations that require treatment, attention is paid to:
Of course, the likelihood and form of complications depend on many factors. But it’s important to understand that complications rarely occur. In fact, such diseases can develop:
In order to maintain health, children and adolescents should be regularly examined by a physician to monitor the healing process after treatment with an ASCI or APS.
Both parents and children (who are undergoing the treatment) should strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations in order to gradually return to their usual daily life.
Precautions undergoing medical therapy are also of high importance in order to avoid some complications, infections such as catheter migration. This kind of outcome may occur during insertion when the catheter enters a side vein or reverse direction or from spontaneous migration at any time. That’s why hospitals, doctors, and nurses use professional neonatal Picc catheters , special vascular devices, etc.
The purpose of the article is educational and informational. The publication is not a substitute for personal specialist advice. If you have any health issues, consult your doctor now.
Mahima is a content development specialist working with Credihealth . Her article is a combination of her journey of a healthy lifestyle and information from trusted websites. When she isn’t writing she can usually be found reading a good book.

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Home Health Topics Congenital Heart Defects About Congenital Heart Defects
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

Adapted from "Holes in the Heart," Stroke Connection Magazine, January/February 2011
A hole in your heart would seem to be the very definition of a "problem." Yet more than a quarter of the population has one, and for most it causes no adverse health effects. In fact, the vast majority of those affected don't even know it.
There are two kinds of holes in the heart. One is called an atrial septal defect (ASD), and the other is a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Although both are holes in the wall of tissue (septum) between the left and right upper chambers of the heart (atria), their causes are quite different. An ASD is a failure of the septal tissue to form between the atria, and as such it is considered a congenital heart defect, something that you are born with. Generally an ASD hole is larger than that of a PFO. The larger the hole, the more likely there are to be symptoms.
PFOs, on the other hand, can only occur after birth when the foramen ovale fails to close. The foramen ovale is a hole in the wall between the left and right atria of every human fetus. This hole allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs, which cannot work until they are exposed to air. When a newborn enters th
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