Hole Board
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Hole Board
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1 Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
2 Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. catherine.strazielle@univ-lorraine.fr.
3 CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. catherine.strazielle@univ-lorraine.fr.
Robert Lalonde et al.
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2022 May .
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2 Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. catherine.strazielle@univ-lorraine.fr.
3 CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. catherine.strazielle@univ-lorraine.fr.
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First described by Boissier and Simon in (Ther Recreat J 17:1225-1232, 1962), the hole-board has become a recognized test of anxiety and spatial memory. Benzodiazepines acting at the GABA A -BZD site increase hole-pokes in rats and mice, indicating a loss in behavioral inhibition concordant with the behavior of mutant mice deficient in the GABA transporter. Hole-poking also depends on arousal mechanisms dependent on dopaminergic transmission, as indicated by drug and null mutant studies. In addition, the behavior is modified in natural and null mutants affecting the cerebellum as well as null mutants affecting neuropeptides, growth factors, cell adhesion, and inflammation. Further research is required to determine convergences between genetic and pharmacological effects.
Keywords:
Behavioral inhibition; Benzodiazepines; Cerebellum; GABA; Hippocampus; Mouse exploration; Perseveration; Spatial memory.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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J Vis Exp
(98); 2015
PMC4541485
Published online 2015 Apr 8. doi: 10.3791/52529
Maaike Labots ,
1
,
2
Hein A. Van Lith ,
1
,
2
Frauke Ohl ,
1
,
2
and Saskia S. Arndt
1
,
2
1 Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University
Correspondence to: Maaike Labots at ln.uu@stobaL.M
Copyright © 2015, Journal of Visualized Experiments
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Keywords: Behavior, Issue 98, Anxiety, behavior, cognition, exploration, locomotion, mice, modified hole board, rats, social interaction.
Place the board (60 x 20 x 0.5 cm; made of grey PVC) in the middle of the box. NOTE: The board can contain 20 cylinders (ᴓ 1.5 cm) 14 staggered in two lines or 23 cylinders (ᴓ 3 cm) 8 staggered in three lines.
Divide the area around the board by black lines into 10 rectangles (20 x 15 cm) and 2 squares (20 x 20 cm).
Position a stage light above the board to create a larger contrast in light intensity between the board (representing an unprotected area comparable with the center of an open field or the light compartment of a light-dark transition test) and the box (protected area) in order to increase the aversive character of the board 4,8 .
House the animals under a 12 hr reversed day-night cycle ( e.g., lights off at 7:00 AM and lights on at 7:00 PM). NOTE: However, the mHB can also be used under the conventional light schedule (see discussion on potential shortcomings) 1,6 .
Perform the behavioral testing in the most active phase of the animals ( e.g., between 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM) 4,15 .
Maintain a habituation period of 2 weeks after arrival of the animals in the facilities. During this period have the same person performing the behavioral experiment handle the animals four times a week and include all handling procedures to be performed during actual testing. Handle the animals exclusively during the time of the day when the animals will be exposed to testing later on.
Record the experiments for data storage on video and in order to optimize the results and to reduce the inter observer variability, practice the behavioral scoring using a video recording of previous experiments 2 . Make sure to standardize all actions and procedures executed by the observer.
Perform behavioral testing in the room the animals are regularly housed in (to avoid possible effects of transportation to a testing location) and install all testing equipment before arrival of the animals in the facilities (to habituate the animals to the presence of the equipment).
Pick up the animal by the base of the tail from its home cage and directly place it in the mHB.
Place each animal in the apparatus in the same corner facing the wall (as indicated in Figure 1 ).
Allow the animal to freely explore the mHB for a period of time (often 5 min 1,6,16-18 ).
Have an experienced observer live score the behavioral parameters using behavioral scoring software. Use the parameters listed in Table 1 . NOTE: Some behavioral parameters ( e.g., motor- and exploratory behavior) might be scored automatically as e.g., discussed by Henry et al. (2010) 19 after necessary adjustment of the mHB.
Clean the apparatus with tap water and a paper towel after every trial in order to avoid a bias based on olfactory cues. NOTE: Possible testing-order effects when testing socially housed animals should be kept in mind 17,20 .
Place the group mates in the group compartment before testing of the experimental animal to allow for habituation (mainly 10-30 min 1,12 ). NOTE: Testing under social-stress conditions is poss
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