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In , an insurrection on Crete led the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Greece , which led United Kingdom , France , Italy and Russia to intervene on the grounds that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control. It was the prelude to the island's final annexation to the Kingdom of Greece , which occurred de facto in and de jure in after the First Balkan War. The island of Crete, an Ottoman possession since the end of the Cretan War , was inhabited by a mostly Greek-speaking population, whose majority was Christian. During and after the Greek War of Independence , the Christians of the island rebelled several times against external Ottoman rule, pursuing union with Greece. These were brutally subdued, but secured some concessions from the Ottoman government under the pressure of European public opinion. In , the Pact of Halepa established the island as an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty, until the Ottomans reneged on that agreement in The collapse of the Pact heightened tensions in the island, leading to another rebellion in , which greatly expanded in — to cover most of the island. Although the International Squadron quickly halted their activities, \\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\] the presence of Greek forces on Crete provoked a war with the Ottoman Empire. Although most of Crete came under the control of Cretan insurgent and Greek forces, the unprepared Greek Army was crushed by the Ottomans , who occupied Thessaly. The war was ended by the intervention of the Great Powers the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Russia , who forced the Greek contingent to withdraw from Crete and the Ottoman Army to stop its advance. In February , the Great Powers decided to restore order by governing the island temporarily through an 'Admirals Council' consisting of admirals from the six powers making up the International Squadron. Through naval bombardments of Cretan insurgent forces, by placing sailors and marines ashore to occupy key cities, and by establishing a blockade of Crete and key ports in Greece, the International Squadron brought organized fighting on Crete to an end by the end of March , although the insurrection continued. They then decided that Crete would become an autonomous state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. Germany strongly opposed this idea and withdrew from Crete and the International Squadron in November and Austria-Hungary followed in March , but the remaining four powers carried on with their plans. On 6 September 25 August according to the Julian calendar then in use on Crete, which was 12 days behind the modern Gregorian calendar during the 19th century , a Cretan Muslim mob massacred hundreds of Cretan Greeks and murdered the British vice-consul , his family, and 14 British soldiers and sailors, in the city of Candia modern Heraklion. As a result, the International Squadron and the occupying forces ashore expelled all Ottoman forces from Crete in November The National Bank of Greece established a bank, the Bank of Crete , which had a year monopoly on note issuance. The Cretan State also established a paramilitary force, the Cretan Gendarmerie , modeled on the Italian Carabinieri , to maintain public order. The Cretan Gendarmerie incorporated the four small gendarmerie units the four remaining occupying powers had created before the arrival of Prince George. On 13 December , Prince George of Greece and Denmark arrived as high commissioner for a three-year tenure. On 27 April , an Executive Committee was created, in which a young, Athens-trained lawyer from Chania , Eleftherios Venizelos , participated as minister of justice. By , Venizelos and Prince George had developed differences over domestic policies, as well as the issue of Enosis , the union with Greece. Venizelos resigned in early , and for the next three years, he and his supporters waged a bitter political struggle with the Prince's faction, leading to a political and administrative deadlock on the island. Eventually, in March , Venizelos and his supporters gathered in the village of Therisos , in the hills near Chania, constituted a 'Revolutionary Assembly', demanded political reforms and declared the 'political union of Crete with Greece as a single free constitutional state' in a manifesto delivered to the consuls of the Great Powers. The Cretan Gendarmerie remained loyal to the Prince, but numerous deputies joined the revolt, and despite the Powers' declaration of military law on 18 July, their military forces did not move against the rebels. On 15 August, the Cretan Assembly voted for the proposals of Venizelos, and the Great Powers brokered an agreement, whereby Prince George would resign and a new constitution created. In the elections the pro-Prince parties took 38, votes while pro-Venizelos parties took 33, votes, but in September Prince George was replaced by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Zaimis and left the island. In addition, Greek officers came to replace the Italians in the organization of the Gendarmerie, and the withdrawal of the foreign troops began, leaving Crete de facto under Greek control. A Constitution was promulgated in February , but in , taking advantage of domestic turmoil in Turkey as well as the timing of Zaimis' vacation away from the island, the Cretan deputies declared unilateral union with Greece. This act was not recognized internationally, including by Greece, where Eleftherios Venizelos was elected prime minister in In May , the Cretan deputies travelled to Athens and tried to enter the Greek Parliament , but were forcibly prevented from doing so by the police. Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War , Greece finally recognized the union and sent Stephanos Dragoumis as the island's governor-general. The Great Powers tacitly recognized the fait accompli by the act of lowering their flags from the Souda fortress on 14 February , and by the Treaty of London in May , Sultan Mehmed V relinquished his formal rights to the island. The Muslim minority of Crete initially remained on the island but was later relocated to Turkey under the general population exchange agreed to in the Treaty of Lausanne between Turkey and Greece. The total population in was , , Christians, 27, Muslims and Jews. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire on the island of Crete, — Anthem: Cretan Anthem. Main articles: History of Crete and Ottoman Crete. Further information: Theriso revolt. Th Houtsma, page Kallivretakis, Leonidas Kitromilides ed. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN Lilly Macrakis Eleftherios Venizelos: the trials of statesmanship, A. Balkan Wars. First Balkan War. Second Balkan War. Ottoman Greece. Rum Millet Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Principality of Samos Cretan State Janissaries Devshirme Sipahis Armatoloi. Orthodoxy in Greece — Greek folk music Rebetiko Greek cuisine. History of Crete. Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. Vassals and autonomies. See also the list of short-lived Ottoman provinces. Categories : Cretan State Modern history of Crete Island countries States and territories established in Eleftherios Venizelos States and territories disestablished in Greece—Ottoman Empire relations establishments in Europe disestablishments in Europe Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire. Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing Ottoman Turkish -language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter CS1 errors: missing title CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Coordinates on Wikidata. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Flag Coat of arms. Map of Crete Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire. Greek official , Ottoman Turkish recognised. Greek Orthodox prevailing religion , Sunni Islam recognised , Judaism. Prince George. Alexandros Zaimis. Eleftherios Venizelos. Cretan drachma. Preceded by. Ottoman Crete. Kingdom of Greece. Ottoman Janissaries Devshirme Sipahis Armatoloi.
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