High Dynamic Range Imaging

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High dynamic range imaging ( HDRI) refers to the acquisition, creation, storage, distribution or display of images and videos that have a higher dynamic range than traditionnal images and videos.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_rang…
What do you mean by high dynamic range imaging?
What do you mean by high dynamic range imaging?
High dynamic range imaging ( HDRI) refers to the acquisition, creation, storage, distribution or display of images and videos that have a higher dynamic range than traditional images and videos.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-ran…
Can a computer save a high dynamic range image?
Can a computer save a high dynamic range image?
This can be done with the HDR photography technique, with the use of cameras that natively have a high dynamic range or with computers (for example with the use of HDR rendering ). The resulting image can be saved in an traditional image and video format or in an high dynamic range format.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-ran…
How is a dynamic range image used in HDR?
How is a dynamic range image used in HDR?
The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image. Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-ran…
What makes an image a low dynamic range image?
What makes an image a low dynamic range image?
However, the number of bits itself may be a misleading indication of the real dynamic range that the image reproduces -- converting a Low Dynamic Range image to a higher bit depth does not change its dynamic range, of course. 8-bit images(i.e. 24 bits per pixel for a color image) are considered Low Dynamic Range.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging
Ориентировочное время чтения: 11 мин
In photography and videography, HDR or high-dynamic-range imaging is the set of techniques used to reproduce a greater range of luminositythan that which is possible with standard photographic techniques. Standard techniques allow differentiation only within a certain range of brightness. Outside this range, no features are visible because in the brighter areas everything appears pure white, and pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between t…
In photography and videography, HDR or high-dynamic-range imaging is the set of techniques used to reproduce a greater range of luminosity than that which is possible with standard photographic techniques. Standard techniques allow differentiation only within a certain range of brightness. Outside this range, no features are visible because in the brighter areas everything appears pure white, and pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum of the tonal value in an image is known as the dynamic range. HDR is useful for recording many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. High-dynamic-range (HDR) images are often created by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter.

The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor. Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of input HDR images has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).

"HDR" may refer to the overall process, to the HDR imaging process, or to HDR imaging represented on a low-dynamic-range display such as a screen or standard .jpg image.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Imaging
Ориентировочное время чтения: 6 мин
High Dynamic Range Imaging, HDRI или просто HDR — технологии работы с изображениями и видео, диапазон яркости которых превышает возможности стандартных технологий.

Чаще всего термин HDR употребляется в отношении получения, хранения и обработки растровых изображений. Широко используемые на сегодняшний день цифро…
High Dynamic Range Imaging, HDRI или просто HDR — технологии работы с изображениями и видео, диапазон яркости которых превышает возможности стандартных технологий.

Чаще всего термин HDR употребляется в отношении получения, хранения и обработки растровых изображений. Широко используемые на сегодняшний день цифровые технологии исторически основаны на 8-битных целочисленных форматах представления и обработки данных, что даёт весьма узкий динамический диапазон, часто называемый SDR (англ. Standard Dynamic Range) или LDR (англ. Low Dynamic Range). Для сравнения, отношение наиболее яркого к наименее яркому (но ещё не чёрному) цветам для sRGB составляет порядка 3000:1, в то время как реальные сцены часто имеют соотношения яркости в 1 000 000:1 и больше, при этом и в тенях и в свете глаз способен (из-за световой адаптации к яркости) различить детали. Применение техники HDR позволяет работать с полным диапазоном яркости сцены, устраняя исторические ограничения.

Технологии HDR имеют множество практических применений, такие как получение изображений и видео натуральных высококонтрастных сцен, хранение и обработку HDR-контента, создание LDR-изображений на основе HDR-изображений, а также достижение различных художественных эффектов, используя HDR-изображения.
Динамический диапазон в кино и видео
Программное обеспечение для создания HDR-фотографий
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging
Overview
Imaging
Audio
Radio
Instrumentation
Realtime HDR vision
High dynamic range is a dynamic range higher than usual. The term is often used in discussing display devices, photography, 3D rendering, and sound recording including digital imaging and digital audio production. The term may apply to an analog or digitized signal, or to the means of recording, processing, and reproducing such signals.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780125852630/high-dynamic-range-imaging
Перевести · High dynamic range imaging produces images with a much greater range of light and color than conventional imaging. The effect is stunning, as great as the difference between black-and-white and color television. High Dynamic Range Imaging …
High Dynamic Range Imaging, HDRI или просто HDR — технологии работы с изображениями и видео, диапазон яркости которых превышает возможности стандартных технологий. Чаще всего термин HDR употребляется в отношении получения, хранения и обработки растровых изображений. Широко используемые на сегодняшний день цифровые технологии исторически основаны на 8-битных целочисленных форматах представления и обработки данных, что даёт весьма узкий динамический диапазон, часто называемый SDR или LDR. Для сравнения, отношение наиболее яркого к наименее яркому цветам для sRGB составляет порядка 3000:1, в то время как реальные сцены часто имеют соотношения яркости в 1 000 000:1 и больше, при этом и в тенях и в свете глаз способен различить детали. Применение техники HDR позволяет работать с полным диапазоном яркости сцены, устраняя исторические ограничения.
Introduction to High Dynamic Range Imaging
High Dynamic Range Imaging within Lightroom CC
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Photoshop CS5: High Dynamic Range Imaging
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HDR High Dynamic Range photography tutorial - real estate photography application
https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780123749147/01~Front_Matter.pdf
high dynamic range imaging acquisition, display, and image-based lighting second edition erik reinhard greg ward sumanta pattanaik paul debevec wolfgang heidrich …
https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/1208706
Перевести · New material includes chapters on High Dynamic Range Video Encoding, High Dynamic Range Image Encoding, and High Dynammic Range Display Devices Written by the inventors and initial implementors of High Dynamic Range Imaging Covers the basic concepts (including just enough about human vision to explain why HDR images are necessary), image capture, image encoding, file formats, display techniques, tone mapping for lower dynamic range display, and the use of HDR images …
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For the technoloy related to HDR displays, see High-dynamic-range video. For other uses, see High dynamic range.
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Most of the material and sourcing in this dates to around the 2008–2012 period.. (June 2020)
In photography and videography, HDR or high-dynamic-range imaging is the set of techniques used to reproduce a greater range of luminosity than that which is possible with standard photographic techniques. Standard techniques allow differentiation only within a certain range of brightness. Outside this range, no features are visible because in the brighter areas everything appears pure white, and pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum of the tonal value in an image is known as the dynamic range. HDR is useful for recording many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. High-dynamic-range (HDR) images are often created by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter.[1][2][3][4]
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR)[5] or standard-dynamic-range (SDR)[6] photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor. Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of input HDR images has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
"HDR" may refer to the overall process, to the HDR imaging process, or to HDR imaging represented on a low-dynamic-range display such as a screen or standard .jpg image.
One aim of HDR is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through non-linear response, adaptation of the iris, and other methods, adjusts constantly to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
Standard photographic and image techniques allow differentiation only within a certain range of brightness. Outside of this range, no features are visible because there is no differentiation in bright areas as everything appears just pure white, and there is no differentiation in darker areas as everything appears pure black. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as low dynamic range (LDR), resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
Four-thirds DSLR camera (Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5)
Full-frame DSLR camera (Nikon D810)
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences, known as stops. An increase of one EV, or one stop, represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program.
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterward. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full set of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto-exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from 0.6 at the low end to 18 EV in top professional cameras, as of 2020.[10] As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufacturers are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file.[11] The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95, and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.[12] Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the emphasis being on creating a realistic effect.[13] Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.[14]
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.[15]
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. Original film (especially negatives versus transparencies or slides) feature a very high dynamic range (in the order of 8 for negatives and 4 to 4.5 for slides).
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include:
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.[16][17][18]
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range (multiple channels). For that purpose, they do not use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0–255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating-point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.[16][19]
Not to be confused with the capture of video inside an HDR format in order to view them on an HDR display.
The HDR capture technique can also be used for videos by capturing mutiple images for each frame of the video and merging them. Qualcomm refers to it by using the term "Computationnal HDR video capture". In 2020, Qualcomm announced Snapdragon 888 which is able to do computational HDR video capture in 4K and in an HDR format.[20] The Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra is also able to do computational HDR for video capture.[21]
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.[22]
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished posi
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High-dynamic-range imaging - Wikipedia
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High Dynamic Range Imaging