Hera C Porn

Hera C Porn
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Organism that has complete or partial male and female reproductive organs

^ Fusco G, Minelli A (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction . Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2021 . Retrieved 29 March 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lehtonen J, Parker GA (December 2014). "Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes" . Molecular Human Reproduction . 20 (12): 1161–8. doi : 10.1093/molehr/gau068 . PMID 25323972 .

^ Avise JC (2011-03-18). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality . Columbia University Press. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6 .

^ "hermaphroditism" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 .

^ Mantovani B, Cesari M, Luchetti A, Scanabissi F (May 2008). "Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA variability in the living fossil Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Notostraca)" . Heredity . 100 (5): 496–505. doi : 10.1038/hdy.2008.3 . PMID 18285812 . S2CID 23743639 . While the latter comprises parthenogenetic females with an all-female progeny (thelytoky), the former can be either gonochoric, with distinct female and male individuals, or hermaphroditic with individuals producing both male and female gametes (Trusheim, 1938; Longhurst, 1955; Wingstrand, 1978; Zaffagnini and Trentini, 1980; Fryer, 1985; Eder et al., 1996; Engelmann et al., 1997; Scanabissi and Mondini, 2002; Scanabissi et al., 2005).

^ Kerr AM, Baird AH, Hughes TP (January 2011). "Correlated evolution of sex and reproductive mode in corals (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)" . Proceedings. Biological Sciences . 278 (1702): 75–81. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2010.1196 . PMC 2992726 . PMID 20659935 . For example, the cnidarian class Anthozoa (corals and anemones) is mainly comprised of gonochoric (separate sex) brooders or spawners, while one order, Scleractinia (skeleton-forming corals), appears to be mostly hermaphroditic spawners. Here, using the most complete phylogeny of scleractinians, we reconstruct how evolutionary transitions between sexual systems (gonochorism versus hermaphrodism) and reproductive modes (brooding versus spawning) have generated large-scale taxonomic patterns in these characters.

^ Holub AM, Shackelford TK (2020). "Gonochorism". In Vonk J, Shackelford TK (eds.). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (PDF) . Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–3. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_305-1 . ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6 . S2CID 240938739 .

^ Fusco G, Minelli A (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction . Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9 .

^ Majerus ME (2003). Sex Wars: Genes, Bacteria, and Biased Sex Ratios . Princeton University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-691-00981-0 .

^ Rosenfield KA (2018), "Hermaphrodite", in Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1 , ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6

^ Phelan J (2009-03-02). What Is Life?: A Guide to Biology w/Prep-U . Macmillan. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-4292-8079-2 .

^ Mills A (2018-01-01). Biology of Sex . University of Toronto Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-4875-9337-7 .

^ Dreger AD (1999). Intersex in the age of ethics (Ethics in Clinical Medicine Series ed.). Hagerstown, Md.: Univ. Publ. Group. ISBN 978-1555721008 .

^ "Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?" . Intersex Society of North America . Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 .

^ " "I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me" " . Human Rights Watch . 2017-07-25 . Retrieved 28 May 2021 . A term once commonly used to refer to individuals with intersex traits. It is now considered pejorative and outdated, although a small number of intersex people have reclaimed the term.

^ Hinchcliffe N. "Protect Transgender and Intersex Patients" . www.aafp.org . Retrieved 28 May 2021 . The historical terms "hermaphrodite" and "pseudo-hermaphrodite" are outdated, pejorative, stigmatizing and no longer used in medical literature or research.

^ Herndon A. "Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All" . Intersex Society of North America . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 .

^ Nesse RM , Williams GC (2012-02-08). Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-307-81600-9 .

^ Gorshkov V (2012-12-06). Physical and Biological Bases of Life Stability: Man, Biota, Environment . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-85001-1 .

^ Smith JM (2012-12-06). Did Darwin Get It Right?: Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4684-7862-4 .

^ Schärer L (February 2017). "The varied ways of being male and female" . Molecular Reproduction and Development . 84 (2): 94–104. doi : 10.1002/mrd.22775 . PMID 28032683 . Of note, the otherwise well-studied insects, birds, and mammals are strikingly absent here—with not a single species among these groups showing hermaphroditism (for details on a supposedly hermaphroditic scale insect, however, see Gardner and Ross, 2011).

^ Rivers, David B. (2017-04-15). Insects: Evolutionary Success, Unrivaled Diversity, and World Domination . JHU Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4214-2171-1 .

^ Judson O (2002-08-14). Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation: The Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex . Macmillan. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8050-6331-8 .

^ Jump up to: a b Jarne P, Auld JR (September 2006). "Animals mix it up too: the distribution of self-fertilization among hermaphroditic animals". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution . 60 (9): 1816–24. doi : 10.1554/06-246.1 . PMID 17089966 . S2CID 23849389 .

^ "Definition of hermaphroditus" . Numen: The Latin Lexicon. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 .

^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book IV: The story of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis.

^ "LacusCurtius • Diodorus Siculus — Book IV Chapters 1‑7" . penelope.uchicago.edu .

^ Oxford English Dictionary , 1st edn, s.v. hermaphrodite, n. and adj. ; "Online Etymology Dictionary" . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 .

^ "Hermaphrodite" . Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project . October 2003. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02 . Retrieved 2015-04-01 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Barrows EM (2001). Animal behavior desk reference: a dictionary of animal behavior, ecology, and evolution (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. p. 317 . ISBN 978-0-8493-2005-7 . OCLC 299866547 .

^ Pandian TJ (2 September 2011). Sex Determination in Fish . CRC Press. ISBN 9781439879191 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 – via Google Books.

^ Warner RR (June 1988). "Sex change and the size-advantage model". Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 3 (6): 133–6. doi : 10.1016/0169-5347(88)90176-0 . PMID 21227182 .

^ Ghiselin MT (June 1969). "The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals". The Quarterly Review of Biology . 44 (2): 189–208. doi : 10.1086/406066 . PMID 4901396 . S2CID 38139187 .

^ Rodgers EW, Early RL, Grober MA (2007). "Social status determines sexual phenotype in the bi-directional sex changing bluebanded goby Lythrypnus dalli". J Fish Biol . 70 (6): 1660–1668. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01427.x .

^ Janssen R, Baur B (July 2015). "Seasonal effects on egg production and level of paternity in a natural population of a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail" . Ecology and Evolution . 5 (14): 2916–28. doi : 10.1002/ece3.1560 . PMC 4541995 . PMID 26306176 .

^ Leonard JL, Pearse JS, Harper AB (2002). "Comparative reproductive biology of Ariolimax californicus and A. dolichophallus (Gastropoda; Stylommiatophora)". Invertebrate Reproduction & Development . 41 (1–3): 83–93. doi : 10.1080/07924259.2002.9652738 . S2CID 83829239 .

^ Morelle R (12 February 2013). "Sea slug's 'disposable penis' surprises" . BBC News .

^ Sekizawa A, Seki S, Tokuzato M, Shiga S, Nakashima Y (April 2013). "Disposable penis and its replenishment in a simultaneous hermaphrodite" . Biology Letters . 9 (2): 20121150. doi : 10.1098/rsbl.2012.1150 . PMC 3639767 . PMID 23407499 .

^ Russell PJ, Hertz PE, McMillan B (2016-01-01). "Animal Reproduction" . Biology: The Dynamic Science . Cengage Learning. p. 1151. ISBN 978-1-305-85610-3 .

^ Barrière A, Félix MA (July 2005). "High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations". Current Biology . 15 (13): 1176–84. arXiv : q-bio/0508003 . Bibcode : 2005q.bio.....8003B . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.022 . PMID 16005289 . S2CID 2229622 .

^ Sakakura, Y., Soyano, K., Noakes, D.L.G. & Hagiwara, A. (2006). Gonadal morphology in the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Ichthyological Research, Vol. 53, pp. 427-430

^ Kanamori A, Yamamura A, Koshiba S, Lee JS, Orlando EF, Hori H (October 2006). "Methyltestosterone efficiently induces male development in the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Genesis . 44 (10): 495–503. doi : 10.1002/dvg.20240 . PMID 17029221 . S2CID 13639701 .

^ "The Painful Realities of Hyena Sex" . Live Science . 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19.

^ "Hyena Graphic" . EurekAlert! . Archived from the original on 2011-03-10 . Retrieved 2011-03-20 .

^ "Hermaphrodite Hyenas?" . Archived from the original on 2010-11-23 . Retrieved 2011-03-19 .

^ Soni, N. K. (2010-04-01). Fundamentals Of Botany . Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-07-068177-4 .

^ Glover, Beverley (February 2014). Understanding Flowers and Flowering Second Edition . Oxford University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-19-966159-6 .

^ Molnar S (17 February 2004). "Plant Reproductive Systems" . Evolution and the Origins of Life . Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 .

^ Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G (2018). "Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review" (PDF) . Basic and Applied Ecology . 31 : 1–9. doi : 10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009 . S2CID 90740232 .

^ Kouonon LC, Jacquemart AL, Bi AI, Bertin P, Baudoin JP, Dje Y (November 2009). "Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae)" . Annals of Botany . 104 (6): 1129–39. doi : 10.1093/aob/mcp196 . PMC 2766191 . PMID 19671577 .

^ Vallejo-Marín M, Rausher MD (February 2007). "The role of male flowers in andromonoecious species: energetic costs and siring success in Solanum carolinense L". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution . 61 (2): 404–12. doi : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00031.x . PMID 17348949 . S2CID 781464 .

^ "LAKAPATI: The "Transgender" Tagalog Deity? Not so fast…" . THE ASWANG PROJECT . 29 November 2018 . Retrieved 2019-07-03 .

^ Schultheiss, Herrmann & Jonas 2006 , p. 358.

^ Decretum Gratiani, C. 4, q. 2 et 3, c. 3

^ "Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)" . Bayerische StaatsBibliothek ( Bavarian State Library ) . February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.

^ E Coke , The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Institutes 8.a. (1st Am. Ed. 1812).

^ Greenberg J (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Arizona Law Review . 41 : 277–278. SSRN 896307 .

^ Reis E (2009). Bodies in Doubt: an American History of Intersex . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 55–81. ISBN 978-0-8018-9155-7 .

^ Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J (August 2005). "Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale" (PDF) . Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism . 18 (8): 729–33. doi : 10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729 . PMID 16200837 . S2CID 39459050 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 .

^ Georgiann D (2011). McGann PJ, Hutson DJ (eds.). "DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology" . Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology) . Advances in Medical Sociology. 12 : 155–182. doi : 10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012 . ISBN 978-0-85724-575-5 .

^ Holmes M (2011). "The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge in the Clinic". Somatechnics . 1 (2): 87–114. doi : 10.3366/soma.2011.0026 .

^ Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia , Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand , Organisation Intersex International Australia , Black E, Bond K, Briffa T , Carpenter M , Morgan, Cody C, David A, Driver B, Hannaford C, Harlow E , Hart B , Hart P, Leckey D, Lum S , Mitchell MB, Nyhuis E, O'Callaghan B, Perrin S, Smith C, Williams T, Yang I, Yovanovic (March 2017), Darlington Statement , archived from the original on 2017-03-22 , retrieved March 21, 2017

^ UN Committee against Torture ; UN Committee on the Rights of the Child ; UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities ; UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Juan Méndez, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment ; Dainius Pῡras, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; Dubravka Šimonoviæ, Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences; Marta Santos Pais, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Violence against Children; African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ; Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights ; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (October 24, 2016), "Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge" , Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , archived from the original on November 21, 2016 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

^ Council of Europe ; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper , archived from the original on 2016-01-06 , retrieved 2018-06-10

^ Margarit E, Coll MD, Oliva R, Gómez D, Soler A, Ballesta F (January 2000). "SRY gene transferred to the long arm of the X chromosome in a Y-positive XX true hermaphrodite". American Journal of Medical Genetics . 90 (1): 25–8. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000103)90:1<25::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-5 . PMID 10602113 .

^ Leyner M , Goldberg B (2005). Why Do Men Have Nipples?: Hundreds of Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Martini . New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-8231-5 . OCLC 57722472 .

^ Schärer, Lukas (2017). "The varied ways of being male and female" . Molecular Reproduction and Development . 84 (2): 94–104. doi : 10.1002/mrd.22775 . ISSN 1098-2795 . PMID 28032683 .

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In reproductive biology , a hermaphrodite ( / h ər ˈ m æ f r ə ˌ d aɪ t / ) is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes . [1] [2] [3]

Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates ) do not have separate sexes. [4] In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in
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