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Digital Library of the Middle East

Haur-Fakkan where can I buy cocaine

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Essential Oils EOs are expensive hydrocarbons produced exclusively by specific species in the plant kingdom. Their applications have deep roots in traditional herbal medicine, which lacks scientific evidence. Nowadays, more than ever, there is a growing global interest in research-based discoveries that maintain and promote health conditions. Consequently, EOs became a much attractive topic for both research and industry, with revenues reaching billions of dollars annually. The comprehensive data were collected following an extensive, up-to-date literature review. The results identified plant species, including indigenous and naturalized ones, in the UAE, citing over published research articles. The general overview included plant botanical names, synonyms, common names Arabic and English , families and taxonomic authority. The study acts as a baseline and accelerator for research, industry and discoveries in multiple disciplines relying on essential oil-bearing plants. Globally, the essential oils EOs industry creates billions of dollars of revenue annually. Therefore, more attention has been given recently to this sector, as a natural primary resource for phytochemicals. Indeed, the EOs industry has a wide range of enormous applications in various fields, such as pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, healthcare, cosmetics, food flavoring, food preservation and the fragrance industry \[ 1 \]. Briefly, EOs are concentrated phytochemicals comprised mostly of terpenes, oxygenated terpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes \[ 2 , 3 \]. EOs are volatiles associated with a characteristic aroma resulting from the complex interaction between hundreds of volatiles. These hydrophobic compounds are produced exclusively from certain plant species as secondary metabolites, acting as defense phytochemicals \[ 4 \]. In fact, EOs applications have deep roots in old traditional practices, in which they were a natural resource to treat infections and sicknesses for hundreds of years \[ 3 , 4 \]. However, such traditional practices lack scientific validation, and thus have to be remarkably studied and tested, looking for scientific justification. The studies about essential oils from UAE plants and their biological activities are scanty when compared to other research in plant-based fields. There are studies such as extraction of essential oil of Haplophyllum tuberculatum \[ 5 \], Teucrium stocksianum \[ 6 \], Pulicaria glutinosa \[ 7 \], Cleome amblyocarpa \[ 4 \] and Moringa peregrina \[ 8 \] from the United Arab Emirates. The main objective of this work is to provide key guidance to all EO-bearing plants indigenous and naturalized to the United Arab Emirates UAE , which included highlights on all available EO-bearing plant species, their families, botanical names, common names Arabic and English and taxonomic authority. It worth mentioning that this is the first record in the literature that provides the essential oil-bearing plants of the UAE. The value of such data will accelerate research, knowledge and discoveries in multiple disciplines e. The findings are key knowledge to justify the rich ethnomedicinal applications of the aromatic medicinal plants of the UAE. Additionally, this study will be supportive to decision-makers in strategic and sustainable planning for essential oil-bearing plants of the region. It is characterized by a low and irregular precipitation rate 60 to mm \[ 9 \]. The soil is classified as sandy sodic soil with a high permeability rate, low water holding capacity, low moisture content and low fertility rate \[ 9 , 10 \]. Soil salinity is one of its major problems, especially in the coastal lines \[ 11 \]. Conventional surface water resources include seasonal floods, springs and Falajes. The only groundwater resource comes from aquifers \[ 12 \]. The high dependency on groundwater aquifers with low recharging rates causes both groundwater depletion and saline water intrusion, creating concerns that aquifer supplies may soon be depleted \[ 13 \] and indicating a challenging future for the sustainability of the agricultural sector \[ 12 \]. The references included Batanouny \[ 14 \], Western \[ 15 \], Tanira et al. After collecting the botanical names and synonyms of all documented Emirati indigenous and naturalized plants, each plant was subjected individually to an extensive literature review. To the best of our knowledge, all existed published articles were carefully screened and over of the latest articles were cited. All the indigenous and naturalized plants of the study location were evaluated and the result was establishing a full list of all Emirati EO-bearing plants Table 1 , including an overview of Emirati EO-bearing plants belonging to 46 families, all cited based on up-to-date literature over references. According to Raut and Karuppayil \[ \] there are around identified EO-bearing plants globally. Therefore, it is of high value that a country with estimated 83 km 2 land area and with limited freshwater resources includes EO-bearing plants. It is worth mentioning that although some of the UAE indigenous and naturalized plants have rich traditional therapeutic applications and belong to important medicinal families, there are no data yet available related to the potential of their EOs. Therefore, it is expected that many of the medicinal and aromatic plants that are available locally are not investigated yet, and the true estimation of the Emirati EO-bearing plants could be underestimated. Examples of these species include, Amaranthus graecizans and Amaranthus viridis from the Amaranthaceae family, which were used in the past by the Bedouin people of the UAE to treat scorpion stings, snake bites and itchy skin rashes as reported by Sakkir et al. An overview of all EO-bearing plant families growing in the United Arab Emirates, their species number, natural habitats, potential plant parts and ecological status are illustrated in Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4. Based on our results, the families that include the highest number of EO-bearing species are Asteraceae, 22 plants, Meanwhile, the most important natural habitats are mountains and rocky terrain, wadis, sandy dunes and coastal saline lines, hosting In addition, with the sharp population growth and the current expansion in the industrial and urbanization activities, strong efforts should be invested to conserve the natural habitats of the EO-bearing plants e. Based on our results, shoots particularly leaves and flowers are the most important parts that have potential for EOs, in which, A detailed view on the results of the top three richest families based on the number of EO-bearing species is divided into three table groups Table 2 , Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 , Table 6 , Table 7 , Table 8 , Table 9 and Table The results of the top three richest families, based on the number of their species, are illustrated from Table 2 , Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 , Table 6 , Table 7 , Table 8 , Table 9 and Table 10 , including Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. The results showed that the taxa of all the UAE EO-bearing plants belongs to the dicotyledon group, except taxa of 15 plants that belong to the monocotyledon group: Phoenix dactylifera, Cyperus arenarius, Cyperus conglomeratus, Cyperus rotundus, Gynandriris sisyrinchium, Dipcadi erythraeum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon, Desmostachya bipinnata, Lolium rigidum, Cymbopogon commutatus, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Alpinia galangal, Zingiber officinale. According to our extensive literature review, the Iranian plants show the highest number of publications in the field of EO research. Examples of such studies are mainly by Al Yousuf et al. Additional research studied EOs of Haplophyllum tuberculatum for plants also grown in Khor Fakkan \[ 5 \]. Al-Marzouqi et al. This is the case while the country has rich biodiversity and has rich traditional medicine applications \[ 16 , 17 , 28 \]. In addition, according to Sakkir et al. Consequently, it is highly recommended to invest more efforts to study the local EO-bearing plants, seeking new natural resources of phytochemicals of proven biological activity to the country and the world. Actually, our established databank of the UAE EO-bearing plants offers a solid background to take quick decisions in plant selection and to start up an innovative EOs-based research pathway, which can lead to new chemotypes and promising discoveries. Besides, the databank provides the interested parties from academic and industrial fields the opportunity to have an overview on all the Emirati EO-bearing plants, enabling them to highlight the most important indigenous species to supply their needs according to field of interest. At the same time, the databank lists all the UAE EO-bearing plants that need to be conserved from decision-makers to guarantee a sustainable future for the next generation. It worth mentioning that rich traditional practices are linked directly or indirectly to the availability of EOs as active components that lead to particular biological activities of great healing benefits. Additionally, it was reported by a study conducted by Sakkir et al. Which can be linked, in one way or another, to the presence of therapeutic grade EO, and therefore could be a positive indicator that the flora of the UAE could pose an excellent resource for EO phytochemicals of various industrial applications. Thus, it is fundamental to create a comprehensive reference that includes all the UAE indigenous and naturalized species capable of producing EOs. Indeed, it is expected that the essential oil of many indigenous and naturalized medicinal and aromatic plants has not been investigated yet, and the true estimation of the EO-bearing plants growing in the country could be higher than the current findings of this study. Examples of these species include, Amaranthus graecizans and Amaranthus viridis from the Amaranthaceae family, which were used in the past by Bedouin people of UAE to treat scorpion stings, snake bites and itchy skin rashes as reported by Sakkir et al. According to published research by Shahin et al. Recently, another study extracted essential oil from the seeds of Moringa peregrina and evaluated its chemical composition and antioxidant potentials \[ 8 \]. Therefore, it is expected that similar results can be found while studying other medicinal and aromatic indigenous species. This section provided the meaning and description of all the abbreviations that were used to construct the tables of the UAE native and naturalized EO-bearing plants Table 2 , Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 , Table 6 , Table 7 , Table 8 , Table 9 and Table Supported with plant part and extraction method. For example, infusion of C. Meanwhile, T. The leaves of H. The rocky soils of the Hajar mountain are among the most famous places for P. The mint herb M. While the essential oil average yields of the aerial parts of each of P. A study of the phytochemicals showed that the major constituents of P. No studies were found to test the biological activities of the essential oil extracts for this shrub. According to Shahin et al. As reported by Al-Marzouqi et al. Although many studies in the literature reported the various biological activities of M. According to Al Yousuf et al. Studies based on other countries reported the antinociceptive activity of the oil, with no studies found related to the biological activity of the oil based on the UAE. Based on the research findings of Al Yousuf et al. The biological studies related to H. On the other hand, no studies have been conducted yet to test these activities and others for the essential oil of this perennial herb grown under the UAE climate. According to Senthilkumar et al. At the same time, it is obvious that there is a lack of essential oil studies based on the UAE, and more efforts are needed to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities of oils extracted from locally grown and harvested native plants. Besides, comparative studies to compare the essential oil yield quantitatively and qualitatively for plants grown in the UAE and other countries are required. The greatest obstacles and difficulties that were faced are related to the scarcity of the references to UAE wildflowers Shahin, c. There is so much confusion in the literature between the botanical names and the synonyms, including spelling mistakes that make the task of data collection to list all the Emirati plants followed by screening and listing the Emirati EO-bearing plants a difficult and complicated mission. For example, Cornulaca arabica Botsch and Cornulaca monacantha Delile were mentioned as two different species in the reference of Brown and Sakkir \[ 22 \], while according to published study \[ 21 \] Cornulaca arabica Botsch is a synonym of Cornulaca monacantha Delile. Besides, the plants Actiniopteris semiflabellata, Commicarpus boissieri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa were mentioned with minor spelling mistakes as Actioniopteris semiflabellata, Commicarpus boisieri and Cymbopogon jwarancuse, respectively in the textbook of Jongbloed et al. Moreover, some publications use either the synonyms or the common names instead of using the botanical names. Therefore, while reviewing the literature using the formal botanical names to screen the EO potential no results will appear, although, in many cases the plant would be a rich resource of EO phytochemicals. For example, some publications will use Dipcadi serotinum, Cymbopogon parkeri Stapf. Heliotropium europaeum and Calligonum polygonoides instead of using the botanical names, which are Dipcadi erythraeum Webb and Berth. The top three richest families, based on the number of their species, are Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Most of the UAE EO-bearing plants have rich traditional medicinal applications and other economic values, such as pharmaceuticals, nutrition, aromatherapy, fragrance and flavoring. Generally, the shoots especially leaves and flowers are the most important parts to extract EO phytochemicals e. The UAE EO-bearing plants are widespread in the areas of plantations, mountains and wadis of the country. Serious efforts to educate landlords about the great value of the UAE EO-bearing plants are needed, to make sure that these expensive species are well-cultivated in a sustainable manner. Besides, strong efforts related to management and strategic planning should be employed to conserve the natural habitats of the EO-bearing plants. All our obtained results support that the UAE is a rich natural resource for the native and naturalized EO-bearing plants that have rich ethnobotanical applications of multiple economic potential. Therefore, serious efforts are needed to standardize the oil yield quantitatively and qualitatively for all listed essential oil-bearing plants of the UAE, and to focus sustainability on native essential oil-bearing plants of industrial applications at research and commercialization level. Taking into consideration that this field is promising for multiple research disciplines and discoveries. The support from Shyam S. Furthermore, we would like to thank Rahaf Ajaj Abu Dhabi University for her assistance in proofreading. Conceptualization and methodology, S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Suzan Marwan Shahin. Find articles by Abdul Jaleel. Find articles by Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei. Marcello Iriti : Academic Editor. An overview of indigenous and naturalized essential oil-bearing plants of the UAE. Sesuvium verrucosum Raf. Shoreline purslane, sea purslane, sesuvium \[ 35 \] \[ 21 , 22 \] 2 Amaranthaceae Cockscomb family Achyranthes aspera L. Prickly chaff flower Arb. Desert cotton, snow bush Arb. Dill Weed \[ 42 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 8 Ducrosia anethifolia DC. Basbaz, haza \[ 43 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 28 \] 9 Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks and Sol. Kusaybirah \[ 44 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 10 Pimpinella puberula DC. Mushet \[ 46 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 12 Torilis leptophylla L. Caucalis leptophylla Eng. Bristle-fruited hedge-parsley \[ 47 \] \[ 21 \] 13 Apocynaceae Dogbane family Catharanthus roseus L. Don Syn. Vinca rosea Eng. Madagascar periwinkle \[ 42 \] \[ 15 \] 14 Nerium oleander L. Nerium mascatense Eng. Rosebay, olender Arb. Defla, haban \[ 48 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 28 \] 15 Plumeria rubra L. Nosegay, frangipan \[ 49 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 28 \] 16 Calotropis procera Aiton W. Aiton Eng. Date palm, date palm tree Arb. Wormwood \[ 53 \] \[ 28 \] 20 Calendula arvensis L. Field marigold Arb. Ain el baqr, eqhwan-asfar, hanwa, hanuwa \[ 54 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 21 Cichorium intybus L. Blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, blue weed, bunk, coffeeweed Arb. Conyza linifolia Willd. Tackh Eng. Flax-leaf Fleabane, Wavy-leaf Fleabane, hairy fleabane Arb. Eclipta alba L. False daisy, Trailing eclipta. No Information \[ 58 \] \[ 27 \] 25 Launaea nudicaulis L. Hawwa Baqrah ara, hindabah ara, huwah ara, naked launea Arb. Huwah al ghazal, safara, huwah, hindabah \[ 59 , 60 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 26 Matricaria aurea Loefl. Golden chamomile Arb. Babunaj \[ 61 \] \[ 21 , 28 \] 27 Matricaria chamomilla L. Matricaria recutita Eng. Chamomile, camomile, german chamomile \[ 62 \] \[ 63 \] 28 Pluchea arabica Boiss. Qaiser and Lack Eng. Pluchea Arb. Conyza dioscoridis L. Ploughmans spikenard, marsh fleabane Arb. Sahikee, barnof \[ 65 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 30 Pluchea ovalis pers. Woolly camphor-weed \[ 66 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 31 Pseudognaphalium luteo-album L. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. Cudweed Arb. Inula arabica L. Thal, fal, shajarat fal, muhayda, mithidi, shajarat al-mithidi, shneena, zayyan \[ 7 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 34 Pulicaria inuloides Poir. No information \[ 69 , 70 , 71 \] \[ 21 \] 35 Pulicaria undulata L. Meyer Syn. Pulicaria crispa Forssk. Crisp-leaved fleabane Arb. Rhanterium Arb. Arfaj \[ 73 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 37 Senecio glaucus L. Senecio desfontanei Druce Eng. Qorreis, murair, zamlooq, shakhees, rejel al ghurab \[ 74 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 38 Seriphidium herba-alba Asso Sojak Syn. Wormwood, white wormwood Arb. Ata, ghata, shih \[ 75 , 76 \] \[ 21 \] 39 Sphagneticola trilobata Syn. Wedelia paludosa DC. Singapore daisy, creeping-oxeye, trailing daisy, wedelia \[ 77 \] \[ 15 \] 40 Bignoniaceae Bignonias family Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Con Eng. Jacaranda, blue jacaranda, black poui, fern tree \[ 78 \] \[ 15 \] 41 Boraginaceae Borage, forget-me-not family Arnebia linearifolia DC. No Information \[ 79 \] \[ 21 \] 42 Heliotropium europaeum L. Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. European heliotrope, european turnsole Arb. Karee \[ 80 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 43 Trichodesma africanum Syn. Trichosdesma africana L. Lepidium draba Eng. Whitetop, hoary cress Arb. Lesser swine-cress Arb. Rashad al-barr \[ 84 \] \[ 21 , 22 \] 47 Erucaria hispanica Eng. Spanish pink mustard, erucaria myagroides Arb. Khezaam, saleeh, kromb al sahra \[ 79 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 48 Eruca sativa Mill. Salad rocket, rucola, rucoli, rugula, colewort, roquette, garden rocket, rocket Arb. Girgir, jirjeer \[ 85 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 28 \] 49 Savignya parviflora Delile Webb Eng. Jaljalan, kanad al barr, gulgulan, girgees, small whorled cheeseweed Arb. Sinapis arvensis L. Charlock, charlock mustard, wild mustard \[ 87 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 52 Sisymbrium irio L. London rocket Arb. Caper Arb. Caper bush, flinders rose Arb. Chickweed, common chickweed, chickenwort, craches, maruns, winterweed, lawn weed Arb. Meshit, hashishet el-qizaz, qizaza \[ 91 \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 56 Casuarinaceae Beefwood family Casuarina equisetifolia Syn. Casuarina equistetifolia J. Rhu, casuarina tree \[ 92 , 93 \] \[ 15 \] 57 Cistaceae Rock-rose, rock rose family Helianthemum kahiricum Delile Eng. Rock rose, sun rose Arb. Ragroog, qsasah, hashma \[ 94 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 58 Cleomaceae Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. Cleome africana , Cleome arabica , Cleome daryoushian Eng. Spider flower Arb. Cleome vahliana Farsen Arb. Roridula droserifolia Forssk. Cleome herb \[ 97 \] \[ 15 \] 61 Cleome gynandra L. Gynandropsis gynandra L. Shona cabbage, African cabbage Arb. Abu qarim \[ 98 \] \[ 21 \] 62 Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. Obscure morning-glory, small white morning glory \[ , \] \[ 21 \] 65 Cucurbitaceae Gourd family Momordica charantia L. Bitter melon, bitter gourd, bitter squash, balsam-pear \[ , \] \[ 24 \] 66 Luffa acutangula L. Angled luffa, chinese okra, dish cloth gourd, ridged gourd, sponge gourd, vegetable gourd, strainer vine, ribbed loofah, silky gourd, ridged gourd, silk gourd, sinkwa towelsponge \[ , \] \[ 21 \] 67 Cyperaceae Sedges family Cyperus arenarius Retz. Bobartia indica L. Cyperus, mali tamachek saad Arb. Ayzm, chadrum, qassis, rasha \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 34 \] 69 Cyperus rotundus L. Coco-grass, Java grass, nut grass, purple nut sedge, red nut sedge, Khmer kravanh chruk Arb. Asthma plant, asthma weed, pill-bearing spurge Arb. Libbein, demeema, menthra \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 72 Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbia peplis L. Petty spurge, radium weed, cancer weed, milkweed Arb. Khunaiz \[ \] \[ 21 , 22 , 28 \] 73 Ricinus communis L. Castor oil Arb. Alhagi graecorum Boiss. Camelthorn, camelthorn-bush, caspian manna, persian mannaplant Arb. Shwaika, agool, heidj \[ , \] \[ 15 , 24 \] 75 Lotus halophilus Boiss. California burclover, toothed bur clover, toothed medick, burr medic \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 77 Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa, lucerne \[ \] \[ 15 \] 78 Rhynchosia minima L. Baql \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 79 Tephrosia persica Boiss. Tephrosia apollinea Delile DC. Dhafra, omayye, nafal \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 32 \] 80 Trigonella hamosa L. Branched fenugreek, Egyptian fenugreek Arb. Nafal, qutifa, qirqas, darjal, eshb al-malik, qurt \[ 79 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 81 Ononis sicula Guss. Delile Syn. Acacia Arabica Lam. Fruit: karat \[ , \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 28 \] 83 Acacia tortilis Forssk. Hayne Eng. Umbrella thorn Arb. Dwarf mesquite, syrian mesquite Arb. Yanbut, agoul, awsaj \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 85 Frankeniaceae Frankenia pulverulenta L. European Frankenia, European sea heath Arb. Molleih, hamra hmaira , Umm thurayb \[ \] \[ 21 , 22 \] 86 Geraniaceae Geranium family Erodium cicutarium L. L Her. Ex Aiton Eng. Johnswort family Hypericum perforatum Eng. Iris sisyrinchium L. Ker Gawl. Barbary Nut, mountain iris Arb. Bian bing cao \[ \] \[ 21 \] 90 Mentha spicata spicata Eng. Spearmint, spear mint \[ \] \[ 63 , \] 91 Ocimum forsskaolii Benth. Ocimum forskolei Benth. Rehan, sawma Arb. Basil \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 28 \] 92 Salvia aegyptiaca L. Egyptian sage Arb. Khizama Arb. Khmayzah lethnay, bithman \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 94 Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. Shajarat Al Ghazal \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 \] 95 Salvia mirzayanii Rech. Shajarat al-ghazal \[ \] \[ 21 , 22 \] 97 Teucrium polium L. Felty germander \[ , \] \[ 21 , 28 \] 98 Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Synonym: Dipcadi serotinum L. Brown Lily, Hyacinthus serotinus, mesailemo, besailemo Arb. Busalamo, ansel, misselmo, shkal. Mulakhiyah al bar, sutaih, rukbat al jamal Arb. Matara, seluntah, mulukhia el bar, waikai \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] Moringaceae Moringa family Moringa peregrina Forssk. Fiori Eng. Wild drumstick tree Arb. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Cuspidata Wall. Don ciferri Eng. Olive tree Arb. Ispaghula, Plantain, rablat al mistah, lesan al hamal Arb. Buffelgrass, African foxtail grass, sand-burr Arb. Sadat, khadir, thumum, gharaz, drab, labaytad \[ 79 \] \[ 15 , 21 , 32 , 34 \] Cynodon dactylon L. Stapf Eng. Halfa grass, big cordgrass, salt reedgrass Arb. Halfa, hafla and sanaiba \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 34 \] Lolium rigidum Gaudin Eng. Wimmera ryegrass, Swiss rye grass Arb. Hayyaban, shilm, ziwan, simbil, rabiya \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 \] Cymbopogon commutatus Steud. Stapf Syn. Cymbopogon parkeri Stapf. Incense grass, Rosagrass Arb. Alklathgar, sakhbar, hamra, idhkhir, khasaab \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 34 \] Cymbopogon jwarancusa subsp. Oilgrass, iwarancusa grass \[ \] \[ 20 , 21 \] Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. Synonym: Calligonum polygonoides subsp. Soskov Eng. Fire bush Arb. Sorrel, Bladder dock, Rosy dock, Ruby dock Arb. Chinese date, jujube \[ \] \[ 15 \] Ziziphus spina-christi L. Rough corn bedstraw, roughfruit corn bedstraw and corn cleavers \[ \] \[ 21 \] Rutaceae Rue, citrus family Haplophyllum tuberculatum For. Haplophyllum arabicum Eng. Sazab, zeita, kheisa, mesaika Arb. Toothbrush tree, mustard tree, mustard bush Arb. Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry, winter cherry Arb. Bunge Syn. Tamarix mannifera Ehrenb. Nile tamarisk Arb. Vanajai, garden quinine \[ \] \[ 15 \] Lantana camara L. Tickberry \[ , \] \[ 15 \] Phyla nodiflora L. Greene Syn. Berbin al-jedi, herum dezen, thayyel sini, lebbia, farfakh \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 \] Vitex agnus-castus L. Chaste tree \[ , \] \[ 20 , 21 , 22 \] Avicennia marina Forssk. Avicennia marina L. Grey mangrove, white mangrove Arb. Qurm, gurm \[ \] \[ 15 , 21 , 22 , 28 \] Violaceae Viola odorata L. Sweet violet, garden violet, common blue violet, viol, viotea \[ , \] \[ 24 \] Zingiberaceae Ginger family Alpinia galanga L. Sw Eng. Greater galangal, thai galangal, blue ginger, thai ginger \[ , \] \[ 24 \] Zingiber officinale Roscoe Eng. Ginger \[ \] \[ 24 \] Zygophyllaceae Caltrop, bean-caper, creosote-bush family Peganum harmala L. African rue, Syrian rue, wild rue, harmal shrub, harmel, isband, ozallalk, steppenraute \[ \] \[ 24 \] Tribulus parvispinus Presl Syn. Tribulus terrestris Eng. Puncture vine, Land caltrops, puncture vine Arb. Open in a new tab. Botanical Name Syn. False daisy, Trailing eclipta Arb. Branched fenugreek, egyptian fenugreek Arb. H Th A EOs. Antispasmodic activity. To treat kidney, stomach pains, thyroids problems, common cold \[ 6 \] 11 Zataria multiflora Boiss. Present References 1 Anthemis odontostephana Boiss. CO \[ 28 \] 3 Calendula arvensis L. June to Nov. San FF Feb. AD SL. Oas, Gar, Plat Jan. CO \[ 21 , 22 \] 6 Eclipta prostrata L. Plat Dec. AD Ain. Rod, Wad Jan. Qaiser and Lack RAK. Roc Wad, Plat, Wat Feb. CO CO \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 13 Pluchea ovalis pers. NC \[ 15 , 21 \] 14 Pseudognaphalium luteo-album L. Plat Feb. CO \[ 21 , 22 \] 15 Pulicaria arabica L. Wad, Wat, Plat Feb. CO \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 20 Senecio glaucus L. NC CO \[ 21 \] 22 Sphagneticola trilobata. Through the year. Spring to Autumn! Present References 1 Alhagi maurorum Medik. AD SL Sal! Cos, Dun, Rod, DS! Gar, Plat, Mou, DS! NC \[ 15 \] 5 Rhynchosia minima L. LC \[ 15 , 21 , 22 \] 6 Tephrosia persica Boiss. Apr to July! Present References 1 Lallemantia royleana Benth. RA \[ 21 \] 2 Mentha spicata. Roc Wad, Hil, Mou Feb. RA \[ 15 , 21 \] 7 Salvia mirzayanii Rech. NE RA! AB: Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria! AM: Mycotic infection with C. MD Monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, liphatic compounds, fatty acids, esters Sh! Meyer Sh. Sh Yellow color Sh,SD 0. Palmitic acid, tetradecanoic acid, linolenic acid methyl ester, phytol, decanoic acid Sh,SD. AM: Enterococcus faecium , Salmonella cholerasuis , B. Sh Yellow color Sh,HD 0. G-: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sesuvium portulacastrum. Shoreline purslane, sea purslane, sesuvium. Amaranthaceae Cockscomb family. Achyranthes aspera. Aerva javanica. Chenopodium album. Anacardiaceae The cashew, sumac family. Pistacia khinjuk. Ammi majus. Anethum graveolens. Dill Weed. Ducrosia anethifolia. Basbaz, haza. Pimpinella eriocarpa. Banks and Sol. Pimpinella puberula. Scandix pecten-veneris. Torilis leptophylla. Bristle-fruited hedge-parsley. Apocynaceae Dogbane family. Catharanthus roseus. Madagascar periwinkle. Nerium oleander. Defla, haban. Plumeria rubra. Nosegay, frangipan. Calotropis procera. Aiton W. Arecaceae Palmae, palmaceae family, palm trees. Phoenix dactylifera. Nakhl, amm-amm. Anthemis odontostephana. Artemisia sieberi. Calendula arvensis. Ain el baqr, eqhwan-asfar, hanwa, hanuwa. Cichorium intybus. Conyza bonariensis. Eclipta prostrata. Grantia aucheri. No Information. Launaea nudicaulis. Huwah al ghazal, safara, huwah, hindabah. Matricaria aurea. Matricaria chamomilla. Chamomile, camomile, german chamomile. Pluchea arabica. Qaiser and Lack. Pluchea dioscoridis. Sahikee, barnof. Pluchea ovalis. Woolly camphor-weed. Pseudognaphalium luteo-album. Pulicaria arabica. Pulicaria glutinosa. Thal, fal, shajarat fal, muhayda, mithidi, shajarat al-mithidi, shneena, zayyan. Pulicaria inuloides. No information. Pulicaria undulata. Rhanterium epapposum. Senecio glaucus. Qorreis, murair, zamlooq, shakhees, rejel al ghurab. Seriphidium herba-alba. Asso Sojak. Ata, ghata, shih. Sphagneticola trilobata. Singapore daisy, creeping-oxeye, trailing daisy, wedelia. Bignoniaceae Bignonias family. Jacaranda mimosifolia. Jacaranda, blue jacaranda, black poui, fern tree. Boraginaceae Borage, forget-me-not family. Arnebia linearifolia. Heliotropium europaeum. Trichodesma africanum. African barbbell. Capsella bursa-pastoris. Cardaria draba. Coronopus didymus. Rashad al-barr. Erucaria hispanica. Khezaam, saleeh, kromb al sahra. Eruca sativa. Girgir, jirjeer. Savignya parviflora. Delile Webb. Schimpera arabica. Sinapsis arvensis. Charlock, charlock mustard, wild mustard. Sisymbrium irio. Capparis cartilaginea. Capparis spinosa. Kobar, lasafa, fakouha, shawk mal homar, shafallah, delayeer, dabayee. Stellaria media. Meshit, hashishet el-qizaz, qizaza. Casuarinaceae Beefwood family. Casuarina equisetifolia. Rhu, casuarina tree. Cistaceae Rock-rose, rock rose family. Helianthemum kahiricum. Ragroog, qsasah, hashma. Cleome amblyocarpa. Cleome brachycarpa. Vahl ex DC. Cleome droserifolia. Cleome herb. Cleome gynandra. Abu qarim. Terminalia catappa. Convolvulaceae Morning glory, bindweed family. Ipomoea aquatica. Ipomoea obscura. Obscure morning-glory, small white morning glory. Cucurbitaceae Gourd family. Momordica charantia. Bitter melon, bitter gourd, bitter squash, balsam-pear. Luffa acutangula. Angled luffa, chinese okra, dish cloth gourd, ridged gourd, sponge gourd, vegetable gourd, strainer vine, ribbed loofah, silky gourd, ridged gourd, silk gourd, sinkwa towelsponge. Cyperaceae Sedges family. Cyperus arenarius. Cyperus conglomeratus. Ayzm, chadrum, qassis, rasha. Cyperus rotundus. Euphorbiaceae Spurge, castor, euphorbias family. Euphorbia helioscopia. Euphorbia hirta. Libbein, demeema, menthra. Euphorbia peplus. Ricinus communis. Alhagi maurorum. Shwaika, agool, heidj. Lotus halophilus. Medicago polymorpha. California burclover, toothed bur clover, toothed medick, burr medic. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa, lucerne. Rhynchosia minima. Tephrosia persica. Dhafra, omayye, nafal. Trigonella hamosa. Nafal, qutifa, qirqas, darjal, eshb al-malik, qurt. Ononis sicula. Acacia nilotica. Fruit: karat. Acacia tortilis. Prosopis farcta. Yanbut, agoul, awsaj. Frankenia pulverulenta. Molleih, hamra hmaira , Umm thurayb. Geraniaceae Geranium family. Erodium cicutarium. Ex Aiton. Hypericaceae St. Johnswort family. Hypericum perforatum. Iridaceae Irises family. Gynandriris sisyrinchium. Lallemantia royleana. Bian bing cao. Mentha spicata. Spearmint, spear mint. Ocimum forsskaolii. Salvia aegyptiaca. Salvia macilenta. Khmayzah lethnay, bithman. Salvia macrosiphon. Shajarat Al Ghazal. Salvia mirzayanii. Salvia spinosa. Shajarat al-ghazal. Teucrium polium. Felty germander. Teucrium stocksianum. Zataria multiflora. Liliaceae lily family. Dipcadi erythraeum. Webb and Berth. Lawsonia inermis. Egyptian Privet, the henna tree, mignonette tree. Corchorus depressus. Matara, seluntah, mulukhia el bar, waikai. Moringaceae Moringa family. Moringa peregrina. Myrtaceae Myrtle family. Eucalyptus camaldulensis. River red gum, red gum, Murray red. Eucalyptus pimpiniana. Oleaceae Olive family. Jasminum sambac. Olea europaea. Plantaginaceae Plantain family. Plantago amplexicaulis. Plantago boissieri. Rabl, yanam. Cenchrus ciliaris. Sadat, khadir, thumum, gharaz, drab, labaytad. Cynodon dactylon. Desmostachya bipinnata. Halfa, hafla and sanaiba. Lolium rigidum. Hayyaban, shilm, ziwan, simbil, rabiya. Cymbopogon commutatus. Alklathgar, sakhbar, hamra, idhkhir, khasaab. Cymbopogon jwarancusa. Oilgrass, iwarancusa grass. Cymbopogon schoenanthus. Adlghar, hashmah. Polygonaceae buckwheat family. Calligonum comosum. Rumex vesicarius. Ranunculaceae Buttercup, crowfoot family. Nigella sativa. Black seed, black cumin. Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family. Ziziphus jujuba. Chinese date, jujube. Ziziphus spina-christi. Rubiaceae coffee, Rue, madder, bedstraw family. Galium tricornutum. Rough corn bedstraw, roughfruit corn bedstraw and corn cleavers. Rutaceae Rue, citrus family. Haplophyllum tuberculatum. Ruta chalepensis. Rue, fringed rue. Salvadora persica. Solanaceae Nightshade family. Withania somnifera. Tamaricaceae Tamarisk family. Tamarix nilotica. Verbenaceae Verbena, vervain family. Clerodendrum inerme. Vanajai, garden quinine. Lantana camara. Phyla nodiflora. Berbin al-jedi, herum dezen, thayyel sini, lebbia, farfakh. Vitex agnus-castus L. Chaste tree. Avicennia marina. Qurm, gurm. Viola odorata. Sweet violet, garden violet, common blue violet, viol, viotea. Zingiberaceae Ginger family. Alpinia galanga. Greater galangal, thai galangal, blue ginger, thai ginger. Zingiber officinale. Zygophyllaceae Caltrop, bean-caper, creosote-bush family. Peganum harmala. African rue, Syrian rue, wild rue, harmal shrub, harmel, isband, ozallalk, steppenraute. Tribulus parvispinus. Anthemis odontostephana Boiss. Artemisia sieberi Besser Eng. Calendula arvensis L. Cichorium intybus L. Conyza bonariensis L. Med, EOs. Eclipta prostrata L. Med, Arom, EOs. Grantia aucheri Boiss. Launaea nudicaulis L. Matricaria aurea Loefl. Matricaria chamomilla L. Pluchea arabica Boiss. Pluchea dioscoridis L. Pluchea ovalis pers. Pseudognaphalium luteo-album L. Pulicaria arabica L. Pulicaria glutinosa Jaub. Pulicaria inuloides Poir. Pulicaria undulata L. Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. Senecio glaucus L. Seriphidium herba-alba Asso Sojak Syn. Sphagneticola trilobata Syn. Alhagi maurorum Medik. Med, EOs, Biof. Lotus halophilus Boiss. Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago sativa L. Rhynchosia minima L. Tephrosia persica Boiss. Trigonella hamosa L. Med, Forg, Flav, EOs. Ononis sicula Guss. Acacia nilotica L. Acacia tortilis Forssk. Med, Forg, EOs. Prosopis farcta Banks and Sol. Lallemantia royleana Benth. Mentha spicata Eng. Ocimum forsskaolii Benth. Salvia aegyptiaca L. Salvia macilenta Boiss. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. Salvia mirzayanii Rech. Salvia spinosa L. Teucrium polium L. Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. To treat kidney, stomach pains, thyroids problems, common cold. Zataria multiflora Boiss. RAK, F. Sil, Roc. NC CO. Artemisia sieberi Besser. RAK, F, S. HM, RA. FF, Mou. Oas, Gar, Plat. NC NC. Rod, Wad. AD, Du. Oas, Plat. CO NC. PX, Mou. CO CO. Wad, Plat, Wat. NE RA. San, Sal. S, F, RAK. Wad, Wat, Plat. Plat, Mou. RAK, AD. San, Sil. Apl, AF. FC FC. San, Roc. Dun, Plat, Apl, Hil. Cos, FF. Seriphidium herba-alba Asso Sojak. AD, RAK. Cos, Dun. Du, AD. Dun, Wad, Mou. F, S, RAK. RA, HM. Dun, Oas, Gar, Plat. FC NC. EE, NE. Oas, Wad, Plat, Gar, Mou. Pla, Dun. FC CO. Ain, SL. Dun, Plat, Mou. Apr to Aug. NC RA. NE NC. Wad, Hil, Mou. F, RAK. Feb to May! NC, CO. Fresh herbaceous, camphoraceous, earthy odor with a fruity and dried plum-like background. Yellow color Sh, HD. Sesquiterpenes: himachalol Sh,HD. Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli Sh,SD. Monoterpenes, light oxygenated compounds, sesquiterpenes, heavy oxygenated compounds L,HD Farnesol cis-trans, farnesol, nuciferol, trans-cadinol, eudesmol, methyl eicosane L,HD Farnesol, uiterpene alcohols, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, liphatic compounds, fatty acids, esters Sh! Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols Sh,SD. Strong odor W, HD. Phenolic compounds, monoterpene hydrocarbons, low in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons Sh,SD oxygenated monoterpenes:carvotanacetone. Yellow color Sh,SD. Terpenoids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, high amount of fatty acids, benzene compounds HD Undecanoic acid, 2-dodecanone, hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, tetracosane HD. SD or HD! Monoterpenoid compounds, sesquiterpenes St,HD Monoterpenoid compounds: menthol, limonene. Pleasant odor W,SD. Light green color L,HD. Oxygenated, non-oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes SD carvacrol, thymol Carvone, Trans carveol Sh,HD piperitone oxide, piperitenone oxide, carvone, dihydrocarvone L,HD carvone, limonene, 1,8-cineole, trans-carveol L,HD carvone, cis-carveol, limonene, 1,8 cineol, cis-dihydrocarvone, carvyl acetate, cis-sabinene hydrate Sh,HD! W, SD. Yellow color Sh,HD. Light yellow color Sh, HD.

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