Happiness Ratings
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The World Happiness Report is a publication of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. It contains articles and rankings of national happiness, based on respondent ratings of their own lives,[1] which the report also correlates with various (quality of) life factors.[2] As of March 2020, Finland was ranked the happiest country in the world three times in a row.[3][4]
The report primarily uses data from the Gallup World Poll. Each annual report is available to the public to download on the World Happiness Report website.[5] The Editors of the 2020 report are John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Jan-Emmanuel De Neve. Associate Editors are Lara B. Aknin, Shun Wang, and Haifang Huang.
In July 2011, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 65/309 Happiness: Towards a Holistic Definition of Development[6] inviting member countries to measure the happiness of their people and to use the data to help guide public policy. On April 2, 2012, this was followed by the first UN High Level Meeting called Wellbeing and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm,[7] which was chaired by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Prime Minister Jigmi Thinley of Bhutan, a nation that adopted gross national happiness instead of gross domestic product as their main development indicator.[8]
The first World Happiness Report was released on April 1, 2012 as a foundational text for the UN High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm,[9] drawing international attention.[10] The first report outlined the state of world happiness, causes of happiness and misery, and policy implications highlighted by case studies. In 2013, the second World Happiness Report was issued, and in 2015 the third. Since 2016, it has been issued on an annual basis on the 20th of March, to coincide with the UN's International Day of Happiness.[11]
The rankings of national happiness are based on a Cantril ladder survey. Nationally representative samples of respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10 scale.[12] The report correlates the life evaluation results with various life factors.[2]
The life factor variables used in the reports are reflective of determinants that explain national-level differences in life evaluations across research literature. However, certain variables, such as unemployment or inequality, are not considered as comparable data is not yet available across all countries. The variables used illustrate important correlations rather than causal estimates.[13]
The use of subjective measurements of wellbeing is meant to be a bottom-up approach which emancipates respondents to evaluate their own wellbeing.[14] In this context, the value of the Cantril Ladder is the fact that a respondent can self-anchor themselves based on their perspective.[15]
In the reports, experts in fields including economics, psychology, survey analysis, and national statistics, describe how measurements of well-being can be used effectively to assess the progress of nations, and other topics. Each report is organized by chapters that delve deeper into issues relating to happiness, including mental illness, the objective benefits of happiness, the importance of ethics, policy implications, and links with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) approach to measuring subjective well-being and other international and national efforts.
World Happiness Reports were issued in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 (an update), 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. In addition to ranking countries happiness and well-being levels, each report has contributing authors and most focus on a particular theme. The data used to rank countries in each report is drawn from the Gallup World Poll,[16] as well as other sources such as the World Values Survey, in some of the reports. The Gallup World Poll questionnaire[17] measures 14 areas within its core questions: (1) business & economic, (2) citizen engagement, (3) communications & technology, (4) diversity (social issues), (5) education & families, (6) emotions (well-being), (7) environment & energy, (8) food & shelter, (9) government and politics, (10) law & order (safety), (11) health, (12) religion & ethics, (13) transportation, and (14) work.
The 2020 World Happiness Report, released on March 20, 2020, ranks 156 countries based on an average of three years of surveys between 2017 and 2019. The 2020 report especially focuses on the environment – social, urban, and natural, and includes links between happiness and sustainable development.[18]
Finland holds the rank of the happiest country in the world for the third consecutive year.[19] It is followed by Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland and Norway. Afghanistan received the lowest score, with South Sudan and Zimbabwe just above it.[20] In addition to country rankings, this is the first year that the World Happiness Report ranks cities. The happiest city in the world is Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The report shows that the happiness ranking of cities is almost identical to that of the countries they are in.
In 2020, the editorial team expanded and Jan-Emmanuel De Neve became a Co-Editor, joining John Helliwell, Richard Layard, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre became a fourth research pillar for the Report. Associate Editors were Lara Aknin, Haifang Huang and Shun Wang, and Sharon Paculor was recognised as Production Editor. From 2020, Gallup became a full data partner.
Data is collected from people in over 150 countries. Each variable measured reveals a populated-weighted average score on a scale running from 0 to 10 that is tracked over time and compared against other countries. These variables currently include:
Each country is also compared against a hypothetical nation called Dystopia. Dystopia represents the lowest national averages for each key variable and is, along with residual error, used as a regression benchmark. The six metrics are used to explain the estimated extent to which each of these factors contribute to increasing life satisfaction when compared to the hypothetical nation of Dystopia, but they themselves do not have an impact on the total score reported for each country.[43]
The 2020 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2017–2019. Finland is the happiest country in the world, followed by Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. The data comes from the Gallup World Poll, based entirely on survey scores and answers to the main life evaluation question asked in the poll.
The 2019 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2016–2018. As per the 2019 Happiness Index, Finland is the happiest country in the world. Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Netherlands hold the next top positions. The report was published on 20 March 2019 by UN. The full report can be read at 2019 Report. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness.
The 2018 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2015–2017. As per the 2018 Happiness Index, Finland is the happiest country in the world. Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland hold the next top positions. The report was published on 14 March 2018 by UN. The full report can be read at 2018 Report. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness. The World Happiness Report 2018, which ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the happiness of their immigrants, was released on March 14 at a launch event at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican.
The 2017 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2014–2016. For that timespan, Norway was the overall happiest country in the world, even though oil prices had dropped. Close behind were Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland in a tight pack. Four of the top five countries follow the Nordic model. All the top ten countries had high scores in the six categories. The ranked follow-on countries in the top ten are: Finland, the Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Sweden.
Critics have pointed out the difference between evaluations and experiences of wellbeing.[49] [50] For instance Colombia came 37th in the 2018 World Happiness Report rankings but first by daily emotional experience in Gallup's Positive Experience Index.[51] The inconsistencies in the results of different happiness measurement surveys have also been noted, for instance, a Pew survey of 43 countries in 2014 (which excluded most of Europe) had Mexico, Israel and Venezuela finishing first, second and third.[52] Others point out that the variables of interest used by the World Happiness Report are more appropriate for measuring national-level rather than individual-level happiness.[53]
The World Happiness Report's use of a single item indicator measure of subjective well-being is fundamentally different from more traditional Index approaches which use a range of indicators such as the United Nation's Human Development Index, the OECD Better Life Index of 2011, or the Social Progress Index of 2013. There has also been an on-going debate regarding single-item and multi-item scales as measures of life satisfaction.[54]
The idea that subjective well-being can be captured by a survey has also been contested by economists, who have, identified that people’s assessments of their happiness can be affected by the way in which, for example, their country’s education system grades exams, and that survey questions on subjective wellbeing are affected by response styles. [55]
^ Score not included in the original report, but was attained by adding up Europe's scores and then dividing for an average: 6.08044.
^ Score not included in the original report, but was attained by adding up all the scores and then dividing for an average: 5.3053935483871.
^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 98 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 113 UN member states recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.
^ See the following on statehood criteria:
Mendes, Errol (30 March 2010). "Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute" (PDF). 30 March 2010: 28, 33. Retrieved 2011-04-17: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognised Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice".
McKinney, Kathryn M. (1994). "The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine". Seattle University Law Review. Seattle University. 18 (93): 97. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-04-17: "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory".
McDonald, Avril (Spring 2009). "Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute". Human Rights Brief. Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. 25. Retrieved 2011-04-17: "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."
Главная страница » Blog Post » Новости » Устойчивое развитие » Человечество » Рейтинг счастья по странам. Всемирный доклад о счастье 2020
Опубликован Всемирный доклад о счастье 2020 (World Happiness Report 2020). Это восьмая редакция знакового исследования, в котором 153 страны оцениваются по тому, насколько счастливы их граждане.
Для достижения амбициозных Целей, которые человечество поставило себе, необходим мониторинг успехов. По отдельным показателям или рейтингам (например, уровень ВИЧ в мире, уровень грамотности или изменение температуры на Земле) сделать это сложно, поэтому интересны интегральные показатели, такие как Индекс человеческого развития и Индекс счастья, в котором учитываются и субъективные ощущения людей.
В этом году Доклад о мировом счастье особое внимание уделяет окружающей среде — социальной, городской и природной.
«Доклад о мировом счастье оказался незаменимым инструментом для политиков, стремящихся лучше понять, что делает людей счастливыми, и способствовать благополучию их граждан. Снова и снова мы видим, что причины благополучия включают качественные сети социальной поддержки, социальное доверие, честное правительство, безопасную окружающую среду и здоровую жизнь», — отметил один из авторов отчета, президент Сети решений для устойчивого развития (SDSN) Джеффри Сакс.
Как и в прошлом году, рейтинг счастливых стран возглавила Финляндия, на втором месте — Дания. На третье место в этом году вышла Швейцария (поднялась на три строчки). В ТОП-5 также Исландия и Норвегия (3-е место в рейтинге прошлого года). В первой десятке рейтинга счастья лишь одна не европейская страна: на восьмой позиции осталась — Новая Зеландия, а Канада, которая в прошлом году была на 9 месте — Канада (а в позапрошлом на 7 месте) опустилась до 11-го места. Новичком Топ-10 за все время существования рейтинга стал Люксембург.
Источник: WHR20_Ch2_Statistical_Appendix. Диаграммы для других стран мира можно увидеть здесь (pdf, на стр 10-15)
Источник: World Happiness Report 2020
(Изменение индекса счастья стран мира с 2008–2012 по 2017–2019)
Источник: World Happiness Report 2020
Как менялся индекс счастья по отдельным странам, можно увидеть на страницах 9–14 здесь (pdf).
1. ВВП на душу населения (GDP per capita) с учетом внутренних цен (ППС) в USD 2011 года. Уравнение использует натуральный логарифм ВВП на душу населения, так как эта форма соответствует данным значительно лучше, чем ВВП на душу населения, рейтинг на стр. 39–41 (pdf). Подробнее об этом и следующих пунктах — в pdf, на стр. 1–2)
2. Ожидаемая продолжительность здоровой жизни (healthy life expectancy), рейтинг на стр 45-47 (pdf).
3. Социальная поддержка (social support) — средний национальный ответ на вопрос (0 или 1) Gallup World Poll (GWP) «Если бы у вас была проблема, могли бы вы рассчитывать на помощь родственников или друзей в случае необходимости?» (If you were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you whenever you need them, or not?”) (pdf, рейтинг на стр. 42-44).
4. Свобода жизненного выбора (freedom to make life choices). Средний национальный ответ на вопрос (0 или 1) Gallup World Poll (GWP): «Вы удовлетворены или не удовлетворены свободой выбора того, что вы делаете со своей жизнью?» (Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you do with your life?) (pdf, рейтинг на стр. 48–50).
5. Щедрость (generosity): «Тратили ли вы на благотворительность деньги в прошлом месяце?» (Generosity is the residual of regressing national average of response to the GWP question «Have you donated money to a charity in the past month?» on GDP per capita.) (pdf, рейтинг на стр. 51-53).
6. Восприятие коррупции (perceptions of corruption) — средний национальный ответ на вопрос (0 или 1) Gallup World Poll (GWP): «Распространена ли коррупция в правительстве или нет?» («Is corruption widespread throughout the government or not?») и «Распространена ли коррупция в бизнесе или нет?» («Is corruption widespread within businesses or not?»). Там, где отсутствуют данные о коррупции в правительстве, в качестве общей меры восприятия коррупции используется восприятие коррупции в бизнесе. (pdf, рейтинг на стр. 54-57).
Кроме того, на результат влияло субъективное ощущение счастья или несчастья. Например, учитывались ответы на вопросы о прошедшем дне: смеялись? было ли ощущение счастья? испытывали беспокойство? гнев? (Positive Affect и Negative Affect (pdf, рейтинги на стр. 57–62). Каждая страна также сравнивается с гипотетической страной под названием «Антиутопия». Антиутопия представляет самые низкие национальные средние значения для каждой ключевой переменной.
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Happiness Ratings
