Hairy Muffs Com

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8-Aminoquinolines (8-AQs) are an important class of anti-infective therapeutics. The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play a key role in metabolism of 8-AQs. A major role for MAO-A in metabolism of primaquine (PQ), the prototypical 8-AQ antimalarial, has been demonstrated. These investigations were further extended to characterize the enantioselective int...
Background:
Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS) is regarded as a sensible therapeutic strategy for the development of optimal anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids exhibit potent anti-neoplastic properties.

Methods:
The MeOH extract of Sophora flavescens was subjected to chromatographic analyses such as VLC and HPLC for the purification of active f...
The administration of primaquine (PQ), an essential drug for treatment and radical cure of malaria, can lead to methemoglobin formation and life-threatening hemolysis for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients. The ionization potential (IP, a quantitative measure of the ability to lose an electron) of the metabolites generated by anti...
Clotrimazole (CT) is a poorly soluble antifungal drug that is most commonly employed as a topical treatment in the management of vaginal candidiasis. The present work focuses on a formulation approach to enhance the solubility of CT using cyclodextrin (CD) complexation. A CT–CD complex was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Various characteriza...
Clotrimazole (CT) is a poorly soluble antifungal drug that is most commonly employed as a topical treatment in the management of vaginal candidiasis. The present work focuses on a formulation approach to enhance the solubility of CT using cyclodextrin (CD) complexation. A CT–CD complex was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Various characteriza...
Clotrimazole (CT) is a poorly soluble antifungal drug that is most commonly employed as a topical treatment in the management of vaginal candidiasis. The present work focuses on a formulation approach to enhance the solubility of CT using cyclodextrin (CD) complexation. A CT-CD complex was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Various characteriza...
The effect of an exocyclic substituent on the ionization potential of primaquine, an important antimalarial drug, was investigated using density functional theory methods. It was found that an electron-donating group (EDG) makes the ionization potential decrease. In contrast, an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) makes the ionization potential increa...
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists have potential to be used clinically to treat obesity, but there are currently no such drugs on the market. Since no X-ray crystal structure is available for CB1, considerable attempts have been made to prepare CB1 protein homology models, but in this work we propose a new CB1 inactive state model which is s...
For antimalarial 8-aminoquinoline (8-AQ) drugs, the ionization potential (the energy required to remove an electron) of their putative metabolites has been proposed to be correlated in part to their hemotoxicity potential. NPC1161 is a developmental candidate as an 8-AQ antimalarial drug. In this work, the ionization potentials (IPs) of the S-NPC11...
Currently, the only clinically approved antimalarial drug to treat relapsing malaria is primaquine (PQ), yet PQ administration can cause life-threatening hemolytic anemia in some patients. In our efforts to understand the connection between PQ and methemoglobin formation, the effect of 5-substituted primaquine derivatives on the basicity of hemoglo...
We used quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations to test if antimalarial primaquine (PQ) and its derivatives aid the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin by binding to hemoglobin and merely lowering hemoglobin's ionization potential (IP). Our results showed that PQ and its derivatives do not significantly lower the hemoglobin IP, dis...
This file contains the chemical structures of 12 co-crystallized molecules (from GSK-3 structures) in PDB database, associated with the ID number, names, and PDB ID.
In the context of drug discovery and development, much effort has been exerted to determine which conformers of a given molecule are responsible for the observed biological activity. In this work we aimed to predict bioactive conformers using a variant of supervised learning, named multiple-instance learning. A single molecule, treated as a bag of...
There are a vast number of biology related research problems involving a combination of multiple sources of data to achieve a better understanding of the underlying problems. It is important to select and interpret the most important information from these sources. Thus it will be beneficial to have a good algorithm to simultaneously extract rules...
Human biliverdin-IXα reductase (hBVR-A) catalyzes the conversion of biliverdin-IXα to bilirubin-IXα in the last step of heme degradation and is a key enzyme in regulating a wide range of cellular responses. Though the X-ray structure of hBVR-A is available including cofactor, a crystal structure with a bound substrate would be even more useful as a...
The therapeutic promise of trans-resveratrol (tRes) is limited by poor bioavailability following rapid metabolism. We hypothesise that trans-arachidin-1 (tA1) and trans-arachidin-3 (tA3), peanut hairy root-derived isoprenylated analogs of tRes, will exhibit slower metabolism/enhanced bioavailability and retain biological activity via cannabinoid re...
There are a vast number of biology related research problems involving a combination of multiple sources of data to achieve a better understanding of the underlying problems. It is important to select and interpret the most important information from these sources. Thus it will be beneficial to have a good algorithm to simultaneously extract rules...
It is commonly believed that including domain knowledge in a prediction model is desirable. However, representing and incorporating domain information in the learning process is, in general, a challenging problem. In this research, we consider domain information encoded by discrete or categorical attributes. A discrete or categorical attribute prov...
The conformations of gambogic acid were studied using force fields, MM3*, AMBER*, MMFFs and OPLS2005, and B3LYP methods. In a model molecule, only the MM3* and AMBER* methods produced the same number of conformers as B3LYP, generating two conformations for rings 1 and 2, and a single conformation for rings 3 and 4. The preferred conformations of th...
The electron affinities (EA) of the 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drug primaquine and several of its metabolites were studied using the density functional theory method. We first considered six substituents at the 5-position, -CH(3), -OH, -OCH(3), -Ph, -OPh, and -CHO. We found that in the gas phase the adiabatic EAs are similar to that of the paren...
We suggest a possible mechanism of how 8-aminoquinolines (8-AQ's) cause hemotoxicity by oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin. In our DFT calculations, we found that 5-hydroxyprimaquine is able to donate an electron to O(2) to facilitate its conversion to H(2)O(2). Meanwhile, Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) and methemoglobin is formed. In this mechan...
A conformational search on mitragynine and mitragynaline, natural products isolated from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, was performed using the MMFF94s force field and the quantum mechanical B3LYP method. The main difference for the mitragynine conformers is caused by the position of the lone pair of the nitrogen shared by rings 3 and 4. Specifi...
... Racemic primaquine and (R)-( −)-primaquine were weak and very weak inhibitors, respectively, both being nonselective inhibitors. (S)-( +)-Primaquine was also a weak inhibitor but showed 1.5-fold selectivity for inhibition of MAO A over MAO B (Chaurasiya et al. 2021) (Table 11). ...
... Due to their distinctive structure, they can form solid drug/CD (host/guest) inclusion complexes, where the guest molecule, or its hydrophobic region, is included in the nonpolar internal cavity of the host CD and, thus, solubilized by the polar outer surface (Fig. 26.3E) [86]. This feature has been exploited to prepare water soluble drug/CD inclusion nanocomplexes intended for vaginal administration of (i) female sex hormones (Progesterone) [87]; (ii) anti-Trichomonas vaginalis parasitic infection agents (Metronidazole) [88]; (iii) antifungal agents, for example, fluconazole [89], clotrimazole [90] , and voriconazole [91]; (iv) anti-HIV microbicidal agents (UAMC01398) [92]; and (v) anticervicitis agents (Baicalein) [ Residence time in the vaginal cavity can be increased and drug release sustained by incorporating the nanocomplexes into mucoadhesive vaginal formulations, for example, gels prepared with HPMC [90] and HPMC, PAA or sodium alginate [89], in situ thermosensitive gels obtained with poloxamers 188 and 407 [91], and mucoadhesive tablets formulated using Carbopol 934, HPMC, and xanthan gum 200 [94]. ...
... Hydrogen bonding is observed between C-4 carbonyl oxygen and sulphonyl hydrogen of Cys161, 7-OH and carbonyl oxygen of Ser 265 and carboxylate oxygen of Asp254. The negative vander waal interactions with hydrophobic amino acid residues and hydrogen bonding highly enhance the binding affinity in the KS domain (Oh et al., 2017) . Luteolin (13), a flavonoid present in celery, thyme, green peppers, chamomile tea, etc., has a structure that resembles P13K inhibitor showing an IC 50 value of 2.5 µg/ml against FASN. ...
... G.J. Vishalakshi et al. Toxicology in Vitro 52 (2018) 286-296 a condition referred as methemoglobinemia (Dong et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2016) . Methemoglobinemia is associated with cyanosis, anxiety, headache, fatigue, dizziness, tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and circulatory failure, increased tachycardia, acidosis, coma, seizures and pathological conditions such as malaria and sickle cell anemia (Naveenkumar et al., 2017). ...
... The twodimensional structure of KTZ was drawn in the Maestro structure builder following the coordinates depicted in the PubChem database (PubChem CID: 3823). The drawn structure was optimized using the OPLS3 forcefield under LigPrep/ Epik at physiological pH 7.4 to generate the appropriate ionization state (Mohammed et al., 2016) . The structure of SBE-β-CD was developed as per our previous reported procedures. ...
... Ionization potential or electron affinity signifies how easily an electron can be removed from the HOMO or can be added to the LUMO, forming either a cationic or an anionic radical. The redox instability or toxicity increases with decrease in their value[106, 107] . The stable FDA approved or commercialized drugs usually exhibit IP: 4  15 eV and EA: -3 7 eV. ...
... Another recent example is the high-throughput screen of over 3,000 CB 1 antagonists by Liu et al., who modeled CB 1 from the rhodopsin template. Multiple CB 1 homology models were tested, and the best one was selected for use in virtual screening (Liu et al., 2014) . Homology modeling has been more important for CB 2 , and with the continuing lack of an agonist-bound form, remains essential. ...
... Recently, we proposed a mechanism according to which methemoglobin-forming potential is determined in part by the ability of 8-AQ derivatives to lose an electron, i.e., the higher the ionization potential (IP) of the compound, the lower the methemoglobin formation it will cause. 43−46 Furthermore, we also employed intensive computational approaches to evaluate the potential hemotoxicity, feasibility of formation, and regioselectivity of formation of hydroxylated metabolites of NPC1161, 47 and analyzed the effect of exocyclic substituents on the IP of primaquine. 48 In the studies described in this article, demethoxylated primaquine (AQ02) was employed as a model to investigate the effects on IP of hydroxylation at different positions. ...
... Por tanto, un importante aspecto a considerar en estudios genéticos por el agravamiento de la hemolisis de eritrocitos, y en consecuencia del grado de anemia, es la determinación poblacional de G6PD en el tratamiento del paludismo, respecto a la posibilidad de aumento de la dosis o la prolongación del número de días de tratamiento en los casos de resistencia o recidiva, particularmente porque el descubrimiento de hemólisis en hombres con deficiencia de G6PD como resultado de tratamiento antimalárico con primaquina data de 1950, y especialmente cuando en 2016 se publica una prevalencia de 3,5% de deficiencia de G6PD en zonas venezolanas (Bolívar y Amazonas) endémicas de paludismo, en que se excluye a la población indígena por considerar escaso su flujo génico [11] [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . ...
... Since the methemoglobinemia involves a redox reaction, we believe that electron transfer processes are the key to understanding its mechanism. Based on our extensive density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) studies, we tested the possibilities that (i) PQ and its derivatives are not involved in the electron transfer process 26 or that (ii) they act as the electron acceptor, 27 and showed proof against both proposed mechanisms. The third possibility is that PQ and its derivatives act as the electron donor in the redox process, which is in fact supported by our computational studies. ...
Chemical Research in Toxicology (4)
Medicinal Chemistry Communication (2)
Journal of Molecular Structure THEOCHEM (1)
School of Pharmacy BioMolecular Sciences Department of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacognosy National Center for Natural Products Research
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