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His attempt to fortify the Roman Empire is well known. But an exhibition focuses on another side of the man. By Arifa Akbar
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The bust is classically Roman, the face imperious. But this is no ordinary emperor. As a major new exhibition at the British Museum makes clear, Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus was not only a peacemaker who pulled his soldiers out of modern-day Iraq. He was also the first leader of Rome to make it clear that he was gay.
Hadrian: Empire and Conflict will see the bust make pilgrimages to both ends of Hadrian's Wall, the first time it has left the British Museum since being found in the Thames 200 years ago. But it is the singular life-story of the gay emperor that is likely to capture the interest of most visitors.
After being made emperor AD117, he inherited a Roman Empire in its prime, which had thrived on a policy of endless expansion and conquest.
His first move, within hours of coronation, was to withdraw his troops from Mesopotamia, now Iraq, and fortify the empire's boundaries by building his eponymous wall in northern England and others in the Danube and the Rhine valleys, ushering in a new era of peace. The reign that followed can be traced through 200 ancient treasures, many of which have never been display in Britain.
Several of the artefacts relate to his male consort, Antinous, who accompanied him on his travels around the empire. These items include a poem written on papyrus, featuring the two men hunting together, and new finds that include memorials to the dead lover at Hadrian's villa in Tivoli.
Although it was not uncommon for his predecessors to have taken gay lovers alongside a female spouse, Hadrian was unique in making his love "official" in a way that no other emperor had before him.
When Antinous drowned in mysterious circumstances, Hadrian was so distraught that he chose to commemorate the young Greek by naming an Egyptian city in his honour. Thorsten Opper, curator of the exhibition, said what was unusual in Hadrian's attitude towards Antinous was the way in which he publicly deified him.
"He had to marry, and he had a politically arranged marriage to Sabina, who was the great-niece of the former emperor Trajan, which in effect, set up his succession. But clearly, it was a loveless marriage with no children. What was unusual is that he had a lot of flings, and then after his lover drowned in the Nile AD130 he made him a god.
"Hadrian was clearly bereaved and he had lots of images put up. When a city was founded close to the spot where Antinous drowned, he named it Antinopolis. It was a sort of hero cult-worship of Antinous," he said.
The emperor's sexuality was by no means the only unusual aspect of his reign. The decision to pull his troops out of Mesopotamia might have been frowned upon in an empire that had built its might on a bellicose foreign policy, but Hadrian's charisma won over the masses.
Neil MacGregor, director of the British Museum, said: "The exhibition will provide an opportunity to assess the important legacy of the emperor Hadrian, a classical figure whose reign has telling relevance to our lives today."
Mr Opper said there were similarities between second-century Mesopotamia and present-day Iraq, with the Roman occupiers finding themselves in a hotbed of violence and resistance.
"We must not mistake [Hadrian's] motives for pulling his troops out of Mesopotamia," Mr Opper said. "He didn't really have a choice. It had just been conquered by his predecessor and there was a lot of guerrilla warfare, which is eerily just like modern times. What he did was give the empire breathing space and while he was a very experienced military leader, we also get the impression he was very cultured and he fostered Greek identity and made them partners in leadership."
As the "people's king" – he travelled with his troops and ate the same rations – he laid the foundations of the Byzantine Empire and changed the name of Judea to create Palestine, among other legacies.
At times, however, even Hadrian's Rome played the role of violent occupier. During a suppression of a Jewish rebellion in Judea, Roman warriors were dispatched to take control ofthe region, leading to the death of 580,000 Jews. "It was probably as a punishment that he changed the name of Judea to Palestine," said Mr Opper.
The exhibition, which brings together loans from 31 countries, will display sculpture, bronzes and architectural fragments. Highlights include the Vindoanda tablets from Hadrian's Wall and a bronze head of the emperor discovered in the Thames in 1834, which will travel to both ends of Hadrian's Wall. The head comes from a statue that may have been erected in a public space in London AD122 to commemorate Hadrian's visit to Britain.
Other highlights are a bronze bust from Israel found in 1975, a papyrus fragment of Hadrian's autobiography from the Bodleian Library that has never before been on public display, fragments from Hadrian's tomb and gilded bronze peacocks measuring two metres lent by the Vatican's Museum for the first time.
The show runs from 24 July until 26 October
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Hadrian was known for his love of Greek culture and tireless travels all around the empire. He happened to be homosexual as well. Although common for the Roman emperors to have male lovers, Hadrian ...
In the Roman Empire, bisexuality was common by the second century AD so there wouldn't have been any open objection to the relationship between Hadrian and Antinous. The emperor met Antinous in 123 or 124 in the young man's hometown of Claudiopolis (Bolu) and was probably attracted to him due to the boy's perceived wisdom.
He was also the first leader of Rome to make it clear that he was gay. Hadrian : Empire and Conflict will see the bust make pilgrimages to both ends of Hadrian's Wall, the first time it has left the...
Hadrian may have been gay in the modern sense of being only attracted to other men, rather than being bisexual which was relatively common in the Roman world. Certainly, what made him stand out most amongst other emperors was the uniquely public show of adoration which he lavished upon one male lover - Antinous.
Hadrian (/ ˈ h eɪ d r i ən /; Latin: Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus [ˈkae̯sar trajˈjaːnʊs (h)adriˈjaːnʊs]; 24 January 76 - 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born into a Roman family which had settled in Spain some 250 years before, from the Italian city of Atri in Picenum.His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan.
Antinous was the homosexual lover and companion of the Emperor Hadrian . Nothing is known of his origin or age. Antinous was a Bithynian Greek youth who Hadrian became attracted to. He perhaps caught Hadrians eye on his trip to Bithynia about 123AD. Hadrian then took him to Rome where he was educated.
Another leader who showered his male lover with attention, Hadrian was in a politically arranged marriage to the great-niece of his predecessor — a loveless union that bore no children. It wasn't...
Most pieces simply focus on Hadrian's deification of Antinous and present their relationship as a gay love story for the ages. They were, "banging each other's brains out from Britain to Byzantium," and after Antinous drowned in the Nile, " Hadrian's reaction to the death of his boyfriend was nothing short of absolutely epic (ROMEO 2018)."
From the Emperor Hadrian to anthropologist Margaret Mead and notorious gangster Ronnie Kray, the authors excavate the buried history of queer lives. This includes kings, fascist thugs such as Nazi founder Ernst Rohm, artists, and debauched bon viveurs. ... Bad Gays is a passionate argument for rethinking gay politics beyond questions of ...
Antinous or Antinoös (/ æ n ˈ t ɪ n oʊ ʌ s /; Greek: Ἀντίνοος; 27 November, c. 111 - before 30 October 130) was a Greek youth from Bithynia and a favourite beloved of the Roman emperor Hadrian . After his premature death before his twentieth birthday, Antinous was deified on Hadrian's orders, being worshipped in both the Greek East and Latin West, sometimes as a god (θεός ...
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see Hadrian (disambiguation) .
Hadrian in armour, wearing the gorgoneion on his breastplate ; marble, Roman artwork , c. 127–128 AD, from Heraklion , Crete , now in the Louvre , Paris
Statue of Hadrian unearthed at Tel Shalem commemorating Roman military victory over Simon bar Kokhba , displayed at the Israel Museum , Jerusalem
Porphyry statue of Hadrian discovered in Caesarea , Israel
Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned
grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
^ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
^ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian" .
^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
^ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus" .
^ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3
^ Smith (1870), "Hadrian" , pp. 319–322.
^ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim ; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
^ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor , p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.
^ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 162.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levick (2014), p. 164.
^ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
^ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
^ The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 72.22 ) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24 .
^ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
^ Jump up to: a b c Levick (2014), p. 117.
^ Salmon, 333
^ Ando, Clifford "Phoenix", Phoenix , 52 (1998), pp. 183–185. JSTOR 1088268 .
^ Kouremenos, Anna 2022: https://www.academia.edu/43746490/_Forthcoming_The_City_of_Hadrian_and_not_of_Theseus_A_Cultural_History_of_Hadrians_Arch
^ Mary T. Boatwright (2008). "From Domitian to Hadrian". In Barrett, Anthony (ed.). Lives of the Caesars . Wiley-Blackwell. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4051-2755-4 .
^ Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica , Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408.
^ Ronald Syme, "Hadrian and Italica" ( Journal of Roman Studies , LIV, 1964; pp. 142–149) supports the position that Rome was Hadrian's birthplace. Canto argues that among the ancient sources, only the Historia Augusta , Vita Hadriani 2,4, claims this. 25 other sources, including Hadrian's horoscope, state that he was born in Italica. See Stephan Heiler, "The Emperor Hadrian in the Horoscopes of Antigonus of Nicaea", in Günther Oestmann, H. Darrel Rutkin, Kocku von Stuckrad , eds., Horoscopes and Public Spheres: Essays on the History of Astrology , Walter de Gruyter, 2005, p. 49 ISBN 978-3-11-018545-4 : Cramer, FH., Astrology in Roman Law and Politics , Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 37, Philadelphia, 1954 (reprinted 1996), 162–178, footnotes 121b, 122 et al., Googlebooks preview O. Neugebauer and H. B. Van Hoesen, "Greek Horoscopes" Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 48, 76, Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 80–90, 91, and footnote 19, googlebooks preview of 1987 edition
^ Jump up to: a b Royston Lambert, Beloved And God , pp. 31–32.
^ CIL VI 10909 ([Text http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR131420&partId=1 ] on the Epigraphic Database Roma)
^ Morwood 2013 , pp. 5 & 43.
^ Opper 2008 , p. 34.
^ On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian's birth see R. Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in Roman Papers IV (Oxford, 1988), pp. 96–114. Hadrian went on to build an Imperial villa at Tivoli (Tibur)
^ Alicia M. Canto, "La dinastía Ulpio-Aelia (96–192 d.C.): ni tan Buenos, ni tan Adoptivos ni tan Antoninos". Gerión (21.1): 263–305. 2003
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 24–26
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 16–17
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 37
^ John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99 . Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-34958-3 , p. 109
^ Thorsten Opper, The Emperor Hadrian . British Museum Press, 2008, p. – 39
^ Jörg Fündling, Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta (= Antiquitas. Reihe 4: Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Serie 3: Kommentare, Bände 4.1 und 4.2). Habelt, Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-7749-3390-1 , p. 351.
^ John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis , p. 109; Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History – XI . Cambridge U. P.: 2000, ISBN 0-521-26335-2 , p. 133.
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 54
^ Boatwright, in Barrett, p. 158
^ The text of Historia Augusta ( Vita Hadriani , 3.8) is garbled, stating that Hadrian's election to the praetorship was contemporary "to the second consulate of Suburanus and Servianus" – two characters that had non-simultaneous second consulships – so Hadrian's election could be dated to 102 or 104, the later date being the most accepted
^ Jump up to: a b Bowman, p. 133
^ Anthony Everitt, 2013, Chapter XI: "holding back the Sarmatians" may simply have meant maintaining and patrolling the border.
^ Giurescu & Fischer-Galaţi 1998 , p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b Mócsy 2014 , p. 94.
^ Bârcă 2013 , p. 19.
^ Mócsy 2014 , p. 101.
^ The inscription in footnote 1
^ The Athenian inscription confirms and expands the one in Historia Augusta ; see John Bodel, ed., Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History From Inscriptions . Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-11623-6 , p. 89
^ His career in office up to 112/113 is attested by the Athens inscription, 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365: decemvir stlitibus iudicandis / sevir turmae equitum Romanorum/ praefectus Urbi feriarum Latinarum/ tribunus militum legionis II Adiutricis Piae Fidelis (95, in Pannonia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis V Macedonicae (96, in Moesia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis (97, in Germania Superior)/ quaestor (101)/ ab actis senatus/ tribunus plebis (105)/ praetor (106)/ legatus legionis I Minerviae Piae Fidelis (106, in Germania Inferior)/ legatus Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Inferioris (107)/ consul suffectus (108)/ septemvir epulonum (before 112)/ sodalis Augustalis (before 112)/ archon Athenis (112/13) .
He also held office as legatus Syriae (117): see H. W. Benario in Roman-emperors.org Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Anthony Birley, Hadrian the Restless Emperor , p. 68
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 75
^ Karl Strobel: Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte . Regensburg: 2010, p. 401.
^ Robert H. Allen, The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia , Jefferson: Mcfarland, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7864-2349-1 , p. 120
^ Hidalgo de la Vega, Maria José: "Plotina, Sabina y Las Dos Faustinas: La Función de Las Augustas en La Politica Imperial". Studia historica, Historia antigua , 18, 2000, pp. 191–224. Available at [1] . Retrieved 11 January 2017
^ Plotina may have sought to avoid the fate of her contemporary, former empress Domitia Longina , who had fallen into social and political oblivion: see François Chausson, "Variétés Généalogiques IV:Cohésion, Collusions, Collisions: Une Autre Dynastie Antonine", in Giorgio Bonamente, Hartwin Brandt, eds., Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense . Bari: Edipuglia, 2007, ISBN 978-88-7228-492-6 , p. 143
^ Marasco, p. 375
^ Tracy Jennings, "A Man Among Gods: Evaluating the Significance of Hadrian's Acts of Deification." Journal of Undergraduate Research : 54. Available at [2] Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 15 April 2017
^ This made Hadrian the first senator in history to have an Augusta as his mother-in-law, something that his contemporaries could not fail to notice: see Christer Brun, "Matidia die Jüngere", IN Anne Kolb, ed., Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof?: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis II. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18.-20. 9. 2008 . Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-05-004898-7 ,
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