Hadrian History
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Hadrian History
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This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see Hadrian (disambiguation) .
Hadrian in armour, wearing the gorgoneion on his breastplate ; marble, Roman artwork , c. 127–128 AD, from Heraklion , Crete , now in the Louvre , Paris
Statue of Hadrian unearthed at Tel Shalem commemorating Roman military victory over Simon bar Kokhba , displayed at the Israel Museum , Jerusalem
Porphyry statue of Hadrian discovered in Caesarea , Israel
Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned
grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
^ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
^ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian" .
^ Jump up to: a b Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
^ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
^ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus" .
^ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3
^ Smith (1870), "Hadrian" , pp. 319–322.
^ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim ; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
^ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor , p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.
^ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levick (2014), p. 162.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levick (2014), p. 164.
^ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
^ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
^ The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 72.22 ) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24 .
^ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
^ Jump up to: a b c Levick (2014), p. 117.
^ Salmon, 333
^ Ando, Clifford "Phoenix", Phoenix , 52 (1998), pp. 183–185. JSTOR 1088268 .
^ Kouremenos, Anna 2022: https://www.academia.edu/43746490/_Forthcoming_The_City_of_Hadrian_and_not_of_Theseus_A_Cultural_History_of_Hadrians_Arch
^ Mary T. Boatwright (2008). "From Domitian to Hadrian". In Barrett, Anthony (ed.). Lives of the Caesars . Wiley-Blackwell. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4051-2755-4 .
^ Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica , Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408.
^ Ronald Syme, "Hadrian and Italica" ( Journal of Roman Studies , LIV, 1964; pp. 142–149) supports the position that Rome was Hadrian's birthplace. Canto argues that among the ancient sources, only the Historia Augusta , Vita Hadriani 2,4, claims this. 25 other sources, including Hadrian's horoscope, state that he was born in Italica. See Stephan Heiler, "The Emperor Hadrian in the Horoscopes of Antigonus of Nicaea", in Günther Oestmann, H. Darrel Rutkin, Kocku von Stuckrad , eds., Horoscopes and Public Spheres: Essays on the History of Astrology , Walter de Gruyter, 2005, p. 49 ISBN 978-3-11-018545-4 : Cramer, FH., Astrology in Roman Law and Politics , Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 37, Philadelphia, 1954 (reprinted 1996), 162–178, footnotes 121b, 122 et al., Googlebooks preview O. Neugebauer and H. B. Van Hoesen, "Greek Horoscopes" Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 48, 76, Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 80–90, 91, and footnote 19, googlebooks preview of 1987 edition
^ Jump up to: a b Royston Lambert, Beloved And God , pp. 31–32.
^ CIL VI 10909 ([Text http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR131420&partId=1 ] on the Epigraphic Database Roma)
^ Morwood 2013 , pp. 5 & 43.
^ Opper 2008 , p. 34.
^ On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian's birth see R. Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in Roman Papers IV (Oxford, 1988), pp. 96–114. Hadrian went on to build an Imperial villa at Tivoli (Tibur)
^ Alicia M. Canto, "La dinastía Ulpio-Aelia (96–192 d.C.): ni tan Buenos, ni tan Adoptivos ni tan Antoninos". Gerión (21.1): 263–305. 2003
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 24–26
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 16–17
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 37
^ John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99 . Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-34958-3 , p. 109
^ Thorsten Opper, The Emperor Hadrian . British Museum Press, 2008, p. – 39
^ Jörg Fündling, Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta (= Antiquitas. Reihe 4: Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Serie 3: Kommentare, Bände 4.1 und 4.2). Habelt, Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-7749-3390-1 , p. 351.
^ John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis , p. 109; Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History – XI . Cambridge U. P.: 2000, ISBN 0-521-26335-2 , p. 133.
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 54
^ Boatwright, in Barrett, p. 158
^ The text of Historia Augusta ( Vita Hadriani , 3.8) is garbled, stating that Hadrian's election to the praetorship was contemporary "to the second consulate of Suburanus and Servianus" – two characters that had non-simultaneous second consulships – so Hadrian's election could be dated to 102 or 104, the later date being the most accepted
^ Jump up to: a b Bowman, p. 133
^ Anthony Everitt, 2013, Chapter XI: "holding back the Sarmatians" may simply have meant maintaining and patrolling the border.
^ Giurescu & Fischer-Galaţi 1998 , p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b Mócsy 2014 , p. 94.
^ Bârcă 2013 , p. 19.
^ Mócsy 2014 , p. 101.
^ The inscription in footnote 1
^ The Athenian inscription confirms and expands the one in Historia Augusta ; see John Bodel, ed., Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History From Inscriptions . Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-11623-6 , p. 89
^ His career in office up to 112/113 is attested by the Athens inscription, 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365: decemvir stlitibus iudicandis / sevir turmae equitum Romanorum/ praefectus Urbi feriarum Latinarum/ tribunus militum legionis II Adiutricis Piae Fidelis (95, in Pannonia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis V Macedonicae (96, in Moesia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis (97, in Germania Superior)/ quaestor (101)/ ab actis senatus/ tribunus plebis (105)/ praetor (106)/ legatus legionis I Minerviae Piae Fidelis (106, in Germania Inferior)/ legatus Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Inferioris (107)/ consul suffectus (108)/ septemvir epulonum (before 112)/ sodalis Augustalis (before 112)/ archon Athenis (112/13) .
He also held office as legatus Syriae (117): see H. W. Benario in Roman-emperors.org Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Anthony Birley, Hadrian the Restless Emperor , p. 68
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 75
^ Karl Strobel: Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte . Regensburg: 2010, p. 401.
^ Robert H. Allen, The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia , Jefferson: Mcfarland, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7864-2349-1 , p. 120
^ Hidalgo de la Vega, Maria José: "Plotina, Sabina y Las Dos Faustinas: La Función de Las Augustas en La Politica Imperial". Studia historica, Historia antigua , 18, 2000, pp. 191–224. Available at [1] . Retrieved 11 January 2017
^ Plotina may have sought to avoid the fate of her contemporary, former empress Domitia Longina , who had fallen into social and political oblivion: see François Chausson, "Variétés Généalogiques IV:Cohésion, Collusions, Collisions: Une Autre Dynastie Antonine", in Giorgio Bonamente, Hartwin Brandt, eds., Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense . Bari: Edipuglia, 2007, ISBN 978-88-7228-492-6 , p. 143
^ Marasco, p. 375
^ Tracy Jennings, "A Man Among Gods: Evaluating the Significance of Hadrian's Acts of Deification." Journal of Undergraduate Research : 54. Available at [2] Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 15 April 2017
^ This made Hadrian the first senator in history to have an Augusta as his mother-in-law, something that his contemporaries could not fail to notice: see Christer Brun, "Matidia die Jüngere", IN Anne Kolb, ed., Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof?: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis II. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18.-20. 9. 2008 . Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-05-004898-7 , p. 230
^ Thorsten Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict . Harvard University Press, 2008, p. 170
^ David L. Balch, Carolyn Osiek, eds., Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue . Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-8028-3986-X , p. 301
^ Anthony R Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor , p. 54
^ Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History , XI, p. 133
^ Mackay, Christopher. Ancient Rome: a Military and Political History . Cambridge U. Press: 2007, ISBN 0-521-80918-5 , p. 229
^ Fündling, 335
^ Gabriele Marasco, ed., Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion . Leiden: Brill, 2011, ISBN 978-90-04-18299-8 , p. 375
^ Historia Augusta , Life of Hadrian , 3.7
^ In 23 BC Augustus handed a similar ring to his heir apparent, Agrippa : see Judith Lynn Sebesta, Larissa Bonfante, eds., The World of Roman Costume . University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, p. 78
^ Fündling, 351
^ Fündling, 384; Strobel, 401.
^ John Richardson, "The Roman Mind and the power of fiction" IN Lewis Ayres, Ian Gray Kidd, eds. The Passionate Intellect: Essays on the Transformation of Classical Traditions : Presented to Professor I.G. Kidd . New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1995, ISBN 1-56000-210-7 , p. 128
^ Elizabeth Speller, p. 25
^ Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 80
^ Stephan Brassloff, "Die Rechtsfrage bei der Adoption Hadrians". Hermes 49. Bd., H. 4 (Sep. 1914), pp. 590–601
^ The coin legend runs HADRIANO TRAIANO CAESARI; see Roman, Yves, Rémy, Bernard & Riccardi, Laurent:" Les intrigues de Plotine et la succession de Trajan. À propos d'un aureus au nom d'Hadrien César". Révue des études anciennes , T. 111, 2009, no. 2, pp. 508–517
^ Historia Augusta , Life of Hadrian, 6.2
^ Egyptian papyri tell of one such ceremony between 117 and 118; see Michael Peppard, The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context . Oxford U. Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-975370-3 , pp. 72f
^ Royston Lambert, p. 34
^ Cizek, Eugen. L'éloge de Caius Avidius Nigrinus chez Tacite et le " complot " des consulaires. In: Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé , no. 3, octobre 1980. pp. 276–294. Retrieved 10 June 2015. Available at [3]
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Speller.
^ It is likely that Hadrian found Attianus' ambition suspect. Attianus was likely dead, or executed, by the end of Hadrian's reign; see Françoise Des Boscs-Plateaux, Un parti hispanique à Rome?: ascension des élites hispaniques et pouvoir politique d'Auguste à Hadrien, 27 av. J.-C.-138 ap. J.-C. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2005, ISBN 84-95555-80-8 , p. 611
^ Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict , 55
^ John Antony Crook, Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian . Cambridge University Press: 1955, pp. 54f
^ Marasco, p. 377
^ Michel Christol & D. Nony, Rome et son Empire . Paris: Hachette, 2003, ISBN 2-01-145542-1 , p. 158
^ Hadrien Bru, Le pouvoir impérial dans les provinces syriennes: Représentations et célébrations d'Auguste à Constantin . Leiden: Brill, 2011, ISBN 978-90-04-20363-1 , pp. 46f
^ Carcopino Jérôme. "L'hérédité dynastique chez les Antonins". Revue des Études Anciennes . Tome 51, 1949, no.3–4. pp. 262–321.
^ Cizek, "L'éloge de Caius Avidius Nigrinus"
^ Nigrinus' ambiguous relationship with Hadrian would have consequences late in Hadrian's reign, when he had to plan his own succession; see Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the triumph of Rome . New York: Random House, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4000-6662-9 .
^ Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 91
^ Christol & Nony, p. 158
^ Richard P. Saller, Personal Patronage Under the Early Empire . Cambridge University Press: 2002, ISBN 0-521-23300-3 , p. 140
^ Richard A. Bauman, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome . London: Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-203-42858-7 , p. 83
^ Digest , 49 2, I,2, quoted by P.E. Corbett, "The Legislation of Hadrian". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register , Vol. 74, No. 8 (Jun. 1926), pp. 753–766
^ Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 88
^ Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order . Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0 , p. 153
^ Rose Mary Sheldon, Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods But Verify . London: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-7146-5480-9 , p. 253
^ Kennedy, Maev (9 June 2008). "How Victorian restorers faked the clothes that seemed to show Hadrian's softer side" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 June 2008 .
^ Paul Veyne, Le Pain et le Cirque , Paris: Seuil, 1976, ISBN 2-02-004507-9 , p. 655
^ András Mócsy, Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire , Routledge, 2014 Hadrian
^ Paul Veyne, " Humanitas : Romans and non-Romans". In Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans , University of Chicago Press: 1993, ISBN 0-226-29049-2 , p. 364
^ Jump up to: a b Christol & Nony, p. 159
^ Larry Joseph Kreitzer, Striking New Images: Roman Imperial Coinage and the New Testament World . Sheffield: A & C Black, 1996, ISBN 1-85075-623-6 , pp. 194ff
^ Simon Goldhill, Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire . Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 12 ISBN 0-521-66317-2
^ Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 123
^ Opper, p. 79
^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae , Hadrian, xi, 2
^ Nick Hodgson, Hadrian's Wall: Archaeology and history at the limit of Rome's empire . Ramsbury: Crowood Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-7-1982-159-2
^ Patrick le Roux, Le haut-Empire romain en Occident d'Auguste aux Sévères . Paris: Seuil, 1998, ISBN 2-02-025932-X , p. 396
^ Breeze, David J., and Brian Dobson, "Hadrian's Wall: Some Problems", Britannia , Vol. 3, (1972), pp. 182–208
^ "Britannia on British Coins" . Chard . Retrieved 25 June 2006 .
^ Jump up to: a b Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 145
^ Potter, David S. (2014). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 . Routledge . p. 77. ISBN 9781134694778 .
^ Jason König, Katerina Oikonomopoulou, Greg Woolf, eds. Ancient Libraries . Cambridge U. Press: 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-01256-1 , p. 251
^ Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the triumph of Rome .
^ William E. Mierse, Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D. . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, ISBN 0-520-20377-1 , p. 141
^ Royston Lambert, pp. 41–2
^ Anthony Birley, pp. 151–2, 176-180
^ The rebuilding continued until late in Hadrian's reign; in 138 a statue of Zeus was erected there, dedicated to Hadrian as Cyrene's "saviour and founder". See E. Mary Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations . Leiden, Brill, 2001, 0-391-04155-X, p. 410
^ Anthony Birley, pp. 153–5
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony Birley, pp. 157–8
^ Royston Lambert, pp. 60–1
^ Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict , p. 171
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 164–7
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 175–7
^ Kaja Harter-Uibopuu, "Hadrian and the Athenian Oil Law", in O.M. Van Nijf – R. Alston (ed.), Feeding the Ancient Greek city . Groningen- Royal Holloway Studies on the Greek City after the Classical Age, vol. 1, Louvain 2008, pp. 127–141
^ Brenda Longfellow, Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes . Cambridge U. Press: 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-19493-8 , p. 120
^ Verhoogen Violette. Review of Graindor (Paul). Athènes sous Hadrien , Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire , 1935, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 926–931. Available at [4] . Retrieved 20 June 2015
^ Mark Golden, Greek Sport and Social Status , University of Texas Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-292-71869-2 , p. 88
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 182–4
^ Cynthia Kosso, Anne Scott, eds., The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance . Leiden: Brill, 2009, ISBN 978-90-04-17357-6 , pp. 216f
^ Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis , Truly Beyond Wonders: Aelius Aristides and the Cult of Asklepios . OUP : 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-956190-2 , p. 171
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 177–80
^ David S. Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 . London: Routledge, 2014, ISBN 978-0-415-84054-5 , p. 44
^ Jump up to: a b Boatwright, p. 134
^ K. W. Arafat, Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers . Cambridge U. Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-55340-7 , pp. 162, 185
^ Birley, "Hadrian and Greek Senators" , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 116 (1997), pp. 209–245. Retrieved 23 July 2015
^ Christol & Nony, p. 203
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 182–4
^ Jump up to: a b c Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 191–200
^ J. Declareuil, Rome the Law-Giver , London: Routledge, 2013, ISBN 0-415-15613-0 , p. 72
^ Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-520-22067-6
^ Royston Lambert, pp. 71–2
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 213–4
^ Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor , pp. 215–20
^ Boatwright, p. 81
^ Foertmeyer, Victoria Anne (1989). Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt (PhD). Princeton. pp. 107–108.
^ Birley, Restless Emperor , p. 235
^ Boatwright, p. 142
^ Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict , p. 173
^ Historia Augusta (c. 395) Hadr. 14.5–7
^ Foertmeyer, pp. 107–108
^ Cortes Copete Juan Manuel. "El fracaso del primer proyecto panhelénico de Adriano". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne , vol. 25, n°2, 199
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