Ha Long where can I buy cocaine

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Ha Long where can I buy cocaine

In recent years, however, smaller karaoke parlors and hotels have been carving out their own section of the lucrative drug market. Now, that number has nearly tripled. According to experienced KTV restaurant owners, it takes just one to two years to break even, as long as the owner can keep a steady stream of customers. On weekend nights, partyers rent soundproof rooms on the upper floors and buy drugs from the venue owners. Though they are not as fancy as large KTV venues, their privacy is highly valued by customers who wish to rent the room overnight and sleep until the afternoon the next day — a service not offered by professional KTV restaurants. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter to get the latest news about Vietnam! The Vietnamese chef is confident in using local ingredients and flavor profiles while creating Michelin-level cuisine. Traditionally taken black, sometimes with condensed milk, or even egg, coffee has long been an integral part of Vietnamese culture. Chan flew to Ho Chi Minh City in December to open a fitness studio, without knowing that she would go down a complete different path. The current national rail network in Vietnam lags behind those of neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. The PDP8 will be amended in a way to also add more renewables to the mix, including solar and wind. Despite her own immense hardship, she has taken in and cared for hundreds of orphans over the past three decades. Vietnam's economic growth momentum is relatively strong, with improvements in many areas such as export and import, manufacturing, retail, real estate, and tourism. If the festival proceeds, it will feature hot-air balloon performances, paid hot-air balloon rides, paragliding shows, and carnival street parades. Vietnam's gross domestic product is expected to grow by 6. The aircraft remained at Da Nang International Airport on Monday morning for further inspection and repairs. Features classical weather Vietnam sport Miss International Queen. Inside a karaoke bar in Vietnam. Why is delivery from China to online shoppers in Vietnam so swift? Most viewed 1 Foreigner caught bringing 7kg of suspected gold bars to Vietnam 2 days ago. Extreme rainfall in forecast for central Vietnam early next week 1 day ago. Tropical depression or storm likely to hit East Vietnam Sea next week 2 days ago. Bird strike damage grounds Korean Air flight in Vietnam 10 hours ago. Vietnam's young coffee entrepreneurs brew up a revolution Features. Is color analysis beauty without surgery in Ho Chi Minh City? Read more Introducing chef Summer Le and the strength found within Vietnamese cuisine The Vietnamese chef is confident in using local ingredients and flavor profiles while creating Michelin-level cuisine 1 day ago. Vietnamese bar girls go on wild sex parties for money despite heavy toll on health Many have died from excessive drug use and health damage 4 years ago. Vietnam's young coffee entrepreneurs brew up a revolution Traditionally taken black, sometimes with condensed milk, or even egg, coffee has long been an integral part of Vietnamese culture 2 weeks ago. Highlights Society Vietnam to amend national power plan to include nuclear energy The PDP8 will be amended in a way to also add more renewables to the mix, including solar and wind. Society 3 dead as overturned truck crushes motorbike in Vietnam 10 hours ago. Vietnamese woman gives unconditional love to hundreds of adopted children Despite her own immense hardship, she has taken in and cared for hundreds of orphans over the past three decades. Latest news Vietnam to amend national power plan to include nuclear energy The PDP8 will be amended in a way to also add more renewables to the mix, including solar and wind. Ecotourism thrives with visitors seeking green activities in south-central Vietnam Lodging facilities and businesses have also limited single-use plastic products. Society 1 Foreigner caught bringing 7kg of suspected gold bars to Vietnam 2 days ago. Education 1 In Vietnam, blind student manages to pursue studies at 2 universities at once 1 day ago. City Diary 1 Why children under 6 are not wearing helmets on motorbikes in Vietnam 2 weeks ago. A female bar girl is seen getting high in a hotel in Ho Chi Minh City.

The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction

Ha Long where can I buy cocaine

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Nestler, M. An initial, short-term effect—a buildup of the neurochemical dopamine—gives rise to euphoria and a desire to take the drug again. Further pursuit of this and similar leads are first steps toward a complete understanding of the transition from cocaine abuse to addiction—and, ultimately, more effective treatments for those who are addicted. Some 20 years ago, scientists identified the specific brain mechanisms that underlie the cocaine high. Since then, neurobiologists have focused on the followup questions: What does chronic cocaine abuse do to the brain to cause addiction? In clinical terms, how does repeated cocaine exposure make individuals compulsively continue to take the drug even when they know it may cost them their jobs, possessions, loved ones, freedom, and even their lives? Why do people with every reason and intention to quit for good find it so hard to get away from the drug, and why do they remain vulnerable to relapse after years of abstinence? We do not yet have complete answers to these questions, but we have learned a great deal. We now know that cocaine affects brain cells in a variety of ways. Some of its effects revert quickly to normal. Others persist for weeks after the drug leaves the brain. With repeated exposure to cocaine, these short- and intermediate-term effects cumulatively give rise to further effects that last for months or years and may be irreversible. This article presents in broad outline the emerging picture of the neurobiology of cocaine addiction. Finally, the article discusses how investigations into the neurobiology of cocaine abuse are providing clues to cocaine vulnerability and the clinical implications of that research. Snorted, smoked, or injected, cocaine rapidly enters the bloodstream and penetrates the brain. The drug achieves its main immediate psychological effect—the high—by causing a buildup of the neurochemical dopamine. Dopamine acts as a pacesetter for many nerve cells throughout the brain. At every moment of our lives, dopamine is responsible for keeping those cells operating at the appropriate levels of activity to accomplish our needs and aims. Whenever we need to mobilize our muscles or mind to work harder or faster, dopamine drives some of the involved brain cells to step up to the challenge. Dopamine originates in a set of brain cells, called dopaminergic dopamine-making cells, that manufacture dopamine molecules and launch them into their surroundings. Some of the free-floating dopamine molecules latch onto receptor proteins on neighboring receiving cells. The more dopamine molecules come into contact with receptors, the more the electrical properties of the receiving cells are altered. To keep the receiving cells in each brain region functioning at appropriate intensities for current demands—neither too high nor too low—the dopaminergic cells continually increase and decrease the number of dopamine molecules they launch. They further regulate the amount of dopamine available to stimulate the receptors by pulling some previously released dopamine molecules back into themselves. Cocaine interferes with this latter control mechanism: It ties up the dopamine transporter, a protein that the dopaminergic cells use to retrieve dopamine molecules from their surroundings. As a result, with cocaine on board, dopamine molecules that otherwise would be picked up remain in action. Dopamine builds up and overactivates the receiving cells. Although cocaine also inhibits the transporters for other neurotransmitter chemicals norepinephrine and serotonin , its actions on the dopamine system are generally thought to be most important. Early rudiments are found in worms and flies, which take us back 2 billion years in evolution. Thus, cocaine alters a neural circuit in the brain that is of fundamental importance to survival. Such alterations affect the individual in profound ways that scientists are still trying to understand. Cocaine produces dopamine buildup wherever the brain has dopamine transporters. However, its ability to produce pleasure and euphoria, loss of control, and compulsive responses to drug-related cues can all be traced to its impact on the set of interconnected regions in the front part of the brain that make up the limbic system Hyman and Malenka, ; Kalivas and McFarland, ; Koob, Sanna, and Bloom, ; Nestler, Dopamine-responsive cells are highly concentrated in this system, which controls emotional responses and links them with memories. One particular part of the limbic system, the nucleus accumbens NAc , seems to be the most important site of the cocaine high. When stimulated by dopamine, cells in the NAc produce feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. The natural function of this response is to help keep us focused on activities that promote the basic biological goals of survival and reproduction. When a thirsty person drinks or someone has an orgasm, for example, dopaminergic cells flood the NAc with dopamine molecules. By artificially causing a buildup of dopamine in the NAc, as described above, cocaine yields enormously powerful feelings of pleasure. The amount of dopamine connecting to receptors in the NAc after a dose of cocaine can exceed the amounts associated with natural activities, producing pleasure greater than that which follows thirst-quenching or sex. In fact, some laboratory animals, if given a choice, will ignore food and keep taking cocaine until they starve. The limbic system also includes important memory centers, located in regions called the hippocampus and amygdala. These memory centers help us remember what we did that led to the pleasures associated with dopamine release in the NAc—for example, where we found water and how we attracted a mate. When someone experiences a cocaine high, these regions imprint memories of the intense pleasure as well as the people, places, and things associated with the drug. From then on, returning to a place where one has taken cocaine or merely seeing images of cocaine-related paraphernalia triggers emotionally loaded memories and desire to repeat the experience. Scientists believe that repeated cocaine exposure, with its associated dopamine jolts, alters these cells in ways that eventually convert conscious memory and desire into a near-compulsion to respond to cues by seeking and taking the drug. A third limbic region, the frontal cortex, is where the brain integrates information and weighs different courses of action. The frontal cortex acts as a brake on the other regions of the limbic system when we decide to forgo a pleasure in order to avoid its negative consequences. Activity here can help a nonaddicted person heed the disastrous prognosis of continued cocaine abuse and suppress drug-taking urges emanating from the NAc, hippocampus, and amygdala. Once someone becomes addicted, however, the frontal cortex becomes impaired and less likely to prevail over the urges Nestler and Malenka, ; Volkow, Fowler, and Wang, Cocaine causes many types of intermediate-term alterations in brain cell functioning. For example, exposure to the drug can alter the amounts of dopamine transporters or dopamine receptors present on the surface of nerve cells. The changes involving genes, however, are particularly intriguing. They occur in the limbic system, the primary site for cocaine effects, and are sufficiently fundamental and long-lasting to contribute significantly to the transition from drug abuse to addiction. Genes determine the shape and function of every cell. Every individual is born with a unique combination of roughly 30, genes. Every cell in the body contains all 30, One cell differs from another—a liver cell looks and acts differently from a brain cell, for example—because, in each, certain genes are turned on, while others are turned off. The popular notion that our genes never change is incorrect. It is true that the fundamental pattern of gene activation that gives each of our cells its essential properties is fixed once and for all during development. For example, once a cell develops into a liver cell, it remains a liver cell for life and cannot be converted into a brain cell. However, every cell retains the capacity to change the level of activity expression of a portion of its genes in response to the demands we place upon it. An example is weightlifting: Muscle cells respond to repeated exercise by increasing the expression of certain genes, leading to growth and strengthening of the individual cells and, collectively, of the entire muscle. So it is with brain cells: As we use them, they respond with changes in gene expression that, overall, increase their capacity to meet the demands we make upon them. For example, our brains register and store memories by altering gene expression in cells in the hippocampus and amygdala. Chemicals that act this way are called genetic transcription factors. Main panel Cocaine causes the neurotransmitter dopamine to build up at the interface between VTA cells and NAc cells, triggering pleasurable feelings and NAc cellular activities that sensitize the brain to future exposures to the drug. Molecular biology gave us the tools to accomplish this. The extreme persistence of those features of addiction indicates that cocaine must cause some equally long-lasting neuro-biological effects. Scientists have identified one potentially key type of cocaine-related change that appears to last for many months after the last cocaine exposure, and perhaps longer: an alteration in the physical structure of nerve cells in the NAc. Chronic cocaine exposure causes these cells to extend and sprout new offshoots on their dendrites Nestler, ; Robinson and Berridge, Dendrites are the branch-like fibers that grow out from nerve cell bodies and collect incoming signals from other nerve cells. Just as a bigger antenna picks up more radio waves, more dendrite branches in the NAc theoretically will collect a greater volume of nerve signals coming from other regions—for example, the hippocampus, amygdala, and frontal cortex. This will give those other regions an enhanced influence over the NAc, which could drive some of the very long-lived behavioral changes associated with addiction. For example, enhanced inputs from the hippocampus and amygdala could be responsible for the intense craving that occurs when drug-associated memories are stimulated e. When laboratory animals are treated with a compound that deactivates CDK5 in the NAc and then are given cocaine, the nerve cell growth normally associated with exposure to the drug does not occur. What makes certain individuals particularly vulnerable to addiction and others relatively resistant? This degree of heritability exceeds that of many other conditions that are considered highly heritable, such as type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, and breast cancer. The specific genes that confer risk for cocaine addiction remain unknown. One possibility is that at least some of them are the same genes that are affected by cocaine exposure. It is also possible that other genes—genes not affected by cocaine exposure—are responsible. Work is now under way to examine these alternatives. Finding addiction vulnerability genes will enable us to identify individuals who are at particular risk for an addictive disorder and target them for educational and other preventive measures. It will also help us understand how factors other than genetics contribute to the development of addiction. The identification of underlying biological mechanisms has been crucial for all major advances in treatment of other medical disorders, and there is no reason to think addiction will be any different. NAc nerve cells make five types of dopamine receptors; drugs that affect the functioning of one or more of them could, in theory, produce a palliative effect on cocaine addiction. Efforts are under way in each of these areas, including clinical trials, but so far no clear breakthrough has been reported. A medication aimed at preventing or reversing such changes might be an effective approach for treating cocaine addiction. There are literally hundreds of proteins that could be targeted in development of such a medication. The same is true for numerous additional molecular changes that have been implicated in cocaine addiction. Effective medications for treating cocaine addiction will eventually be developed, and the best strategy for progress in this area is to target neurobio-logical mechanisms, such as those described above. Although the process takes a very long time—it can take 10 to 20 years to advance from identification of a disease mechanism to development of a new treatment—this work is in progress and represents the best hope for those who are addicted. People often ask: Is it possible to treat a drug addiction with another drug? Even though psychological and social factors predominate in the presentation and diagnosis of addiction, the disease is at its core biological: changes that a physical substance drug causes in vulnerable body tissue brain. He or she must then work against powerful biological forces to recover from addiction; those who succeed often do so only after many attempts, and many do not succeed. Presumably, effective psychosocial treatments for addiction work by causing changes in the brain, perhaps even some of the same changes that will be produced by effective medications. While very little information is currently available on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychosocial treatments, this is a topic of great interest. The most important goal for the next decade is to translate the knowledge we have already gained, along with any future advances we make, into better treatments for addiction. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Sci Pract Perspect. Find articles by Eric J Nestler. PMC Copyright notice. See commentary ' Response: Images and Interventions ' on page Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Ha Long where can I buy cocaine