Ha Long buy cocaine

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Ha Long buy cocaine

The environmental impacts of cocaine have long been known. Studies raised alarm bells in the s over narco-driven deforestation, soil degradation and pollution in Latin America. Today, the impacts all along the illegal drug supply chain are even better understood and documented, but remain underrecognized and underreported. Meanwhile, the titanic struggle continues between those determined to curb illegal drug use and the shadowy forces intent on producing, trafficking and consuming the quintessential party drug snorted by millions, as they propel biodiversity loss, adverse land-use change, waterway contamination with toxic chemicals, and adjacent criminal industries such as wildlife trafficking and gold mining — even contributing to climate change. In , an estimated , hectares , acres of coca were grown in Bolivia, Peru and Colombia. The latest figures released by the U. More efficient crop management, along with mega labs that churn out vast quantities of coca paste and cocaine, are thought to be behind this increase. Statistics from the U. Office of National Drug Control Policy paint a different, more concerning picture, estimating , hectares , acres of coca grown in the same year. The same study found that a further Parsing out the precise causes of all this additional deforestation is complicated, says Liliana Davalos at Stony Brook University, who has studied the links between coca and deforestation for 20 years. The degree to which coca production directly causes deforestation is very locally specific , she explains. But at lower elevations in the Amazonian region, the picture is less clear. Cocaine production does other harm. It releases toxic chemicals into the environment via processing labs. Chemicals commonly used by the mega labs include toluene, sulfuric acid, acetone and gasoline. And it only takes one part of dumped petrol to contaminate , parts of groundwater. In addition, estimates suggest up to 3. A survey determined that Together with cocaine itself — found in Amazon Basin waterways — the potential toxic impact of production is likely vast, though poorly understood or monitored. Combatting cocaine growers has also been environmentally detrimental. Aerial spraying with the controversial herbicide glyphosate, popularly known as Roundup, is argued by critics to have left a legacy of ecosystem and human harm. Long encouraged and funded by U. This March he even approved the use of low-flying drones for that purpose. While considered potentially effective in the short term at reducing coca crops in specific areas, such a reinstatement would not only pollute, but perpetuate other troubles. She compares the ballooning proliferation of coca cultivation in Colombia to the situation elsewhere. Last year, the U. White House press release. This focus on environmental crime has already manifested itself in Operation Artemis , a military operation in Colombia for reducing deforestation. In addition, a recently passed bill promises harsher drug production penalties, including jail time. This expansion of coca growing and cocaine processing on protected lands presents a risk to biodiversity. Of the 13 species that saw their conservation status deteriorate, eight were affected by illicit cocoa expansion, the report notes. Indigenous lands and peoples are also being gravely affected. That criminal activity has made Colombia one of the most dangerous places on Earth to be an environmental rights defender, with 17 lethal attacks directed against activists supporting coca crop substitution programs in In the Peruvian Amazon, cocaine production and trafficking threatens the lives and livelihoods of Indigenous peoples , including the beleaguered Shipibo-Conibo along the Ucayali River. Other Peruvian regions have seen increases too. As interdiction efforts shut down trafficking routes there, the drug was routed through Central American countries in transit to Mexico. A study found that the Maya Biosphere Reserve lost as much as , hectares , acres of forest between and While researchers stress that tying drug transport directly to land cover change is complex, and that tracing both direct and indirect impacts is not always possible, studies are connecting those dots. Those statistics, says Kendra McSweeney, professor of geography at Ohio State University and part of the study team, are likely underestimates. McSweeney and other scientists see two links between cocaine trafficking and land-use change, what they describe as narco-deforestation and narco-degradation. In the first instance, forests are cut to make way for clandestine airstrips. That land is subsequently converted to cattle pasture to launder money and permanently claim territory. An influx of destabilizing cash may then follow, creating a synergy for the appearance of other industries, both licit and illicit. This ramps up further degradation and development. Today, Panama and Costa Rica are becoming important cocaine trafficking nodes, with the lucrative European market as the final destination. This shift occurred over the past decade, says Nicholas Magliocca, assistant professor of geography at the University of Alabama. While most drugs are thought to be shipped via maritime routes , air transport is also being spotted. Late last year, for example, 1. But for him, the issue is also one of equity, because it is Indigenous peoples and traditional communities that are predominantly impacted by the interdiction game played between traffickers and law enforcement. A recent study led by Magliocca found that when interdiction efforts in Central America forced traffickers to shift from one route to another, Indigenous lands were often a first choice. A similar scenario is seen in producer countries such as Peru, according to Miller, with seizure of Indigenous lands by narco-traffickers, ranchers and others often tied up in a wider fight for recognition of land rights and land titles. She suggests that a window of opportunity now exists for the government to enter into agreements with communities located in, or around, parks, providing traditional people with alternative sustainable livelihoods linked to conservation. In Mexico, drug-trafficking organizations have been traced to environmental crimes such as illegal logging. Recent research by Felbab-Brown highlights growing connections between Mexican drug-trafficking organizations and wildlife trafficking to China. Drug traffickers there, she found, are now mixed up in a variety of trading schemes, ranging from the legal commercial fisheries industry to the illegal trafficking of endangered totoaba , sea cucumbers and terrestrial species such as jaguars. Narco penetration into fisheries is a well-known phenomenon, with fishing vessels often used to transit drug shipments. A report noted cases of seizures on such vessels between and globally, with combined volume of While this figure includes multiple illicit drugs such as marijuana and methamphetamine, cocaine made up roughly half of the seizures. Wildlife products, she explains, are now traded by drug-trafficking organizations in exchange for the precursor chemicals used to make synthetic drugs such as methamphetamine. The problem of synthetic drugs continues to grow year-on-year in the region. The full findings will be released in a series of reports in the coming months. Back in producer countries, drug-trafficking organizations are also linked to illicit and licit trades, including wildlife trafficking, illegal logging , and gold mining. Drug traffickers may not engage in these activities directly, but the infrastructure, routes and transport methods they create are used to facilitate these other forms of crime, says Daan van Uhm, assistant professor in criminology at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Gold mining and smuggling has been dubbed one of the easiest and most lucrative money laundering tools in the history of drug trafficking in Colombia. It also puts pressure on forests and biodiversity, and contaminates water with chemicals such as mercury. Once coke is snorted, smoked, injected or otherwise ingested, the body metabolizes most of it. The latest findings from showed some of the highest consumption in urban areas including Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam in the Netherlands; and Zurich, Switzerland. Similar methods have tracked drug use at public events such as music festivals and even college basketball games in the U. Though the detection of drug-use trends via wastewater data is well established, what this outflow of coke means for the environment is poorly understood. But a growing number of studies have begun to shed light on this question, with troubling findings. Though this research was conducted in labs, it utilized levels of exposure that can be found in natural aquatic ecosystems, showing the potential harm. Capaldo and her team are currently studying cocaine impacts on eel reproduction and brain function. Other studies have shown that mussels , sea urchins and zebrafish species are impacted. An estimated 20 million people used cocaine in — about 0. In North America, 6. Though consumption is highest in these two regions, studies are finding traces of cocaine in wastewater globally from Barbados to Brazil. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine are among the pollutants regularly emitted into the Amazon River. However, that quick degradation may be offset by the steady flow of cocaine residues into the environment via wastewater. Last year, Aberg and his team investigated the presence of cocaine and other pollutants released into waterways at the Glastonbury Festival, one of the U. In this case, exposure was mostly due to open-field urination and a lack of wastewater treatment. Cocaine is far from the only pollutant entering waterways, estuaries and oceans. Cocaine excreted via urine, along with the toxic precursors used in its production, are among the many tens of thousands of novel entities of emerging concern. His research showed that exposure to methamphetamine — another illicit drug identified in wastewater samples — altered behavior patterns and elicited signs of addiction in brown trout Salmo trutta. To date, no one knows how drug mixtures, such as meth and cocaine, might combine with other pollutants to impact aquatic species. Their risks may vary along with their additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects. There are ways of guarding against this form of environmental harm. Removing cocaine residues from wastewater is possible, though treatment facilities vary in effectiveness. Other nature-based solutions, such as constructed wetlands, offer cleanup alternatives. Banner image: Coca plantation on a hillside near Caranavi, western Bolivia. The correct figure is 3. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature , , Vanegas-Cubillos, M. Forest cover changes and public policy: A literature review for post-conflict Colombia. Land Use Policy , , Environmental damage from illicit drug crops in Colombia. World Forests , 5 , Deforestation and coca cultivation rooted in twentieth-century development projects. BioScience , 66 11 , Fabregat-Safont, D. Wide-scope screening of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in the Amazon River. Water Research , , Renjifo, L. Tracking extinction risk trends and patterns in a mega-diverse country: A Red List Index for birds in Colombia. Gallardo-Cruz, J. Deforestation and trends of change in protected areas of the Usumacinta river basin — , Mexico and Guatemala. Regional Environmental Change , 21 4. Sesnie, S. A spatio-temporal analysis of forest loss related to cocaine trafficking in Central America. Environmental Research Letters , 12 5 , McSweeney, K. Drug policy as conservation policy: Narco-deforestation. Science , , Devine, J. World Development , , Tellman, B. Narcotrafficking and land control in Guatemala and Honduras. Journal of Illicit Economies and Development , 3 1 , Wrathall, D. The impacts of cocaine-trafficking on conservation governance in Central America. Global Environmental Change , 63 , Magliocca, N. Shifting landscape suitability for cocaine trafficking through Central America in response to counterdrug interdiction. Landscape and Urban Planning , , Hansen, O. Sommaruga, R. EuroChoices , 20 2 , Belhabib, D. Fish and Fisheries , 21 5 , Van Uhm, D. Connections between trades and trafficking in wildlife and drugs. Trends in Organized Crime , 24 4 , Palacios-Torres, Y. Mercury pollution by gold mining in a global biodiversity hotspot, the Choco biogeographic region, Colombia. Chemosphere , , Illegal Mining , Yadav, M. Occurrence, removal and environmental risk of markers of five drugs of abuse in urban wastewater systems in South Australia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 26 33 , Montgomery, A. Basketball and drugs: Wastewater-based epidemiological estimation of discharged drugs during basketball games in Kentucky. Science of the Total Environment , , Fontes, M. Environmentally realistic concentrations of cocaine in seawater disturbed neuroendrocrine parameters and energy status in the marine mussel Perna perna. Da Silva Souza, L. Harmful effects of cocaine byproduct in the reproduction of sea urchin in different ocean acidification scenarios. Parolini, M. Environmental concentrations of cocaine and its main metabolites modulated antioxidant response and caused cyto-genotoxic effects in zebrafish embryo cells. Environmental Pollution , , Edwards, Q. Contaminants of emerging concern in wastewaters in Barbados, West Indies. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 1 , Roveri, V. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 28 46 , Aberg, D. The environmental release and ecosystem risks of illicit drugs during Glastonbury Festival. Environmental Research , , Methamphetamine pollution elicits addiction in wild fish. Journal of Experimental Biology , Deng, Y. Occurrence and removal of illicit drugs in different wastewater treatment plants with different treatment techniques. Environmental Sciences Europe , 32 1. If you want to post a public comment, you can do that at the bottom of the page. Consumed traces the life cycle of a variety of common consumer products from their origins, across supply chains, and waste streams. All coked up: The global environmental impacts of cocaine. Sean Mowbray 4 Apr Amazon Consumed. Comments Share article Share this article If you liked this story, share it with other people. Page link. Cocaine is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the world, consumed by an estimated 20 million people in , mostly in North America and Europe. Production, transit and consumption of the drug are exacting a heavy environmental toll, impacting tropical forests, freshwater and estuary ecosystems. Some of these effects, such as pollution impacts on eels and other aquatic species, have been documented, but most are still poorly understood, with many unresearched. Often, when new narco-trafficking transport routes are established, like those in Central America, those same routes are used for other criminal activities such as wildlife and weapons trafficking. Researchers argue that detaching the environmental harm caused by the cocaine trade from the long-lasting war on drugs is not possible. Solutions implemented to deal with the drug problem, such as the aerial spraying of illegal coca crops, while locally effective in curbing illegal cultivation, also cause deforestation and biodiversity damage. See All Key Ideas. Glenn Scherer Editor. See Topics. To wipe or to wash? Rolling towards circularity? Ashoka Mukpo 22 Aug Consumed series. Free and open access to credible information. Latest articles All articles. New study upends common belief that birds escape winter to save energy. Abhishyant Kidangoor 21 Oct Juan Mayorga 21 Oct Aimee Gabay 21 Oct Cambodian logging syndicate tied to major U. Gerald Flynn 21 Oct Timothy J. 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Bolivia has become a 'strategic hub' for cocaine trafficking

Ha Long buy cocaine

Download this report in PDF format. The market in Colombia for coca, the plant whose leaves can be used to produce cocaine, is in a state of historic collapse, bringing with it an acute humanitarian crisis in already impoverished rural territories. The unusually sharp and prolonged drop in coca prices has several causes. WOLA has identified 12 possible explanations, some more compelling than others. Regardless of the reason, the crisis is sure to be temporary as world cocaine demand remains robust. The Colombian government, and partner and donor governments including the United States, should take maximum advantage of this window of opportunity before it closes. The humanitarian crisis offers a chance for Colombia to fill vacuums of civilian government presence in territories where insecurity, armed groups, and now hunger are all too common. Putumayo, Colombia. Photo: Adam Isacson. Starting in the first half of , buyers of coca leaves and coca paste the product of early stages of processing coca leaves into cocaine stopped coming to the Catatumbo region of northeastern Colombia, near the Venezuelan border. Throughout the year, and into , the coca market continued collapsing all around the country. More than , households in Colombia population 52 million make a living by cultivating coca, which as of was planted in , hectares , acres of territory, according to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC. Adding people who make a living less directly from the crop—pickers, sellers of farm supplies, and others—increases the estimated total to , households. Under those circumstances growing coca is a survival strategy, as the illegal crop earns an above-average price paid in cash and is easier to transport in zones with few roads and poor access to markets. The coca price crash means that these families are hurting badly. Their income slashed, they are petitioning mayors, governors, and the central government for emergency assistance as they go literally hungry. Farmers are burying their coca paste, or trading it for food. Such dramatic market crashes are rare for a commodity whose illegality, and resulting scarcity, usually prop up prices. Something similar happened in , after the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC guerrilla group demobilized: reports from some regions, like Catatumbo, pointed to coca growers going hungry and burying their product as the cocaine market struggled to adjust—which it did in a matter of months. The current coca-price crisis is more prolonged, and it has no single cause. Though WOLA staff have not performed field research in coca-growing zones during the current crisis, our consultation with partners and review of local media and NGO reports have identified 12 potential reasons why prices fell. These possible causes have to do with overproduction, disruptions in relations between buyers and sellers, changed demand patterns, peace and conflict dynamics, and recent policy changes. Most are hypotheses, and some have only slim evidence presented to sustain them. Some are more compelling than others, and most are more applicable to specific region s, rather than nationwide. Overproduction—an increase in supply outpacing any increase in demand—is the most frequently cited cause for the price drop. The U. In , Colombia stopped eradicating coca by spraying herbicides from aircraft, but has taken a long time to replace fumigation with efforts to govern coca-growing zones and help farmers transition to other crops. Suddenly, there was no actor with the ability to set and stabilize prices. With supplies glutted by overproduction, this hypothesis contends, the bubble burst and prices fell to earth. The coca boom came to a sudden end, unevenly across regions, in Coca overproduction is not just a Colombian phenomenon. And coca fields and labs keep turning up in Venezuela , Ecuador , Honduras , Guatemala , and Mexico , contributing to robust supplies that could continue depressing prices. Several often-cited reasons for the coca price drop have to do with shifts in who is buying, and who is facilitating relationships between buyers and sellers. Some of these officers were suspected of involvement in corruption or human rights abuses. Removing corrupt top brass may have affected the cocaine supply chain. Other indicators, however, challenge this hypothesis. If Petro replaced officers who were permissive with the drug trade with more law-abiding colleagues, one would expect cocaine seizures and arrests of top drug traffickers to have increased since August That has not happened: neither measure has increased. Catatumbo, Colombia. These groups confront each other frequently, increasing uncertainty in coca markets. Supplies of inputs like fertilizer were also disrupted by the pandemic and the February Russian invasion of Ukraine which further drove up the price paid for inputs. The cost of producing coca paste increased beyond its selling price. These enclaves do away with the need to introduce precursor chemicals, and to buy leaves and paste, from farmers in more remote areas. Outside the enclaves, farmers are more likely to be facing reduced demand and falling prices. The price of an ounce of gold is about two-thirds higher today than it was in the mids. As happened the last time that precious-metals prices hit a peak, in the early s, criminal groups are turning to illegal mining, which does great damage in environmentally fragile zones but tends to run less risk of interdiction by authorities. Reports from disputed territories around Colombia point to competing armed and criminal groups prohibiting coca and coca-paste purchases in order to deny income to rivals. That leaves coca growers with no buyers. Reports from Cauca and Catatumbo point to the National Liberation Army ELN guerrilla group beginning to discourage coca cultivation and cocaine production. The request was to discourage both coca trade and coca cultivation in the regions where they operate, as a show of good will. If that truly happened, groups involved in negotiations may be complying, at least partially, in some regions. That presents a golden, fleeting opportunity for the state to enter these zones and establish a new relationship with abandoned populations. The Petro government, in cooperation with international partners, must rise quickly to the occasion and help farmers integrate into the legal economy. In the short term, that means delivering humanitarian aid to populations facing a food security emergency. That can open the door to longer-term efforts to establish and consolidate a civilian state presence in these ungoverned areas, to end their historic abandonment. Civilian state presence would mean greater access to education and health care. It would mean massive titling of land, a long standing demand. It would mean technical assistance and access to credit. It would mean introducing the judicial system to settle disputes and to bring accountability for corruption and human rights violations. And it would mean protecting local leaders who seek to have a say in how their communities are governed. Cauca, Colombia. Some have relied too heavily on the military and neglected the civilian part of the government. Some were too small and underfunded. Most started in one presidential administration, only to shut down in the next. Bringing the state into many remote regions at once is a complicated and ambitious endeavor. The present crisis, however, makes it easier. Though they distrust the government after years of neglect and broken promises, populations will be more welcoming now at a time of urgent need. State-building and humanitarian assistance efforts can also be linked to ongoing negotiations with armed groups: if these groups truly intend to demobilize, the future peace of their regions of influence demands that they cease to be obstacles. Nor do they have to. And even where prices are not recovering, some residents of ungoverned zones are turning to illegal mining, joining armed groups, or displacing elsewhere. The window of opportunity is closing. In the medium and long term, the Petro government is about to roll out a long-awaited new drug policy. This is likely to include a reinvigorated crop-substitution aid program along the lines of what the peace accord foresaw, but ended up with broken promises of assistance to tens of thousands of families who eradicated their coca. So far, the Petro government has not moved fast. Nor is it clear what the strategy for executing this eventual policy will look like. The government will have to move at a quicker tempo. Once the new policy emerges, the U. Sign up with your email to receive exclusive reports and expert research directly to your inbox every week. Your privacy is important to us; your information will be kept confidential and secure. Photo: Adam Isacson The buyers have stopped coming Starting in the first half of , buyers of coca leaves and coca paste the product of early stages of processing coca leaves into cocaine stopped coming to the Catatumbo region of northeastern Colombia, near the Venezuelan border. Coca paste prices dropped 30 percent in a year. Why have coca prices plummeted? Photo: Adam Isacson The current coca-price crisis is more prolonged, and it has no single cause. Overproduction Overproduction—an increase in supply outpacing any increase in demand—is the most frequently cited cause for the price drop. Cultivation is up elsewhere, too Coca overproduction is not just a Colombian phenomenon. Disruption among buyers and sellers Several often-cited reasons for the coca price drop have to do with shifts in who is buying, and who is facilitating relationships between buyers and sellers. Photo: Adam Isacson These groups confront each other frequently, increasing uncertainty in coca markets. Criminal groups are moving away from cocaine and into precious-metals mining The price of an ounce of gold is about two-thirds higher today than it was in the mids. Peace and conflict dynamics Armed groups prohibiting sales in territory influenced by rival groups Reports from disputed territories around Colombia point to competing armed and criminal groups prohibiting coca and coca-paste purchases in order to deny income to rivals. Photo: Adam Isacson A goodwill gesture from armed groups involved in negotiations Reports from Cauca and Catatumbo point to the National Liberation Army ELN guerrilla group beginning to discourage coca cultivation and cocaine production. Photo: Adam Isacson The window of opportunity is closing. Love our content? Unlock even more!

Ha Long buy cocaine