HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FRANCE
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Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline. By extension, the term "historiography" is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic by using particular sources, techniques of research, and theoretical approaches to the interpretation of documentary sources. Scholars discuss historiography by topic—such as the historiography of the United Kingdom, of WWII, of the pre-Columbian Americas, of early Islam, and of China—and different approaches to the work and the genres of history, such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the development of academic history produced a great corpus of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influenced by their own groups and loyalties—such as to their nation state—remains a debated question. In Europe, the academic discipline of historiography was established in the 5th century BC with the Histories, by Herodotus, who thus established Greek historiography. In the 2nd century BC, the Roman statesman Cato the Elder produced the Origines, which is the first Roman historiography. In Asia, the father and son intellectuals Sima Tan and Sima Qian established Chinese historiography with the book Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), in the time of the Han Empire in Ancient China. During the Middle Ages, medieval historiography included the works of chronicles in medieval Europe, the Ethiopian Empire in the Horn of Africa, Islamic histories by Muslim historians, and the Korean and Japanese historical writings based on the existing Chinese model. During the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, historiography in the Western world was shaped and developed by figures such as Voltaire, David Hume, and Edward Gibbon, who among others set the foundations for the modern discipline. In the 19th century, historical studies became professionalized at universities and research centers along with a belief that history was like a science. In the 20th century, historians incorporated social science dimensions like politics, economy, and culture in their historiography. The research interests of historians change over time, and there has been a shift away from traditional diplomatic, economic, and political history toward newer approaches, especially social and cultural studies. From 1975 to 1995 the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history increased from 31 to 41 percent, while the proportion of political historians decreased from 40 to 30 percent. In 2007, of 5,723 faculty members in the departments of history at British universities, 1,644 (29 percent) identified themselves with social history and 1,425 (25 percent) identified themselves with political history. Since the 1980s there has been a special interest in the memories and commemoration of past events—the histories as remembered and presented for popular celebration.
In connection with: Historiography
Description combos: discuss and how diplomatic Sima and extent remains by
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks (r. 507–511), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia, after the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century.
In connection with: List of French monarchs
Title combos: of monarchs monarchs French of monarchs List French of
Description combos: of usually end in the historiography establishment France French
Historiography of the French Revolution
The historiography of the French Revolution stretches back over two hundred years. Contemporary and 19th-century writings on the Revolution were mainly divided along ideological lines, with conservative historians condemning the Revolution, liberals praising the Revolution of 1789, and radicals defending the democratic and republican values of 1793. By the 20th-century, revolutionary history had become professionalised, with scholars paying more attention to the critical analysis of primary sources from public archives. From the late 1920s to the 1960s, social and economic interpretations of the Revolution, often from a Marxist perspective, dominated the historiography of the Revolution in France. This trend was challenged by revisionist historians in the 1960s who argued that class conflict was not a major determinant of the course of the Revolution and that political expediency and historical contingency often played a greater role than social factors. In the 21st-century, no single explanatory model has gained widespread support. The historiography of the revolution has become more diversified, exploring areas such as cultural histories, gender relations, regional histories, visual representations, transnational interpretations, and decolonisation. Nevertheless, there persists a very widespread agreement that the French Revolution was the watershed between the premodern and modern eras of Western history.
In connection with: Historiography of the French Revolution
Title combos: Revolution Historiography Historiography of the the of Revolution French
Description combos: was gained the the 1960s no historiography Revolution who
The salons of Early Modern and Revolutionary France played an integral role in the cultural and intellectual development of France. The salons were seen by contemporary writers as a cultural hub, responsible for the dissemination of good manners and sociability. It was not merely manners that the salons supposedly spread but also ideas, as the salons became a centre of intellectual as well as social exchange, playing host to many members of the Republic of Letters. Women, in contrast to other Early Modern institutions, played an important and visible role within the salons. The extent of this role is, however, heavily contested by some historians. The role that the salons played in the process of Enlightenment, and particularly the fact that women played such an integral part in them, means that there is an abundance of historical debate surrounding them. The relationship with the state and the public sphere, the role of women, as well as their form and periodisation are all important factors in the historiography of the salon.
In connection with: Historiography of the salon
Title combos: salon the of Historiography salon salon the of Historiography
Description combos: women of to in The The contrast and salons
Historiography of the Battle of France
The historiography of the Battle of France describes how the German victory over French and British forces in the Battle of France had been explained by historians and others. Many people in 1940 found the fall of France unexpected and earth shaking. Alexander notes that Belgium and the Netherlands fell to the German army in a matter of days and the British were soon driven back to the British Isles, But it was France's downfall that stunned the watching world. The shock was all the greater because the trauma was not limited to a catastrophic and deeply embarrassing defeat of her military forces – it also involved the unleashing of a conservative political revolution that, on 10 July 1940, interred the Third Republic and replaced it with the authoritarian, collaborationist Etat Français of Vichy. All this was so deeply disorienting because France had been regarded as a great power....The collapse of France, however, was a different case (a 'strange defeat' as it was dubbed in the haunting phrase of the Sorbonne's great medieval historian and Resistance martyr, Marc Bloch).
In connection with: Historiography of the Battle of France
Title combos: the of the of of Battle of of Historiography
Description combos: forces France The British of deeply in Battle forces
The historiography of France examines how historians have interpreted and written about French history over time, reflecting shifting political, cultural, and intellectual contexts. During the Ancien Régime, historical writing often served dynastic or religious purposes, exemplified by court historians and church chroniclers who promoted the monarchy and Catholic orthodoxy. The Enlightenment introduced a critical shift, with thinkers like Voltaire and Montesquieu seeking to explain historical change through a more secular analysis. The French Revolution and the early to mid nineteenth century saw more nationalist narratives. French historiography has played a central role in constructing and perpetuating the national myth, often by elevating certain historical figures as symbolic guardians of the nation's identity and continuity. Among the most enduring are Charles Martel, celebrated for his victory at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, and Joan of Arc in the Hundred Years' War. In 19th-century nationalist historiography, particularly that of Jules Michelet, such figures were not only military heroes but embodiments of the French spirit. Historians, often influenced by political ideologies, selected and shaped these figures to reflect the values of their time — monarchical legitimacy, Catholic revivalism, or republican nationalism. Recent historians have claimed that this process was less about factual accuracy than about generating a collective memory that legitimized the state's authority and cultural identity. The late nineteenth century saw the growing influence of the scholarly German style of historiography with a careful attention to source documents with the founding of the Catholic Revue des questions historiques and ten years later the Protestant and republican Revue historique which championed the École méthodique. The 20th century saw the Annales school as well as the influence of Marxism. Particularly well debated subjects include the the Paris Commune, the Battle of France, and the Vichy regime
In connection with: Historiography of France
Title combos: Historiography of France of Historiography
Description combos: style Arc more has historiography about nationalism this of
Historiography of Vichy France
The historiography of Vichy France, is the study in which historians and researchers in the human sciences analyse the regime of Vichy France (which de facto governed the metropolitan territory of France from June 1940 to August 1944), was one of the most debated topics in French historical research during the 1980s and 1990s.
In connection with: Historiography of Vichy France
Title combos: Vichy of Vichy of France Historiography France of Vichy
Description combos: analyse one is 1940 the the governed facto France
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