HALOGEN DANCE REARRANGEMENT
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In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (CH4), where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like hexacontane (C60H122) or 4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of dodecane (C12H26). The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines alkanes as "acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms". However, some sources use the term to denote any saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e. the cycloalkanes) or polycyclic, despite them having a distinct general formula (e.g. cycloalkanes are CnH2n). In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest series of linked carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of the alkane. One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbon atoms in the carbon backbone is greater than 16. With their repeated –CH2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03 u (the total mass of each such methylene bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01 u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01 u each). Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes function as pheromones in certain animal species or as protective waxes in plants and fungi. Nevertheless, most alkanes do not have much biological activity. They can be viewed as molecular trees upon which can be hung the more active/reactive functional groups of biological molecules. The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas. An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that bears one open valence for bonding. They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R, although Alk is sometimes used to specifically symbolize an alkyl group (as opposed to an alkenyl group or aryl group).
In connection with: Alkane
Description combos: carbon complexity and hexacontane arranged methyl An any linked
This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Kievan Rus', and other predecessor states of Russia. Regardless of ethnicity or emigration, the list includes famous natives of Russia and its predecessor states, as well as people who were born elsewhere but spent most of their active life in Russia. For more information, see the articles Russian citizens (Russian: россияне, romanized: rossiyane), Russians (Russian: русские, romanized: russkiye) and Demographics of Russia. For specific lists of Russians, see Category:Lists of Russian people and Category:Russian people.
In connection with: List of Russian people
Title combos: of people people Russian of people List of Russian
Description combos: of Kievan Moscow more is see Grand who states
Karl Waldemar Ziegler (German: [kaːʁl ˈvaldəˌmaʁ ˈt͡siːɡlɐ]; 26 November 1898 – 12 August 1973) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963, with Giulio Natta, for work on polymers. The Nobel Committee recognized his "excellent work on organometallic compounds [which]...led to new polymerization reactions and ... paved the way for new and highly useful industrial processes". He is also known for his work involving free-radicals, many-membered rings, and organometallic compounds, as well as the development of Ziegler–Natta catalyst. One of many awards Ziegler received was the Werner von Siemens Ring in 1960 jointly with Otto Bayer and Walter Reppe, for expanding the scientific knowledge of and the technical development of new synthetic materials.
In connection with: Karl Ziegler
Title combos: Ziegler Karl
Description combos: Natta 12 siːɡlɐ 1960 the the He the von
A 1,2-rearrangement or 1,2-migration or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible. In the example below the substituent R moves from carbon atom C2 to C3. The rearrangement is intramolecular and the starting compound and reaction product are structural isomers. The 1,2-rearrangement belongs to a broad class of chemical reactions called rearrangement reactions. A rearrangement involving a hydrogen atom is called a 1,2-hydride shift. If the substituent being rearranged is an alkyl group, it is named according to the alkyl group's anion: i.e. 1,2-methanide shift, 1,2-ethanide shift, etc.
In connection with: 1,2-rearrangement
Description combos: atoms being rearrangement and the from to substituent C2
The halogen dance rearrangement, also known as halogen scrambling, halogen migration, or halogen isomerization, is the migration of halogen substituents to a different position on an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, resulting in a net positional shift of the halogen from its original location in the starting material to a new position in the product, effectively “dancing” across the ring. This transformation belongs to the broader class of 1,2-rearrangement reactions. It offers a powerful strategy for achieving functionalization at positions in aromatic and heteroaromatic systems, which are often inaccessible or challenging through conventional synthetic methods. Moreover, the halogen dance rearrangement enables strategic electrophilic interception at the vacated halogen site, concurrently establishing a newly nucleophilic centre at the halogen’s migrated position, thereby offering dual opportunities for site-selective functionalization. The sole driving force for this reaction is thermodynamics.
In connection with: Halogen dance rearrangement
Title combos: Halogen dance rearrangement dance Halogen
Description combos: rearrangement achieving dual The from site or to the
IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical transformations
The IUPAC Nomenclature for Organic Chemical Transformations is a methodology for naming a chemical reaction. Traditionally, most chemical reactions, especially in organic chemistry, are named after their inventors, the so-called name reactions, such as Knoevenagel condensation, Wittig reaction, Claisen–Schmidt condensation, Schotten–Baumann reaction, and Diels–Alder reaction. A lot of reactions derive their name from the reagent involved like bromination or acylation. On rare occasions, the reaction is named after the company responsible like in the Wacker process or the name only hints at the process involved like in the halogen dance rearrangement. The IUPAC Nomenclature for Transformations was developed in 1981 and presents a clear-cut methodology for naming an organic reaction. It incorporates the reactant and product in a chemical transformation together with one of three transformation types: Addition reactions end with -addition. For example: hydro-bromo-addition for the hydrobromination of an alkene Elimination reactions end with -elimination. For example: dibromo-elimination. Substitution reactions have the infix -de-. For example: methoxy-de-bromination for the chemical reaction of a bromo-alkane to an alkoxy-alkane The related IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry is designed for naming organic compounds themselves.
In connection with: IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical transformations
Title combos: transformations chemical nomenclature IUPAC chemical for organic nomenclature chemical
Description combos: reaction the methodology with reactions hydro the the especially
This list of Russian chemists includes the famous chemists and material scientists of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.
In connection with: List of Russian chemists
Title combos: List chemists List chemists Russian of List Russian chemists
Description combos: scientists list Soviet of This the Federation other Soviet
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