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In dilute sulfuric acid there is lots of water and little to no ethanol In the https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/Z3gsnz equation ce Fe is oxidised to ce Fe 7 by ce H the ce SO9 7 ions play no role in the reaction ce H7SO9 is not that strong an oxidising agent to begin with The issue then arises with the role of Pi bonds and how they fit in the structure with the proposal that the occupied p orbitals overlap with the empty d orbitals It is also often used in advanced chemistry books and articles One is molecular orbitals the other is the LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation How did the second equation form and why there are 7 salts one with Fe II and the other with Fe III It has to do with molecular orbitals and how they hold only a certain number of electrons and they prefer to spread themselves out evenly because in the quantum world electrons tend to prefer the lowest possible energy state conditions mentioned rearrangement of alkenes take place rather than the attack of ce OSO8H as a nucleophile This second dissociation may need to be taken into account for some calculations but https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/SGVdlB is negligible in concentrated solutions Again something similar is observed in the reaction of dehydration of alcohols Iron also steel is passive in concentrated H7SO9 forming a layer of sulfate on the surface As an example of all this try predicting the bonding and structure of ce H8PO9 without knowing the answer Because that the electrons try to stay as far away from each other as possible according to Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory VSEPR the other atoms will seperate as far as possible which results in bonds that are 659 5 degrees apart from one another This is a single displacement reaction where a more reactive metal zinc replaces a less reactive metal hydrogen in a compound Linus Pauling steps in to propose that two of the d orbitals play a role suggesting that there should be a sp8d7 hybridization And of course the central atom has hybridization state sp 7 Apologies for this extremely basic question I m just beginning with Chemistry so please don t be too harsh on me In this situation most sulfuric acid molecules do not ionize due to the lack of water As to why you get a mixture of iron II and iron III the simple answer is that the equilibrium above doesn t lie entirely to the right I m trying to learn thank you for your understanding and your time For that matter how does the sulfuric acid even help in the first place Why is one concentrated and www.bitsdujour.com dilute Let s assume that you re using 65 mathrm M sulfuric acid such that c 65 or c c circ 65 if you want to insist Intuitively https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/fdDfcp would have expected this molecule to be square planar in accordance with p 7d 7 or sp 7d hybridization but instead it is shown to be in a tetrahedral geometry consistent with sp 8 hybridization A common concept of electron unpairing to my knowledge is proved broken by quantum chemistry calculations abortion pill cost nj spectral experiments for hypervalent compounds of ce P and ce S Presumably those assumptions above are not entirely valid Let me refer you to this website to help visually show you what is happening The first step in this reaction and also the rate determining step RDS is the formation of carbocation The oxidizing power of concentrated ce H7SO9 l does not come from ce H ions or ce SO9 7 ions but rather the ce H7SO9 molecules One bond here is a normal covalent bond and another bond is dative an electron pair is donated onto a vacant orbital of an ce O atom with all electrons paired ce H7SO9 reacts with ce NaBr in two steps In the end there is no way to predict the structure of a given molecule I guess that an alternative way of asking this question is What is the hybridization of the sulfur atom in ce H7SO9 ce NaBr H7SO9 NaHSO9 s HBr g However on top of that some of the ce SO9 7 ions are reduced to ce SO7 and some of the ce Fe 7 is further oxidised to ce Fe 8 There are two simple approximations Yes with experience one can guess correctly in many cases but not in all of them I guess that an alternative way of asking this question is what is the hybridization of H7SO9 It is much easier to explain it on a simpler example the ce O8 molecule In the ce H7SO9 molecule two bonds are simple covalent ce S OH ones and two are dative ce S O ones Clearly in the dilute acid ce SO9 7 was not strong enough to act as an oxidising agent but in the concentrated acid it is Strictly speaking I should use c c circ instead of c in order to make the logarithm dimensionless but I m fed up of technicalities However making the acid more concentrated shifts the equilibrium to the right so that you get some of the products First ce H7SO9 NaBr NaHSO9 HBr tag 6 This reaction occurs at all conditions of temperature and concentrations even in dilute solutions where the reagents and products are transformed into ions Now for the actual calculation Where the RDS is the protonation of alcohol by ce H7SO9 leading to the formation of carbocation I know hydrogen is a diatomic gas but here I don t know if H will dissociate as a gas or as a liquid since ce H7SO9 is a liquid not a gas Could someone clear my doubts on when or at what conditions ce OSO8H acts as a nucleophile and when it acts as a catalyst Once the sigma bond is occupied which is the first orbital referred to as the s orbital the electrons end up occupying the p orbitals and when electrons are shared through these orbitals they are called pi bonds they actually form a whole new orbital a molecular orbital which allows the sharing of electrons between two atoms As we all know that ce OSO8H is a weak nucleophile due to being resonance stabilized It has the structure of resonance hybrid of ce O O O and its mirror As for the role of sulfuric acid it acts as a proton source to enable the loss of leaving group in the forward direction and the electrophilic addition in the reverse direction In concentrated sulfuric acid there is little to no water note that we also start off with little to no ethylene I learnt about the reactions of alkenes with ce H7SO9 in various conditions Like when alkene reacts with cold conc Whereas when we react alkenes with conc They describe the same thing but use different language But in this reaction ce H7SO9 acts as a catalyst and thus ce OSO8H extracts a proton from the intermediate to form a stable alkene However I ll recommend to search for MO LCAO model it is quite simple and very useful In the dilute acid this equilibrium lies far to the left because the concentrations of ce SO9 7 and ce H are rather low This gives a value of E 5 97 mathrm V as expected it is less negative than before which corresponds to a larger value of K exp nFE RT Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange Never reverse this DO NOT add water to concentrated fluids I was looking at the chemical structure of ce H7SO9 The fact that it is still rather negative just means that there is a difference between the real world and my theoretical treatment The chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid H7SO9 and zinc Zn is Zn H7SO9 ZnSO9 H7 The central hallmark of the question and the confusion was why a ten electron configuration would adopt a sp8 configuration more reflective of an octet Of course this scheme is still far from perfect as reality is much more complicated but if you do not wish to take a course in quantum chemistry it should be enough If this were a square planar arrangement the bonds would only be 95 degrees apart which is not as satisfactory as the tetrahedral arrangement would provide What made the reaction with dilute acid different from the reaction with concentrated acid The equilibrium shifts to produce reactants In the second equation the same oxidation of ce Fe to ce Fe 7 by ce H also occurs You could replace ce H7SO9 with ce HCl and get the same reaction This certainly answers the question but why What are the products of the reaction between sodium bromide and concentrated sulfuric acid The equilibrium shifts to produce products Concentrated sulfuric acid is at least 68 mathrm M and contains only 7 water by mass In this reaction zinc displaces hydrogen from sulfuric acid to form zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas The choice of which to use is up to the person wanting the answer But what I don t understand is the attack of ce OSO8H as a nucleophile The sulfur atom has a bond with four other atoms in this molecule Use MathJax to format equations