Guterral

Guterral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

^ Miller, Amanda (2007). "Guttural vowels and guttural co-articulation in Juǀʼhoansi" . Journal of Phonetics . 35 (1): 56–84. doi : 10.1016/j.wocn.2005.11.001 .

^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. ; Ladusaw, William (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide (Second ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226685359 .

^ Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins & John Esling (2021) Phonological potentials and the lower vocal tract

^ See Oxford English Dictionary entry

^ McCarthy, John J. 1989. 'Guttural Phonology', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

^ McCarthy, John J. Forthcoming. 'Guttural Transparency', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

^ Hayward, K. M. and Hayward, R. J. 1989. '"Guttural": Arguments for a New Distinctive Feature', Transactions of the Philological Society 87: 179-193.

^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?" . 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 .

^ Dum-Tragut (2009 :17–20) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFDum-Tragut2009 ( help )

^ Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions . Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2 .

^ Brock, Sebastian (2006). An Introduction to Syriac Studies . Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-349-8 .

^ Shiraliyev, Mammadagha. The Baku Dialect . Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences Publ.: Baku, 1957; p. 41

^ Kavitskaya 2010 , p. 10 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKavitskaya2010 ( help )

^ Friedrich Maurer uses the term Istvaeonic instead of Franconian; see Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde , Bern: Verlag Francke.

^ For a history of the German consonants see Fausto Cercignani , The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony , Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.

^ Boeder (2002), p. 3

^ Boeder (2005), p. 6

^ Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 69

^ Fähnrich & Sardzhveladze (2000)

^ Habib, Abdul (1967). The Two Thousand Years Old Language of Afghanistan or The Mother of Dari Language (An Analysis of the Baghlan Inscription) (PDF) . Historical Society of Afghanistan. p. 6.

^ Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky , Edinburgh University Press, 1971.

^ Bauer, Michael Blas na Gàidhlig - The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation (2011) Akerbeltz ISBN 978-1-907165-00-9

^ A Beginners' Guide to Tajiki by Azim Baizoyev and John Hayward, Routledge, London and New York, 2003, p. 3

^ John C. Wells (1982), Accents of English , Cambridge University Press, p. 390, ISBN 9780521285407

^ Brenzinger (2007 :128) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBrenzinger2007 ( help )

^ Chaker (1996 :4–5) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFChaker1996 ( help )

^ Abdel-Massih (1971b :11) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFAbdel-Massih1971b ( help )

^ Creissels (2006 :3–4) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCreissels2006 ( help )

^ Richard Hayward, "Afroasiatic", in Heine & Nurse, 2000, African Languages

^ Savà, Graziano; Tosco, Mauro (2003). "The classification of Ongota". In Bender, M. Lionel; et al. (eds.). Selected comparative-historical Afrasian linguistic studies . LINCOM Europa.

^ Sands, Bonny (2009). "Africa's Linguistic Diversity". Language and Linguistics Compass . 3 (2): 559–580. doi : 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00124.x .

^ Haig, Geoffrey; Yaron Matras (2002). "Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview" (PDF) . Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung . Berlin. 55 (1): 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2013 .

^ Hewitt, George (2004). Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus . Munich: Lincom Europaq. p. 49.

^ Plaster, Keith; et al. "Noun classes grow on trees: noun classification in the North-East Caucasus" . Language and Representations (Tentative) . Retrieved 20 April 2013 .

^ Nichols, J. 1997 Nikolaev and Starostin's North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: an assessment Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Non-Slavic Languages (NSL) Conference, Chicago, 8–10 May 1997.

^ Row 7 in Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками [Appendix 6: Population of the Russian Federation by languages used] (XLS) (in Russian).

^ "First Nations Culture Areas Index" . the Canadian Museum of Civilization .

^ Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salishan language and culture . Language science monographs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. p. 105.

^ Kaufman, Stephen (1997), "Aramaic", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages , Routledge, pp. 117–119 .

^ Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic" . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 75 (1): 135–145. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.1033 . doi : 10.1017/s0041977x11001261 .

^ Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение . М.: Просвещение. pp. 145–167.

^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF) . Retrieved April 19, 2013 . [ permanent dead link ]

^ Kučera, H. (1961). The Phonology of Czech. s’ Gravenhage: Mouton & Co.

^ Кызласов И. Л., Рунические письменности евразийских степей (Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes ), Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, ISBN 5-02-017741-5 , with further bibliography.

^ Anastasia Mukhanova Karlsson, Lund University, Department of Linguistics. "Vowels in Mongolian speech: deletions and epenthesis" . Retrieved 2014-07-26 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

^ Jump up to: a b Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF) . Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28.

^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996 :323)

Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, especially where it's difficult to distinguish a sound's place of articulation and its phonation . In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract, such as German ch or the Arabic ayin , but not simple glottal sounds like h . A 'guttural language' is a language that has such sounds.

As a technical term used by phoneticians and phonologists , it has had various definitions. The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants , but may include velar , uvular or laryngeal consonants as well.
Guttural sounds are typically consonants , but murmured , pharyngealized , glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature. [1] [2]
Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural class . [3]

The word guttural literally means 'of the throat' (from Latin guttur , meaning throat ), and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal [ ʔ ] (א) and [ h ] (ה), uvular [ χ ] (ח), and pharyngeal [ ʕ ] (ע). [4]

The term is commonly used non-technically by English speakers to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating. This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in English, such as epiglottal [ ʜ ] and [ ʡ ] , uvular [χ] , [ ʁ ] and [ q ] , and velar fricatives [ x ] and [ ɣ ] . However, it usually excludes sounds used in English, such as the velar stops [ k ] and [ ɡ ] , the velar nasal [ ŋ ] , and the glottal consonants [h] and [ʔ] . [5] [6]

In popular consciousness, languages that make extensive use of guttural consonants are often considered to be guttural languages . English -speakers sometimes find such languages strange and even hard on the ear. [7]

Some of the languages that extensively use [x], [χ], [ʁ], [ɣ] and/or [q] are:

In addition to their usage of [q], [x], [χ], [ʁ] and [ɣ], these languages also have the pharyngeal consonants of [ʕ] and [ħ]:

In French , the only truly guttural sound is (usually) a uvular fricative (or the guttural R ). In Portuguese , [ʁ] is becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a [χ] , and the original pronunciation as an [r] also remains very common in various dialects.

In Russian , /x/ is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant: лёгких [ˈlʲɵxʲkʲɪx] ( help · info ) . It also has a voiced allophone [ɣ] , which occurs before voiced obstruents. [41] In Romanian , /h/ becomes the velar [x] in word-final positions ( duh 'spirit') and before consonants ( hrean 'horseradish'). [42] In Czech , the phoneme /x/ followed by a voiced obstruent can be realized as either [ɦ] or [ɣ] , e.g. aby ch byl [abɪɣ.bɪl] . [43]

In Kyrgyz , the consonant phoneme /k/ has a uvular realisation ( [q] ) in back vowel contexts. In front-vowel environments, /ɡ/ is fricativised between continuants to [ɣ] , and in back vowel environments both /k/ and /ɡ/ fricativise to [χ] and [ʁ] respectively. [44] In Uyghur , the phoneme /ʁ/ occurs with a back vowel. In the Mongolian language , /x/ is usually followed by /ŋ/ . [45]

The Tuu and Juu (Khoisan) languages of southern Africa have large numbers of guttural vowels. These sounds share certain phonological behaviors that warrant the use of a term specifically for them. There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, such as in the Nilo-Saharan , Tama language .

In Swabian German , a pharyngeal approximant [ ʕ ] is an allophone of /ʁ/ in nucleus and coda positions. [46] In onsets , it is pronounced as a uvular approximant . [46] In Danish , /ʁ/ may have slight frication , and, according to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) , it may be a pharyngeal approximant [ ʕ ] . [47] In Finnish , a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of /h/ after the vowels /ɑ/ or /æ/ in syllable-coda position, e.g. tähti [tæħti] 'star'.

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to the left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded

This shows grade level based on the word's complexity.
This shows grade level based on the word's complexity.
Phonetics . pertaining to or characterized by a sound articulated in the back of the mouth, as the non-English velar fricative sound [ kh ]. /x/.
"Is" it time for a new quiz? "Are" you ready? Then prove your excellent skills on using "is" vs. "are."

IS and ARE are both forms of which verb?
1585–95; Aria Skye Nude
Beach Voyeur
Slave Leia Bdsm

Guterral

Report Page