Grey Nurse

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The Grey Nurse Shark is listed as two separate populations under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act).
The east coast population is listed as critically endangered. EPBC Act Status and Documents - Carcharias taurus (east coast population) — Grey Nurse Shark (east coast population)
This species became the first protected shark in the world when the New South Wales Government declared it a protected species in 1984.
Grey nurse sharks are now protected under fisheries legislation in New South Wales, Tasmania, Queensland and Western Australia.
Globally, the species is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (link is external) in March 2000.
The Grey Nurse Shark Recovery Plan was developed in accordance with the guidelines for the compilation of recovery plans under the EPBC Act. This Plan sets out recovery objectives and actions to achieve those objectives.
The Grey Nurse Shark ( Carcharias taurus ) also known as the sand tiger shark or spotted ragged-tooth shark, is one of four species belonging to the family Odontaspididae. The species has a large, rather stout body and is coloured grey to grey-brown dorsally, with a paler off white under belly. Reddish or brownish spots may occur on the caudal fin and posterior half of the body, particularly in juveniles. The species has a conical snout, long awl-like teeth in both jaws (with single lateral cusplets), similarly sized first and second dorsal fin and an asymmetrical caudal fin. Grey nurse sharks grow to at least 3.6 metres in length. The grey nurse shark is a slow but strong swimmer and is generally more active at night.
Grey nurse sharks are often observed just above the sea bed in or near deep sandy-bottomed gutters or rocky caves, in the vicinity of inshore rocky reefs and islands. The diet of the adult grey nurse shark consists of a wide range of fish, other sharks, squids, crabs and lobsters.
Grey nurse sharks have a broad inshore distribution, primarily in subtropical to cool temperate waters around the main continental land masses. The Australian east coast population is considered to extend from the Capricornia coast (central Queensland) to Narooma in southern New South Wales. The range of the west coast population is less well known. However, commercial shark bycatch fisheries data indicate that the species occupies sites from North West Shelf south to coastal waters near Cocklebiddy in the Great Australian Bight. The grey nurse shark has been recorded as far north as Cairns in the east, the North West Shelf in the west and also in the Arafura Sea.
Until recently, the grey nurse shark had an undeserved reputation in Australia as a man-eater. Harding (1990) found that it is not a threat to divers or swimmers unless provoked. Many shark attacks in Australia have been attributed incorrectly to the grey nurse shark (Whitley, 1983) often due to its fierce appearance. The grey nurse shark's reputation led to indiscriminate killing of the species by spear and line fishers. Current threats to the species are believed to be incidental catch from commercial fisheries, recreational fishing and, to a lesser extent, the bather protection programs run in New South Wales and Queensland.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Grey nurse shark )
Not to be confused with sand shark , tiger shark , or nurse shark .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pollard, D. & Smith, A. (2009). "Carcharias taurus" . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009 : e.T3854A10132481. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). Vol.4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date; Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes . FAO Species Catalogue. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization . ISBN 92-5-101384-5 .

^ "Carcharias taurus: Sandtiger Shark" . Florida Museum of Natural History . 18 October 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .

^ "Common names of Carcharias taurus " . FishBase . Retrieved 4 December 2011 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Sand Tiger Shark" . National Geographic Society . 2009 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Sand tiger shark" (PDF) . NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 28, 2011 .

^ Williams, Samantha (8 August 2007). "Rare albino shark rules deep" . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b c Dicken, M. L.; Booth, A. J.; Smale, M. J.; Cliff, G. (2007). "Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks ( Carcharias taurus ) tagged off the east coast of South Africa". Marine and Freshwater Research . 58 : 127. doi : 10.1071/MF06018 .

^ Bansemer, C. S.; Bennett, M. B. (2011). "Sex- and maturity-based differences in movement and migration patterns of grey nurse shark, Carcharias taurus , along the eastern coast of Australia" . Marine and Freshwater Research . 62 (6): 596. doi : 10.1071/MF10152 .

^ Kneebone, J.; Chisholm, J.; Skomal, G. B. (2012). "Seasonal residency, habitat use, and site fidelity of juvenile sand tiger sharks Carcharias taurus in a Massachusetts estuary" . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 471 : 165–181. doi : 10.3354/meps09989 .

^ Bray, Dianne J. (2014). "Carcharias taurus" . Fishes of Australia . Retrieved 26 August 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Smale, M. J. (2005). "The diet of the ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa" (PDF) . African Journal of Marine Science . 27 : 331–335. doi : 10.2989/18142320509504091 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Lucifora, L. O.; García, V. B.; Escalante, A. H. (2009). "How can the feeding habits of the sand tiger shark influence the success of conservation programs?". Animal Conservation . 12 (4): 291. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00247.x .

^ Gelsleichter, J.; Musick, J. A.; Nichols, S. (1999). "Food habits of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis , dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus , Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae , and the sand tiger, Carcharias taurus , from the northwest Atlantic Ocean". Environmental Biology of Fishes . 54 (2): 205. doi : 10.1023/A:1007527111292 .

^ Gordon, I. (1993). "Pre-copulatory behaviour of captive sandtiger sharks, Carcharias taurus ". Environmental Biology of Fishes . 38 (1–3): 159–164. doi : 10.1007/BF00842912 .

^ Jump up to: a b Chapman, D. D.; Wintner, S. P.; Abercrombie, D. L.; Ashe, J.; Bernard, A. M.; Shivji, M. S.; Feldheim, K. A. (2013). "The behavioural and genetic mating system of the sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus , an intrauterine cannibal" . Biology Letters . 9 (3): 20130003. doi : 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0003 . PMC 3645029 . PMID 23637391 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Bansemer, C. S.; Bennett, M. B. (2009). "Reproductive periodicity, localised movements and behavioural segregation of pregnant Carcharias taurus at Wolf Rock, southeast Queensland, Australia" . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 374 : 215–227. doi : 10.3354/meps07741 .

^ Gilmore, R.G.; Dodrill, J.W. & Linley, P. (1983). "Reproduction and embryonic development of the sand tiger shark, Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque)" (PDF) . Fishery Bulletin . 81 (2): 201–225.

^ Jump up to: a b Branstetter, Steven; Musick, John A. (1994). "Age and Growth Estimates for the Sand Tiger in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society . 123 (2): 242. doi : 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0242:AAGEFT>2.3.CO;2 .

^ "Species Search" . Shark Attack Survivors . Archived from the original on 3 May 2013.

^ Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)". Ocean & Coastal Management . 34 : 1–9. doi : 10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00061-0 .

^ Dudley, S. F. J.; Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2006). "Population status of 14 shark species caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu–Natal beaches, South Africa, 1978–2003". Marine and Freshwater Research . 57 (2): 225. doi : 10.1071/MF05156 .

^ Brazier, W.; Nel, R.; Cliff, G.; Dudley, S. (2012). "Impact of protective shark nets on sea turtles in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 1981–2008". African Journal of Marine Science . 34 (2): 249. doi : 10.2989/1814232X.2012.709967 .

^ Barker, S. M.; Peddemors, V. M.; Williamson, J. E. (2011). "A video and photographic study of aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour changes in the Grey Nurse Shark ( Carcharias taurus ) in response to the presence of SCUBA divers". Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology . 44 (2): 75. doi : 10.1080/10236244.2011.569991 .

^ Viegas, Jennifer (9 July 2014). "Sand Tiger Sharks Are Curious About People" . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 .

^ Smith, K.; Scarr, M.; Scarpaci, C. (2010). "Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia". Environmental Management . 46 (5): 699–710. doi : 10.1007/s00267-010-9561-8 . PMID 20872140 .

^ Decker, Robert. "Ghosts in the Graveyard: N.C. Shark Diving" . ScubaDiving.com . Retrieved 17 June 2015 .

^ "Sand Tiger Shark" . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .

^ "A Mystery in Captivity" . The Campus . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .

^ Tate, Erin E. (2013). "Correlations of Swimming Patterns with Spinal Deformities in the Sand Tiger Shark, Carcharias taurus " (PDF) . International Journal of Comparative Psychology . 26 : 75–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013.

^ "Critically endangered grey nurse shark mapped for the first time in landmark study" . Macquarie University . 5 February 2019 . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .

^ "Considering Shark Biology in Management" . The Pew Charitable Trusts . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 .



Parker, Steve; Parker, Jane (2002). "Design for Living". The Encyclopedia of Sharks . Firefly Books. p. 100.


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Carcharias tricuspidatus Day, 1878

The sand tiger shark ( Carcharias taurus ), grey nurse shark , spotted ragged-tooth shark or blue-nurse sand tiger , is a species of shark that inhabits subtropical and temperate waters worldwide. It inhabits the continental shelf , from sandy shorelines (hence the name sand tiger shark) and submerged reefs to a depth of around 191 m (627 ft). [2] They dwell in the waters of Japan, Australia, South Africa, the Mediterranean and the east coasts of North and South America. Despite its common names, it is not closely related to either the tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) or the nurse shark ( Ginglymostoma cirratum ).

Despite its fearsome appearance and strong swimming ability, it is a relatively placid and slow-moving shark with no confirmed human fatalities. This species has a sharp, pointy head, and a bulky body. The sand tiger's length can reach 3.2 m (10.5 ft). [3] They are grey with reddish-brown spots on their backs. Shivers (groups) have been observed to hunt large schools of fish. Their diet consists of bony fish, crustaceans , squid , skates and other sharks. Unlike other sharks, the sand tiger can gulp air from the surface, allowing it to be suspended in the water column with minimal effort. During pregnancy, the most developed embryo will feed on its siblings, a reproductive strategy known as intrauterine cannibalism i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully, adelphophagy —literally "eating one's brother". The sand tiger is categorized as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List . It is the most widely kept large shark in public aquariums owing to its tolerance for captivity.

The sand tiger shark's description as Carcharias taurus by Constantine Rafinesque came from a specimen caught off the coast of Sicily . Carcharias taurus means "bull shark". This taxonomic classification has been long disputed. Twenty-seven years after Rafinesque's original description the German biologists Müller and Henle changed the genus name from C. taurus to Triglochis taurus . The following year, Swiss-American naturalist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz reclassified the shark as Odontaspis cuspidata based on examples of fossilized teeth. Agassiz's name was used until 1961 when three palaeontologists and ichthyologists , W. Tucker, E. I. White, and N. B. Marshall, requested that the shark be returned to the genus Carcharias . This request was rejected and Odontaspis was approved by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). When experts concluded that taurus belongs after Odontaspis , the name was changed to Odontaspis taurus . In 1977, Compagno and Follet challenged the Odontaspis taurus name and substituted Eugomphodus , a somewhat unknown classification, for Odontaspis . Many taxonomists questioned his change, arguing that there was no significant difference between Odontaspis and Carcharias . After changing the name to Eugomphodus taurus , Compagno successfully advocated in establishing the shark's current scientific name as Carcharias taurus . The ICZN approved this name, and today it is used among biologists. [2]

Because the sand tiger shark is worldwide in distribution, it has many common names. The term "sand tiger shark" actually refers to four different sand tiger shark species in the family Odontaspididae. Furthermore, the name creates confusion with the unrelated tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier . The grey nurse shark , the name used in Australia and the United Kingdom, is the second-most used name for the shark, and in India it is known as blue-nurse sand tiger . However, there are unrelated nurse sharks in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The most unambiguous and descriptive English name is probably the South African one, spotted ragged-tooth shark . [2] [4]

There are four species referred to as sand tiger sharks: [2]

The most likely problem when identifying the sand tiger shark is when in the presence of either of the two species of Odontaspis . Firstly, the sand tiger is usually spotted, especially on the hind half of the body. However, there are several other differences that are probably more reliable:

Adult sand tigers range from 2 m (6.6 ft) to 3.2 m (10.5 ft) in length and 91 kg (201 lb) to 159 kg (351 lb) in weight. [5] The head is pointy, as opposed to round, while the snout is flattened with a conical shape. Its body is stout and bulky and its mouth extends beyond the eyes. The eyes of the sand tiger shark are small, lacking eyelids. [2] A sand tiger usually swims with its mouth open displaying three rows of protruding, smooth-edged, sharp-pointed teeth. [6] The males have grey claspers with white tips located on the underside of their body. The caudal fin is elongated with a long upper lobe (i.e. strongly heterocercal ). They have two large, broad-based grey dorsal fins set back beyond the pectoral fins. [2] The sand tiger shark has a grey-brown back and pale underside. Adults tend to have reddish-brown spots scattered, mostly on the hind part of the body. [6] In August 2007, an albino specimen was photographed off South West Rocks , Australia. [7] The teeth of these sharks have no transverse serrations (as have many other sharks) but they have a large, smooth main cusp with a tiny cusplet on each side of the main cusp. [2] The upper front teeth are separated from the teeth on the side of the mouth by small intermediate teeth.

Snout and mouth of sand tiger shark, showing protruding teeth and small eyes

Sand tiger sharks roam the epipelagic and mesopelagic regions of the ocean, [8] sandy coastal waters, estuaries, shallow bays, and rocky or tropical reefs, at depths of up to 190 m (623 ft).

The sand tiger shark can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and in the Adriatic Seas. In the Western Atlantic Ocean, it is found in coastal waters around from the Gulf of Maine to Florida, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, around the Bahamas and Bermuda, and from southern Brazil to northern Argentina. It is also found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea to the Canary Islands , at the Cape Verde islands, along the coasts of Senegal and Ghana, and from southern Nigeria to Cameroon. In the western Indian Ocean, the shark ranges from South Africa to southern Mozambique, but excluding Madagascar. The sand tiger shark has also been sighted in the Red Sea and may be found as far east as India. In the western Pacific, it has been sighted in the waters around the coasts of Japan and Australia, but not around New Zealand. [1]

Sand tigers in South Africa and Australia undertake an annual migration that may cover more than 1,000 km (620 mi). [8] They pup during the summer in relatively cold water (temperature ca. 16 °C [61 °F]). After parturition, they swim northwards toward sites where there are suitable rocks or caves, often at a water depth ca. 20 m (66 ft), where they mate during and just after the winter. [9] Mating normally takes place at night. After mating, they swim further north to even warmer water where gestation takes place. In the Autumn they return southwards to give birth in cooler water. This round trip may encompass as much as 3,000 km (1,900 mi). The young sharks do not take part in this migration, but they are absent from the normal birth grounds during winter: it is thought that they move deeper into the ocean. [8] At Cape Cod (USA), juveniles move away from coastal areas when water temperatures decreases below 16 °C and day length decreases to less than 12 h. [10] Juveniles, however, return to their usual summer haunts and as they become mature
https://environment.gov.au/marine/marine-species/sharks/greynurse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark
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