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The illegal drug trade in China is influenced by factors such as history, location, size, population, and current economic conditions. As trade with Southeast Asia and elsewhere increased, so did the flow of illicit drugs and precursor chemicals from, into, and through China. China is a major source of precursor chemicals necessary for the production of cocaine , heroin, MDMA and crystal methamphetamine , which are used by many Southeast Asian and Pacific Rim nations. China produces over , metric tons of acetic anhydride each year, and imports an additional 20, metric tons from the United States and Singapore. Reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to morphine and heroin refineries in the Golden Triangle. China is developing a significant MDMA production, trafficking, and consumption problem. Although China has taken actions through legislation and regulation of production and exportation of precursor chemicals, extensive action is required to control the illicit diversion and smuggling of precursor chemicals. China not only continues to be a major transit route for Southeast Asian heroin bound for international drug markets, but also for Southwest Asian heroin entering northwestern China from Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Tajikistan. A majority of the Southeast Asian heroin that enters China from Myanmar transits southern China to various international markets by maritime transport. Drug traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in coastal cities, such as Qingdao , Shanghai , Tianjin , and Guangdong , to ship heroin along maritime routes. Southwest Asian heroin mainly from Afghanistan represents as much as 22 percent of the heroin entering northwest China. Chinese authorities believe that these trends will increase and they attribute these increases to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in China. China is being forced to develop a complex counter-drug strategy that includes prevention, education, eradication, interdiction, and rehabilitation. During the Republican period \\\\\\\\\\\], government authorities claimed that smoking cannabis could cause nervous dysfunction and madness. Such official attitudes must have reflected popular beliefs, since very little concrete evidence exists concerning the use of cannabis even in the large coastal metropoles. In Shanghai not a single case of cannabis use was discovered during the s. On the other hand, the extraction of hemp oil was widespread in Shanxi , Mongolia and Manchuria. Although most of it appears to have been used for lighting and to lubricate cart wheels, its narcotic powers may have been understood by the local farmers. Cannabis grows naturally throughout southwestern China, and is legally cultivated in some areas of China for use in commercial rope manufacturing. Most of the illicit cultivation of cannabis as a drug in China appears in Xinjiang and Yunnan and is primarily cultivated for domestic use. In , approximately 1. The Chinese Government owns and operates ephedra farms, where ephedra grass ephedra sinica is cultivated under strict government control. The active alkaloids , pseudoephedrine and ephedrine , are chemically extracted from the plant material and processed for pharmaceutical purposes. These chemicals are then sold domestically and for export. China and India are the major producers of these chemicals extracted from the ephedra plant. In addition to government-controlled farms, the ephedra plant grows wildly in many parts of the northern areas of China. Illicit cultivation of the opium poppy in China is negligible in provinces such as Yunnan , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , and the remote regions of the northwest frontier. Opium produced in these areas is not converted into heroin, but is consumed locally by ethnic minority groups in these isolated areas. Chinese officials report that in the last several years \\\\\\\\\\\[ when? Legal cultivation of the opium poppy occurs on farms controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Drug Administration Bureau of the State Council. According to United Nations U. China reports that none of this opium is exported. The Mao Zedong government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the Golden Triangle region. In , China was estimated to have four million regular drug users and one million registered drug addicts. Manufacture of crystal methamphetamine ice , shabu , bingdu is facilitated by the availability of precursor chemicals , such as pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. The unrestricted availability of these chemicals in the country facilitates the production of large quantities of crystal methamphetamine. Seizure information indicates that methamphetamine laboratories are located in provinces along the eastern and southeastern coastal areas. Many of the traffickers for the clandestine crystal methamphetamine laboratories are from organized crime groups based in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. Because of its increasing popularity with young party goers in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing , Guangzhou , and Shenzhen , Chinese law enforcement officials report significant increases in the domestic production of MDMA Ecstasy. Some laboratory operators in China mix MDMA powder, imported from Europe, with substances, such as caffeine and ketamine , while making the Ecstasy tablets. Many of the individuals involved in the international trafficking of Southeast Asian heroin are ethnic Kokang , Yunnanese , Fujianese , Cantonese , or members of other ethnic Chinese minority groups that reside outside of China. Reporting on the activities of drug trafficking organizations in China is sparse. However, Chinese officials report that drug traffickers are dividing their large shipments into smaller ones in order to minimize losses in case of seizure. Chinese officials also report that drug traffickers are increasingly using women, children, and poor, uneducated farmers to body-carry drugs from the Golden Triangle area to Guangdong and other provinces in China. In China many individuals and criminal organizations involved in drug trafficking are increasingly arming themselves with automatic weapons and grenades to protect their drug shipments from theft by rival organizations. Many firefights occur along the Burma—China border, where larger drug shipments are more prevalent. Traffickers also arm themselves to avoid being captured by the police, and some smugglers are better armed than the local police forces. Furthermore, many traffickers believe they have a better chance of surviving a firefight than the outcome of any legal proceedings. In China, sentencing for drug trafficking could include capital punishment. Hui Muslim drug dealers are accused by Uyghur Muslims of pushing heroin on Uyghurs. Chinese officials state that the majority of heroin entering China comes over the border from Burma. This heroin then transits southern China, through Yunnan or Guangxi , to Guangdong or Fujian to the southeastern coastal areas, and then on to international markets. Heroin is transported to Guangdong and to the cities of Xiamen and Fuzhou in Fujian for shipment to international drug markets. Traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in northeast cities, such as Qingdao , Shanghai, and Tianjin , to ship heroin via maritime routes. Chinese authorities state that Southwest Asian heroin mainly originating from Afghanistan represents as much as 20 percent of the heroin that enters the northwest Xinjiang. This trend is increasing, and is attributed to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in the western parts of China. Due to the availability of the precursor chemicals , traffickers produce large amounts of crystal methamphetamine. Although much of the crystal methamphetamine is consumed locally, some is available for shipment to other markets throughout Southeast Asia. Several ports in southern China serve as transit points for crystal methamphetamine transported by containerized cargo to international drug markets. In June , tablets from seizures in two DEA San Francisco investigations were linked to the same source as a ,tablet seizure in Shenzhen , China that had occurred days before. Although the San Francisco seizures were much smaller than the Shenzhen seizure, the capabilities of these trafficking groups appear to be significant. Chinese officials seized over 3 million Ecstasy tablets in China in China is of paramount importance in global cooperative efforts to prevent the diversion of precursor chemicals. With its large chemical industry , China remains a source country for legitimately produced chemicals that are diverted for production of heroin and cocaine , as well as many amphetamine -type stimulants. China and its neighbor India are the leading exporters of bulk ephedrine in the world. China is also the second largest producer of potassium permanganate in the world. To combat the diversion of precursor chemicals, China implemented several regulations on the control of precursor chemicals between and , including adoption of the U. Additionally, the Government further improved regulations to strengthen control of ephedrine during and Acetic anhydride is used to synthesize morphine base into heroin, and potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizer in cocaine production. Both chemicals are targeted because they are the chemicals most often preferred, and most widely used, by illicit drug manufacturers. However, the effectiveness of Operation PURPLE has been declining recently, since participant nations are exporting significant amounts of potassium permanganate to non-participant countries. Additionally, Chinese authorities further control the export of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine through the voluntary use of the Letter of Non-Objection LONO system. China will not allow exports of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine without a positive affirmation by authorities in the importing country as to the bona fides of the consignee. For those countries that do not issue import permits, a letter of non-objection must be provided to Chinese authorities. China is a source country for significant amounts of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine exported to Mexico, and subsequently used to manufacture methamphetamine destined for the United States. Increases in pseudoephedrine diversion were noted, beginning with the seizures in March and April of four shipments of product destined for Mexico. The seizures occurred in the United States and Panama, and totaled over 22 million, milligram pseudoephedrine tablets. The source of supply has been identified as legitimate pharmaceutical companies in Hong Kong. Additional investigations have revealed other companies in Hong Kong that have been engaged in supplying substantial amounts of pseudoephedrine to firms, sometime fictitious, shells or fronts, in Mexico. Domestically, Chinese officials express concern over the increasing number of synthetic drug production operations in their country. Seizures of precursor chemicals in China increased from 50 metric tons in to metric tons in ; only metric tons were seized in In the past money laundering was not considered a significant problem in China. However, with the booming economy promoting greater trade investment and the ever-increasing number of foreign bank branches opening throughout the country, it appears that China may become an emerging money laundering center. China, however, has taken some initial steps to begin investigation of money laundering activities. The major drugs of choice are injectable heroin, morphine , smokeable opium , crystal methamphetamine , nimetazepam , temazepam , and MDMA. The use of heroin and opium has increased among the younger population, as income has grown and the youth have more free time. The South China Morning Post reports the rise in the use of ketamine, easy to mass-produce in illicit labs in southern China, particularly among the young. Because of its low cost, and low profit margin, drug peddlers rely on mass distribution to make money, thus increasing its penetrative power to all, including schoolchildren. As of , there were 2,, registered drug addicts in China, 1,, of which where addicted to heroin, accounting for Of the registered drug addicts, In , intravenous heroin users accounted for Chinese officials are becoming increasingly concerned about the abuse of methamphetamine and other amphetamine -type stimulants. Both voluntary and compulsory drug treatment programs are provided in China, although the compulsory treatment is more common. Most addicts who attend these centers do so involuntarily upon orders from the Government. Voluntary treatment is provided at centers operated by Public Health Bureaus, but these programs are more expensive and many people cannot afford to attend them. Addicts, who return to drug use after having received treatment, and who cannot be cured by other means, may be sentenced to rehabilitation in concentration camps for re-education through labor. Demand reduction efforts target individuals between the ages of 17 and 35, since this is the largest segment of drug users. These efforts include, but are not limited to, media campaigns and establishment of drug-free communities. At the national level, the agencies specifically responsible for the control of legal and illicit drugs are the Ministry of Health , the Ministry of Public Security , and the Customs General Administration. The State Food and Drug Administration oversees implementation of the laws regulating the pharmaceutical industry. In the Customs General Administration, the Smuggling Prevention Department plays the major role in intercepting illegal drug shipments. The Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security handles all criminal investigations involving opium , heroin, and methamphetamine. China is a party to the U. Drug Convention , \\\\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\\\] the U. Convention on Psychotropic Substances. This program is designed to enhance information sharing and coordination of drug law enforcement activities by countries in and around the Central Asian Region. This treaty subsequently went into effect on March 8, However, this agreement has not yet been activated. A May United States and China Memorandum of Understanding on law enforcement cooperation allows the two countries to provide assistance on drug investigations and prosecutions on a case-by-case basis. China has over 30 MLATs with 24 nations covering both civil and criminal matters. China also signed a drug control cooperation agreement with India. China and Burma continue dialogue on counter-drug issues, such as drug trafficking by the United Wa State Army along the China—Burma border. The Government of China encourages and provides assistance for alternative crop programs in Burma along the China—Burma border. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the history of opium use within China and the Chinese diaspora, see History of opium in China and Opium den. Archived from the original on April 4, Retrieved May 4, Retrieved June 8, Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China. Safran William 13 May McCarthy 15 December Communist multiculturalism: ethnic revival in southwest China. University of Washington Press. Retrieved United Nations. Health in China. Economy of China. Companies of China. Tax system Labor contract law Labor relations Food safety Intellectual property. Book Category Asia portal. Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March Articles with unsourced statements from August Articles with unsourced statements from March Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Crystal methamphetamine price per kilogram.
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The illegal drug trade in China is influenced by factors such as history, location, size, population, and current economic conditions. As trade with Southeast Asia and elsewhere increased, so did the flow of illicit drugs and precursor chemicals from, into, and through China. China is a major source of precursor chemicals necessary for the production of cocaine , heroin, MDMA and crystal methamphetamine , which are used by many Southeast Asian and Pacific Rim nations. China produces over , metric tons of acetic anhydride each year, and imports an additional 20, metric tons from the United States and Singapore. Reports indicate that acetic anhydride is diverted from China to morphine and heroin refineries in the Golden Triangle. China is developing a significant MDMA production, trafficking, and consumption problem. Although China has taken actions through legislation and regulation of production and exportation of precursor chemicals, extensive action is required to control the illicit diversion and smuggling of precursor chemicals. China not only continues to be a major transit route for Southeast Asian heroin bound for international drug markets, but also for Southwest Asian heroin entering northwestern China from Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Tajikistan. A majority of the Southeast Asian heroin that enters China from Myanmar transits southern China to various international markets by maritime transport. Drug traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in coastal cities, such as Qingdao , Shanghai , Tianjin , and Guangdong , to ship heroin along maritime routes. Southwest Asian heroin mainly from Afghanistan represents as much as 22 percent of the heroin entering northwest China. Chinese authorities believe that these trends will increase and they attribute these increases to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in China. China is being forced to develop a complex counter-drug strategy that includes prevention, education, eradication, interdiction, and rehabilitation. During the Republican period \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\], government authorities claimed that smoking cannabis could cause nervous dysfunction and madness. Such official attitudes must have reflected popular beliefs, since very little concrete evidence exists concerning the use of cannabis even in the large coastal metropoles. In Shanghai not a single case of cannabis use was discovered during the s. On the other hand, the extraction of hemp oil was widespread in Shanxi , Mongolia and Manchuria. Although most of it appears to have been used for lighting and to lubricate cart wheels, its narcotic powers may have been understood by the local farmers. Cannabis grows naturally throughout southwestern China, and is legally cultivated in some areas of China for use in commercial rope manufacturing. Most of the illicit cultivation of cannabis as a drug in China appears in Xinjiang and Yunnan and is primarily cultivated for domestic use. In , approximately 1. The Chinese Government owns and operates ephedra farms, where ephedra grass ephedra sinica is cultivated under strict government control. The active alkaloids , pseudoephedrine and ephedrine , are chemically extracted from the plant material and processed for pharmaceutical purposes. These chemicals are then sold domestically and for export. China and India are the major producers of these chemicals extracted from the ephedra plant. In addition to government-controlled farms, the ephedra plant grows wildly in many parts of the northern areas of China. Illicit cultivation of the opium poppy in China is negligible in provinces such as Yunnan , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , and the remote regions of the northwest frontier. Opium produced in these areas is not converted into heroin, but is consumed locally by ethnic minority groups in these isolated areas. Chinese officials report that in the last several years \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[ when? Legal cultivation of the opium poppy occurs on farms controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Drug Administration Bureau of the State Council. According to United Nations U. China reports that none of this opium is exported. The Mao Zedong government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the Golden Triangle region. In , China was estimated to have four million regular drug users and one million registered drug addicts. Manufacture of crystal methamphetamine ice , shabu , bingdu is facilitated by the availability of precursor chemicals , such as pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. The unrestricted availability of these chemicals in the country facilitates the production of large quantities of crystal methamphetamine. Seizure information indicates that methamphetamine laboratories are located in provinces along the eastern and southeastern coastal areas. Many of the traffickers for the clandestine crystal methamphetamine laboratories are from organized crime groups based in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. Because of its increasing popularity with young party goers in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing , Guangzhou , and Shenzhen , Chinese law enforcement officials report significant increases in the domestic production of MDMA Ecstasy. Some laboratory operators in China mix MDMA powder, imported from Europe, with substances, such as caffeine and ketamine , while making the Ecstasy tablets. Many of the individuals involved in the international trafficking of Southeast Asian heroin are ethnic Kokang , Yunnanese , Fujianese , Cantonese , or members of other ethnic Chinese minority groups that reside outside of China. Reporting on the activities of drug trafficking organizations in China is sparse. However, Chinese officials report that drug traffickers are dividing their large shipments into smaller ones in order to minimize losses in case of seizure. Chinese officials also report that drug traffickers are increasingly using women, children, and poor, uneducated farmers to body-carry drugs from the Golden Triangle area to Guangdong and other provinces in China. In China many individuals and criminal organizations involved in drug trafficking are increasingly arming themselves with automatic weapons and grenades to protect their drug shipments from theft by rival organizations. Many firefights occur along the Burma—China border, where larger drug shipments are more prevalent. Traffickers also arm themselves to avoid being captured by the police, and some smugglers are better armed than the local police forces. Furthermore, many traffickers believe they have a better chance of surviving a firefight than the outcome of any legal proceedings. In China, sentencing for drug trafficking could include capital punishment. Hui Muslim drug dealers are accused by Uyghur Muslims of pushing heroin on Uyghurs. Chinese officials state that the majority of heroin entering China comes over the border from Burma. This heroin then transits southern China, through Yunnan or Guangxi , to Guangdong or Fujian to the southeastern coastal areas, and then on to international markets. Heroin is transported to Guangdong and to the cities of Xiamen and Fuzhou in Fujian for shipment to international drug markets. Traffickers take advantage of expanding port facilities in northeast cities, such as Qingdao , Shanghai, and Tianjin , to ship heroin via maritime routes. Chinese authorities state that Southwest Asian heroin mainly originating from Afghanistan represents as much as 20 percent of the heroin that enters the northwest Xinjiang. This trend is increasing, and is attributed to the continuing development of the infrastructure and economy in the western parts of China. Due to the availability of the precursor chemicals , traffickers produce large amounts of crystal methamphetamine. Although much of the crystal methamphetamine is consumed locally, some is available for shipment to other markets throughout Southeast Asia. Several ports in southern China serve as transit points for crystal methamphetamine transported by containerized cargo to international drug markets. In June , tablets from seizures in two DEA San Francisco investigations were linked to the same source as a ,tablet seizure in Shenzhen , China that had occurred days before. Although the San Francisco seizures were much smaller than the Shenzhen seizure, the capabilities of these trafficking groups appear to be significant. Chinese officials seized over 3 million Ecstasy tablets in China in China is of paramount importance in global cooperative efforts to prevent the diversion of precursor chemicals. With its large chemical industry , China remains a source country for legitimately produced chemicals that are diverted for production of heroin and cocaine , as well as many amphetamine -type stimulants. China and its neighbor India are the leading exporters of bulk ephedrine in the world. China is also the second largest producer of potassium permanganate in the world. To combat the diversion of precursor chemicals, China implemented several regulations on the control of precursor chemicals between and , including adoption of the U. Additionally, the Government further improved regulations to strengthen control of ephedrine during and Acetic anhydride is used to synthesize morphine base into heroin, and potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizer in cocaine production. Both chemicals are targeted because they are the chemicals most often preferred, and most widely used, by illicit drug manufacturers. However, the effectiveness of Operation PURPLE has been declining recently, since participant nations are exporting significant amounts of potassium permanganate to non-participant countries. Additionally, Chinese authorities further control the export of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine through the voluntary use of the Letter of Non-Objection LONO system. China will not allow exports of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine without a positive affirmation by authorities in the importing country as to the bona fides of the consignee. For those countries that do not issue import permits, a letter of non-objection must be provided to Chinese authorities. China is a source country for significant amounts of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine exported to Mexico, and subsequently used to manufacture methamphetamine destined for the United States. Increases in pseudoephedrine diversion were noted, beginning with the seizures in March and April of four shipments of product destined for Mexico. The seizures occurred in the United States and Panama, and totaled over 22 million, milligram pseudoephedrine tablets. The source of supply has been identified as legitimate pharmaceutical companies in Hong Kong. Additional investigations have revealed other companies in Hong Kong that have been engaged in supplying substantial amounts of pseudoephedrine to firms, sometime fictitious, shells or fronts, in Mexico. Domestically, Chinese officials express concern over the increasing number of synthetic drug production operations in their country. Seizures of precursor chemicals in China increased from 50 metric tons in to metric tons in ; only metric tons were seized in In the past money laundering was not considered a significant problem in China. However, with the booming economy promoting greater trade investment and the ever-increasing number of foreign bank branches opening throughout the country, it appears that China may become an emerging money laundering center. China, however, has taken some initial steps to begin investigation of money laundering activities. The major drugs of choice are injectable heroin, morphine , smokeable opium , crystal methamphetamine , nimetazepam , temazepam , and MDMA. The use of heroin and opium has increased among the younger population, as income has grown and the youth have more free time. The South China Morning Post reports the rise in the use of ketamine, easy to mass-produce in illicit labs in southern China, particularly among the young. Because of its low cost, and low profit margin, drug peddlers rely on mass distribution to make money, thus increasing its penetrative power to all, including schoolchildren. As of , there were 2,, registered drug addicts in China, 1,, of which where addicted to heroin, accounting for Of the registered drug addicts, In , intravenous heroin users accounted for Chinese officials are becoming increasingly concerned about the abuse of methamphetamine and other amphetamine -type stimulants. Both voluntary and compulsory drug treatment programs are provided in China, although the compulsory treatment is more common. Most addicts who attend these centers do so involuntarily upon orders from the Government. Voluntary treatment is provided at centers operated by Public Health Bureaus, but these programs are more expensive and many people cannot afford to attend them. Addicts, who return to drug use after having received treatment, and who cannot be cured by other means, may be sentenced to rehabilitation in concentration camps for re-education through labor. Demand reduction efforts target individuals between the ages of 17 and 35, since this is the largest segment of drug users. These efforts include, but are not limited to, media campaigns and establishment of drug-free communities. At the national level, the agencies specifically responsible for the control of legal and illicit drugs are the Ministry of Health , the Ministry of Public Security , and the Customs General Administration. The State Food and Drug Administration oversees implementation of the laws regulating the pharmaceutical industry. In the Customs General Administration, the Smuggling Prevention Department plays the major role in intercepting illegal drug shipments. The Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security handles all criminal investigations involving opium , heroin, and methamphetamine. China is a party to the U. Drug Convention , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] the U. Convention on Psychotropic Substances. This program is designed to enhance information sharing and coordination of drug law enforcement activities by countries in and around the Central Asian Region. This treaty subsequently went into effect on March 8, However, this agreement has not yet been activated. A May United States and China Memorandum of Understanding on law enforcement cooperation allows the two countries to provide assistance on drug investigations and prosecutions on a case-by-case basis. China has over 30 MLATs with 24 nations covering both civil and criminal matters. China also signed a drug control cooperation agreement with India. China and Burma continue dialogue on counter-drug issues, such as drug trafficking by the United Wa State Army along the China—Burma border. The Government of China encourages and provides assistance for alternative crop programs in Burma along the China—Burma border. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the history of opium use within China and the Chinese diaspora, see History of opium in China and Opium den. Archived from the original on April 4, Retrieved May 4, Retrieved June 8, Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China. Safran William 13 May McCarthy 15 December Communist multiculturalism: ethnic revival in southwest China. University of Washington Press. Retrieved United Nations. Health in China. Economy of China. Companies of China. Tax system Labor contract law Labor relations Food safety Intellectual property. Book Category Asia portal. Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March Articles with unsourced statements from August Articles with unsourced statements from March Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Crystal methamphetamine price per kilogram.
Illegal drug trade in China
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