German Reich
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German Reich
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↑ 1.0 1.1 Harper's magazine, Volume 63 . Pp. 593. The term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people, the term " Kaiserreich " literally denotes an empire - particularly a hereditary empire led by a literal emperor, though " reich " has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it has a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was Deutsches Reich that is properly translated as "German Realm" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a "presidency" of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state.
↑ 2.0 2.1 "Germany" in the Encyclopædia Britannica .
↑ Decree RK 7669 E of the Reichsminister and head of the Reich chancellery Hans Lammers , 26 June 1943.
↑ "Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with respect to Collisions between Vessels" . Brussels. 23 September 1910 . http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/collisions1910.html . — an example of a legal document in which Germany is officially referred to as "the German Empire"
↑ "Full text of the Kellogg–Briand Pact" . 27 August 1928 . http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/kbpact.htm .
↑ "Full text of the Geneva Convention" . 27 July 1929 . http://www.austlii.edu.au//cgi-bin/disp.pl/au/other/dfat/treaties/1931/7.html .
↑ "Speech by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain" . 17 March 1939 . http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk09.htm .
↑ Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers , 5 June 1945
↑ BVerfGE 36, 1: Verdict of the Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) regarding the East–West Basic Treaty — in German and in English , 31 July 1973
↑ Donald M. McRae, Canadian Yearbook of International Law 2005 , Vol. 43, University of British Columbia, Vancouver 2006, p. 431.
↑ Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. Updated: November 2003
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Deutsches Reich ( German: [ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʀaɪç] ) was the official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1943 in the German language. It translates literally in English to "German Empire" and appropriately "German Realm". [1] From 1943 to 1945 the official name of the Reich was Großdeutsches Reich ("Greater German Reich").
To refer to the entire period, the partially translated " German Reich " / ˈ dʒ ɜr m ən ˈ r aɪ k / , which has no monarchical connotations, is often used, [2] with "German Realm" being a more appropriate direct translation of the official title. [1] Informally, this nation was also simply known as Germany .
The name "Deutsches Reich" was occasionally applied in contemporary maps to the Holy Roman Empire (911–1806), also called "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from the 16th century onwards, though it constituted a supranational entity extending beyond the frontiers of the German language area ( Sprachraum ). The first attempt to establish a "German Empire" during the 1848 March Revolution by the Frankfurt Constitution ultimately failed: it was aborted by the monarchs of the German Confederation, especially by the King of Prussia, fighting German nationalism , which then was tied to the idea of popular sovereignty.
The history of Germany during the time of the German Reich (German Realm) is conventionally broken into three distinct periods:
Like its Latin counterpart, imperium , the word reich does not necessarily connote a monarchy; the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany used the name Deutsches Reich , while both were at least de jure republican in structure.
Following the Anschluss annexation of Austria in 1938, Nazi Germany informally named itself the Greater German Reich (German language: Großdeutsches Reich ). This name was made the official state name only during the last two years (1943–45) of Nazi rule under Adolf Hitler , [3] though the change was never proclaimed. After World War II , the denotation "German Reich" quickly fell into disuse in Allied-occupied Germany , however, the state's continued existence remained a matter of debate (see below).
Though the German word Reich translates to the English word "empire" (it also translates to such words as "realm" or "domain"), this translation was not used throughout the full existence of the German Reich. Historically, only Germany from 1871 to 1918 — when Germany was under the rule of an emperor ( Kaiser ) — is known in English as the "German Empire" ( Deutsches Kaiserreich in German historiography), while the term "German Reich" describes Germany from 1871 to 1945. [2] As the literal translation "German Empire" denotes a monarchy, the term is used only in reference to Germany before the fall of the monarchies at the end of World War I in 1918.
After the unification of Germany , under the reign of the Prussian king Wilhelm I and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , the German states ( e.g. , the kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony) were united under imperial rule by the Hohenzollern dynasty. On 18 January 1871, Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor at the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, the German Reich was officially declared Deutsches Reich , or "German Empire", [4] referring to the extinct Holy Roman Empire. On 14 April 1871, the Reichstag parliament passed the Constitution of the German Empire ( Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches ), which was published two days later.
However, originating from the North German Confederation , the Empire never comprised all "German" lands, excluding those Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary which had been part of the German Confederation until 1866. The unification under Prussian leadership manifested Bismarck's "Lesser German" solution of the German question after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, realised with the support of his national liberal allies. On the other hand, the German Reich of 1871 comprised extended Prussian territories with large non-German sections of the population, like Posen, West Prussia or Schleswig.
It is important to note that before and during the events of World War I , the German state was called an "empire" in English and Wilhelm II was titled "His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor." After the War and the abolition of the monarchy during the German Revolution of 1918–19 , however, when Wilhelm was forced to abdicate, the official English name for Germany was the "German Reich": Reich was left untranslated and no longer referred to an "empire" but, instead, took on the connotation of "Realm" or "State". "German Reich" was used in legal documents and English-language international treaties — for example, the Kellogg–Briand Pact [5] and the Geneva Conventions . [6] If the term "Empire" had still been considered valid at this point, it would have been used on these documents instead of "Reich".
Apart from official documents, post-World War I Germany was referred to as the "German Reich" — never as the "German Empire" — for example, by British politicians [7] —and the word "Reich" was used untranslated by Allied prosecutors throughout the Nuremberg Trials , with "German Empire" only used to signify pre-1918 Germany.
That Reich was never translated to "Empire" after 1918 has to do with the lack of a precise equivalent in English. In German, Reich does not presuppose a monarchical form of government; but in English, the word "Empire" almost certainly does, even though the Latin word imperium , from which "empire" is derived, need not denote a monarchy. Old English had the word rīc which was cognate with Reich , but this word has long since fallen out of use, except perhaps in the compound "bishop ric ".
On 8 May 1945, with the capitulation of the German armed forces, the supreme command of the Wehrmacht was handed over to the Allies . The Allies refused to recognise Karl Dönitz as Reichspräsident or to recognise the legitimacy of his Flensburg government (so-called because it was based at Flensburg and controlled only a small area around the town) and, on 5 June 1945, the four powers signed the Berlin Declaration , creating the Allied Control Council , and assumed de jure supreme authority with respect to Germany. [8]
While Allied-occupied Germany was divided into a British , French, US and a Soviet occupation zone , the former eastern territories of the German Reich east of the Oder-Neisse line were de facto annexed by the Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union . Nevertheless, the Allied forces did not abolish the Weimar Constitution nor did they declare the German Reich dissolved. [ citation needed ]
In its 1973 review of the previous year's Basic Treaty between East and West Germany , the German Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) ruled that according to its Basic Law the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is identical with the German Reich and not merely its legal successor. [9] The court also explained that the FRG had only partial identity in questions concerning the state territory because the German Democratic Republic and the Polish- and USSR-occupied eastern territories were beyond FRG authority and because the allied powers still had jurisdiction where Germany as a whole was concerned. It therefore stated the continuity of the German state established in 1871 according to constitutional law and its identity as a subject of international law.
The view, however, was contested by most other countries of the world. The three Western allies, the Soviet Union and most other Western countries regarded the German Reich as still being one nation — not synonymous with either the West or East German state but rather the two states in collective. Other countries tended to regard the German Reich to have been divided into two states. As of 1974, East Germany's official stance was that the GDR was a new state that is German in nature, a successor of the German Empire, [10] and that there were then two German states that were different nations. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany was made with agreement of at least the Western allied forces. [ citation needed ] It is also worth noting that the FRG was held responsible for reparations after the war, while the GDR denied any legal responsibility for the German Reich. [ citation needed ]
When the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany between Germany and the wartime Allies was signed on 12 September 1990, there was no mention of the term Deutsches Reich , however the Allies paraphrased the international legal personality of Germany as "Germany as a whole" in the English version of the text. Instead the states of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany , FRG) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany , GDR) agreed to be bound by certain conditions which they had to ratify, one of which was the creation of a united Germany — which to come into existence was also required to agree to certain treaty conditions. On meeting these conditions under Article 7.2 "The United Germany [has] accordingly full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs." [11]
Deutscher Kaiser ( German Emperor )
Reichspräsident ( President of the Reich )
Führer und Reichskanzler ( Führer and Chancellor of the Reich )
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Ideology drift defense: +50%
Can create factions
Bitterness over defeat in the Great War dominates the politics of this nation.
Division Organization: +5%
Planning Speed: +25%
The German General staff was responsible for the continuous study of all aspects of war, including the drawing up and reviewing of plans for mobilization or campaign. This contributed to a higher level of Organization in the army.
Consumer Goods Factories : -5%
Daily Political Power Cost: +0.20
Military factory construction speed: +25.00%
Air base construction speed: +25.00%
Naval base construction speed: +25.00%
Naval dockyard construction speed: +25.00%
Land fort construction speed: +25.00%
Coastal fort construction speed: +25.00%
Anti Air construction speed: +25.00%
Synthetic refinery construction speed: +15.00%
Fuel silo construction speed: +25.00%
Radar station construction speed: +25.00%
MEFO bills were promissory notes created by Hjalmar Schacht to enable the government to fund rearmament, acting through the balance sheet entity Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft to hide this rearmament from French and British eyes. These bills must be extended for six-month periods, or their recipients will have to be paid when they fall due.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
Can force government of another country to adopt the same ideology.
Can send volunteer forces
Justify war goal time when at war with a major: -80%
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are welcome to fix it.
This is a community maintained wiki. If you spot a mistake then you are
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