German Railways

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany
Freight: 75 billion tkm (2015, Deutsche Bahn …
National railway: Deutsche Bahn
Passenger km: 79.3 billion (2015, Deutsche Bahn only)
Ridership: 2.01 billion (2015, Deutsche Bahn only)
The earliest form of railways, wagonways were developed in Germany in the 16th century. A wagonway operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by Georgius Agricola (image right) in his work De re metallica. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") fro…
The earliest form of railways, wagonways were developed in Germany in the 16th century. A wagonway operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by Georgius Agricola (image right) in his work De re metallica. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. Such wagonways soon became very popular in Europe.

Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-hauled Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. The first long distance railway was the Leipzig-Dresden railway, completed on 7 April 1839. The following years saw a rapid growth: By the year 1845, there were already more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi)of railroads in Germany, ten years later that number was above 8,000.

German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France.

During the Second World War, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimise the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives (Kriegslokomotiven and Übergangskriegslokomotiven). Absent a good highway network and trucks, the Germans relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods.

In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell. Train frequency rapidly increased on the existing East/West corridors; closed links which had formerly crossed the border were re-opened. On 3 October 1990, Germany was reunified; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called Bahnreform (Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the State railways Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (Deutsche Bahn).

The German railways were long protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in 2013, this protection was removed, leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys. In addition, Deutsche Bahn officially lost its railway monopoly status in 1996; since then its share in regional railway market has dropped to 67% (for year 2016), and in the inland freight market it dropped to 68.6%. As of October 2016, there were 452 railway operators registered in Germany, among them 20 being long-distance operators.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn
Headquarters: Berlin, Germany
Owner: Federal Republic of Germany (100%)
Founded: 1 January 1994; 27 years ago
Key people: Richard Lutz, CEO
While the railway network in Germany dates back to 1835 when the first tracks were laid on a 6 km (3.7 mi) route between Nuremberg and Fürth, Deutsche Bahn has been a relatively recent development in German railway history. On January 1, 1994, Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahnwere merged to form one company, and so, they became Deutsche Bahn. At the same time, Deutsche Bahn adopted its current logo and DB abbreviation. …
While the railway network in Germany dates back to 1835 when the first tracks were laid on a 6 km (3.7 mi) route between Nuremberg and Fürth, Deutsche Bahn has been a relatively recent development in German railway history. On January 1, 1994, Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahn were merged to form one company, and so, they became Deutsche Bahn. At the same time, Deutsche Bahn adopted its current logo and DB abbreviation. Kurt Weidemann modernised the logo and typographer Erik Spiekermann designed a new corporate font known as DB Type. When Deutsche Bahn was formed in January 1994, it became a joint stock-company, and were designed to operate the railways of both the former East and West Germany after unification in October 1990 as a single, uniform, and private company. There are three main periods of development in this unified German railway: its formation, its early years (1994–1999), and the period from 1999 to the present.

Originally, DBAG had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main but moved to Potsdamer Platz in central Berlin in 1996, where it occupies a 26-storey office tower designed by Helmut Jahn at the eastern end of the Sony Center and named Bahntower. As the lease was to expire in 2010, DB had announced plans to relocate to Berlin Hauptbahnhof, and in 2007 a proposal for a new headquarters by 3XN Architects won an architectural competition which also included Foster + Partners, Dominique Perrault and Auer + Weber. However, these plans were put on hold due to the financial crisis of 2008, and the Bahntower lease was extended. Construction of the new headquarters building was started in 2017 under the title "Cube Berlin" according to the designs by 3XN. Finished in February 2020, the Cube will house the legal offices of Deutsche Bahn, but not become the main headquarters.

1999 to present
The second step of the Bahnreform (railway reform) was carried out in 1999. All rolling stock, track, personnel, and real assets were divided between the subsidiaries of DBAG: DB Reise & Touristik AG (long-distance passenger service, later renamed DB Station & Service AG (operating the stations). This new organisational scheme was introduced not least to implement European Community directive 91/440/EEC that demands access to railway systems free of discrimination.

In December 2007, DB reorganised again, bringing all passenger services into its DB Bahn arm, logistics under DB Schenker and infrastructure and operations under DB Netze.

The DB is owned by the Federal Republic. By the Constitution, the Federal Republic is required to retain (directly or indirectly) a majority of the infrastructure (the present DB Netze) stocks.

In 2008, it was agreed to "float" a portion of the business, meaning an end to the 100% share the German Federal Republic had in it, with a plan that 25% of the overall share would be sold to the private sector. However the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–08 saw this cancelled.

In 2014, the Jewish community of Thessaloniki demanded that the Deutsche Bahn, which is the successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, should reimburse the heirs of Greek Holocaust victims of Thessaloniki for train fares that they were forced to pay for their deportation from Thessaloniki to Auschwitz and Treblinka between March and August 1943.

In June 2018 controversy grew in the United Kingdom over widespread cancellations of railway services and numerous delayed services operated by Deutsche Bahn in Britain, under its Northern brand. This resulted in Britain's Minister of Transport, Chris Grayling, setting up an enquiry into whether the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary had breached its contractual agreement to provide railway services in the north of England. He warned that if the company was found to be in breach of its contractual agreements it could be banned from running railway services in the United Kingdom.
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Germany
Overview
Forerunners
Railways before 1871
The Länderbahn era (1871 to 1920)
Deutsche Reichsbahn (1920–1945)
Transition period (1945–1949)
The history of rail transport in Germany can be traced back to the 16th century. The earliest form of railways, wagonways, were developed in Germany in the 16th century. Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-powered Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. This had been precede…
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn
Summary
Overview
Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen (1920–1924)
Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (1924–1937)
Deutsche Reichsbahn (1937–1945)
The Deutsche Reichsbahn, also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the German national railway system created after the end of World War I from the regional railways of the individual states of the German Empire. The Deutsche Reichsbahn has been describe…
https://www.thetrainline.com/trains/germany
Перевести · The main train company in Germany. High-speed and regional trains. Airport transfers. Deutsche Bahn (or DB) is the main train company in Germany and …
Can you get German train tickets on your phone?
Yes, you can. The easiest way is to download our app and purchase your German train tickets there. You will then have the ticket’s barcode at hand...
Unless you want to risk standing on a long-distance train journey, yes! If you’re planning out your itinerary and you have some journeys that cross...
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How fast is a high-speed train in Germany?
Intercity Express trains (ICE) can reach a top speed of up to 330 km/h (205 mph), which is pretty fast by anyone’s standards!
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As of 2015, Germany had a railway network of 41,315 kilometres (25,672 mi) of which 19,857 kilometres (12,339 mi) are electrified and 18,201 kilometres (11,310 mi) were double track.[3] Germany is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Germany is 80.
2.01 billion (2015, Deutsche Bahn only)[1]
79.3 billion (2015, Deutsche Bahn only)[1]
75 billion tkm (2015, Deutsche Bahn only)[1]
Map of the railway network in Germany as of 2020.
Germany was ranked fourth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.[4] Germany had a very good rating for intensity of use, by both passengers and freight, and good ratings for quality of service and safety.[5] Germany also captured relatively high value in return for public investment with cost to performance ratios that outperform the average ratio for all European countries.[6]
As of 2006, there were around 23,500 powered rail vehicles in Germany, operated by the main operator Deutsche Bahn as well as around 150 smaller private railway companies:[7]
In 2006, railways in Germany carried around 119,968,000 passengers on long-distance trains (at an average distance of 324 kilometres (201 mi)), and 2,091,828,000 passengers on short-distance trains (36 kilometres (22 mi) on average). In the same year they carried 346,118,000 tonnes of goods at an average distance of 400 kilometres (250 mi).[8]
Deutsche Bahn (state-owned private company) is the main provider of railway service. In recent years a number of competitors have started business. They mostly offer state-subsidized regional services, but some companies offer long-distance services as well.
InterRegio services, introduced in 1988 to replace the former Schnellzug and Intercity, were abolished in 2003. UrlaubsExpress, national night trains to the Alps and the Baltic Sea during vacation times, were abolished in 2007.
Deutsche Bahn is gradually increasing the percentage of InterCityExpress services, and downgrading the remaining InterCity services to the role formerly played by InterRegio.
The earliest form of railways, wagonways were developed in Germany in the 16th century. A wagonway operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by Georgius Agricola (image right) in his work De re metallica.[9] This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks.[10] Such wagonways soon became very popular in Europe.
Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-hauled Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. The first long distance railway was the Leipzig-Dresden railway, completed on 7 April 1839. The following years saw a rapid growth: By the year 1845, there were already more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi)of railroads in Germany, ten years later that number was above 8,000.
German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth.[11] Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France.[12]
During the Second World War, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimise the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives (Kriegslokomotiven and Übergangskriegslokomotiven). Absent a good highway network and trucks, the Germans relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods.[13]
In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell. Train frequency rapidly increased on the existing East/West corridors; closed links which had formerly crossed the border were re-opened. On 3 October 1990, Germany was reunified; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called Bahnreform (Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the State railways Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (Deutsche Bahn).[14]
The German railways were long protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in 2013, this protection was removed,[15] leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys.[16] In addition, Deutsche Bahn officially lost its railway monopoly status in 1996;[17] since then its share in regional railway market has dropped to 67% (for year 2016), and in the inland freight market it dropped to 68.6%. As of October 2016, there were 452 railway operators registered in Germany, among them 20 being long-distance operators.[18]
This is the standard or international gauge
The European Union Commission issued a TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) on 30 May 2002, (2002/735/EC) that sets out standard platform heights for passenger steps on high-speed rail. These standard heights are 550 mm and 760 mm.[20][note 1]
In Germany new builds are 550 mm and 760 mm. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has new builds with 550 mm.[22] Hesse, NRW, Berlin had new builds with 760 mm.[22]
All these links are to countries of the same gauge, although electrification and other systems (such as signalling) may differ.
Local border services are not listed.
Public sector subsidies accounted for 23.7% of the cost of short-distance passenger transport including all rail and bus services.[23] Subsidies are generally not paid in the long-distance market.[24]
^ In reference to EU documentation on interoperability of trans-national high speed rail (see EU Directive 96/48/EC) platform height is measured from the top of the running surface of the rail.[21]
^ a b c "Railway Statistics 2015 Report" (PDF).
^ The World Factbook: Country Comparison :: Railways
^ http://www.uic.org/IMG/pdf/synopsis_2015_print_5_.pdf
^ "the 2017 European Railway Performance Index". Boston Consulting Group.
^ "the 2017 European Railway Performance Index". Boston Consulting Group.
^ "the 2017 European Railway Performance Index". Boston Consulting Group.
^ Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Fachserie 8, Reihe 2.1: Verkehr, Eisenbahnverkehr/Betriebsdaten des Schienenverkehrs 2006
^ Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Fachserie 8, Reihe 2: Verkehr, Eisenbahnverkehr 2006
^ Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), De re metallica (1913), p. 156.
^ Lee, Charles E. (1943). The Evolution of Railways (2 ed.). London: Railway Gazette. p. 16. OCLC 1591369.
^ by Colleen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (1994).
^ Allan Mitchell, Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815-1914 (2000)
^ Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The most valuable asset of the Reich. A history of the German National Railway: Vol 1: 1920-1932 (1999); Vol 2: 1933-1945 (2000)
^ Lutz, Friedrich; Lange, Bernd & Müller, Matthias (2003). "DB launches new locomotive strategy". Internationa
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