German Paratroopers Ww2

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German paratrooper wearing a Stahlhelm and carrying an MG 42 machine gun in the Soviet Union (1942)


^ Jump up to: a b Ailsby, Christopher: Hitler's Sky Warriors: German Paratroopers in Action, 1939-1945 , page 12. Spellmount Limited, 2000.

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^ Hahn, Fritz. Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933—1945. Band I. Infanteriewaffen, Pionierwaffen, Artilleriewaffen, Pulver, Spreng- und Kampfstoffe — Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1986 — ISBN 3-7637-5830-5


Parachute Divisions of the Wehrmacht Luftwaffe

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The Fallschirmjäger ( German: [ˈfalʃɪʁmˌjɛːɡə] ( listen ) ) were the paratroop branch of the German Luftwaffe before and during World War II . They were the first German paratroopers to be committed in large-scale airborne operations. Throughout World War II, the commander of the branch was Kurt Student .

During the interwar years the rapid development of aircraft and aviation technology drew the attention of imaginative military planners. The idea of aerially inserting a large body of troops inside enemy territory was first proposed during World War I by commander of the U.S. Air Corps in France— Brigadier General Billy Mitchell . [1] However, the Allied High Command was forced to abandon the idea as it was unprepared for such an undertaking, both logistically and in materiel. [1] Among the first to recognize the potential of airborne forces were Italy and the Soviet Union . [2] The first effective means of supporting massed infantry airborne operations came with the development of the static-line parachute in Italy in the 1920s, whereby parachutes are attached to the inside of the aircraft and deployed automatically upon departure. [2] This technique used in the German Rückfallschirm, Zwangablösung (backpack parachute, static line) rig allowed jumps at lower altitudes, limiting exposure to enemy fire and providing a tighter drop zone grouping than individually deployed rip-cord type parachutes. [2] The word Fallschirmjäger is from the German Fallschirm "parachute" and Jäger "hunter", the light infantry of the Prussian Army .

The Soviets were the first to demonstrate the military possibilities of airborne infantry in the 1930s with a series of maneuvers held in 1935 and 1936. [2] Though somewhat crude (the Soviet paratroopers had to exit their slow-moving Tupolev TB-3 transporters through a hatch in the roof and then, crawling along the wire, position themselves along the wings and top of the fuselage, and jump together when ordered), the exercise managed to land 1,000 troops through air-drops followed by another 2,500 soldiers with heavy equipment delivered via airlandings. The gathered forces proceeded to carry out conventional light infantry attacks with the support of heavy machine guns and light artillery . [3] Among the foreign observers present was Hermann Göring . [3]

Impressed, Göring became personally committed to the creation of Germany's airborne arm in the 1930s. [4] As the Prussian Prime Minister of the Interior, he had ordered the formation of a specialist police unit in 1933, the Polizeiabteilung Wecke , devoted to protecting Nazi Party officials. The organization of this unit was entrusted to Polizeimajor Walther Wecke of the Prussian Police Force, who had assembled a special detachment of 14 officers and 400 men within just two days. [4] On 17 July, the detachment was officially renamed Landespolizeigruppe Wecke . [5] On 22 December 1933, the unit was again retitled, becoming the Landespolizeigruppe General Göring . The unit carried out conventional police duties for the next two years under the command of Göring's ministerial adjutant Friedrich Jakoby, [5] but it was Göring's intention to ultimately produce a unit that would match the Reichswehr .

In March–April 1935, Göring transformed the Landespolizei General Göring into Germany's first dedicated airborne regiment, giving it the military designation Regiment General Göring (RGG) on 1 April 1935 (after Hitler introduced conscription on 16 March 1935). [5] The unit was incorporated into the newly formed Luftwaffe on 1 October of the same year and training commenced at Altengrabow. Göring also ordered that a group of volunteers be drawn for parachute training. These volunteers would form a core Fallschirmschützen Bataillon ("parachute soldiers battalion"), a cadre for future Fallschirmtruppe ("parachute troops"). [5] In January 1936, 600 men and officers formed the 1st Jäger Battalion/RGG, commanded by Bruno Bräuer, and the 15th Engineer Company/RGG and were transferred to training area Döberitz for jump training while the rest of the regiment was sent to Altengrabow. [6] Germany's parachute arm was officially inaugurated on 29 January 1936 [7] with an Order of the Day calling for recruits for parachute training at the Stendal Parachute Training School located 96 km (60 mi) west of Berlin . The school was activated several months after the first parachute units were established in January 1936 and was open to active and reserve Luftwaffe personnel. NCOs, officers and other ranks of the Luftwaffe were required to successfully complete six jumps in order to receive the Luftwaffe Parachutist's Badge (instituted on 5 November 1936). [7]

The 1st Parachute Division was originally formed in 1938, when it was designated as the 7th Air Division. [8] It carried out airborne operations in the early stages of the war, including the successful capture of Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium. It later fought in the Battle of Crete but its heavy losses there saw Hitler refuse to consider using his troops in a significant airborne role again. [9] It became the 1st Parachute Division in 1942, when it was reformed in Russia. The division existed as a fighting unit until the German surrender in Italy of 2 May 1945, one week before the end of World War II in Europe. [8]

The 2nd Parachute Division was formed in France under the command of Generalleutnant Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke in early 1943, based on the 2nd Parachute Brigade that had fought in North Africa. Sent to Rome as part of the occupation force when the Italian government began to reconsider its war effort, it later fought in the Ukraine and in western France. The majority of the division was cut off and surrounded in Brest during the German retreat from France, resulting in the Battle for Brest , that lasted until September 1944. A new 2nd Parachute Division was formed in November 1944 and the following year was involved in fighting in Arnhem, during the Rhine crossings and in the Ruhr Pocket with Army Group B . [10]

The 3rd and 4th Parachute divisions were formed in 1943. The 4th also contained Italian paratroopers drawn from the 184th Airborne Division Nembo and 185th Paratroopers Division Folgore . The 3rd fought during the Normandy Campaign ; it was largely destroyed in the Falaise Pocket in August 1944. It was then reformed and took part the Battle of the Ardennes , and ended the war in the Ruhr Pocket where it surrendered to US troops in April 1945. The 4th fought exclusively on the Italian front including the Battle of Anzio , Rome and on the Gothic Line . It surrendered to Allied forces in April 1945. [11]

The 5th Parachute Division was formed in France in 1943. It was involved in the fighting in Normandy after D-Day and most of its personnel were killed or captured in the Falaise Pocket. It was reformed in the Netherlands but with Luftwaffe ground crew. It fought in the Ardennes offensive and along the Rhine before its survivors surrendered at the end of the war. [12] The 6th and 7th Parachute divisions were formed in 1944 in France and Germany respectively and fought on the western front as regular infantry. Both divisions surrendered at the end of May. [13]

The 8th , 9th and 10th were Fallschirmjäger by name only, as they were hastily formed in late 1944–early 1945 from a disparate collection of Luftwaffe units, including ground crews. Furthermore, they never reached divisional strength and under-trained and mostly ill-prepared for combat. The 8th fought in the Netherlands before being destroyed in the Ruhr Pocket while the 9th and 10th fought on the rapidly collapsing Eastern Front , including within Germany. The 9th fought in the Battle of the Seelow Heights and in the Battle of Berlin before being destroyed in April 1945; the 10th surrendered to Soviet army forces in May 1945. [14]

During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 the Fallschirmjäger were sent to occupy several airfields between the Vistula and Bug rivers. [15]

The first opposed airborne attacks occurred during the Norwegian Campaign , first during the initial invasion when Fallschirmjäger captured the defended air base of Sola , near Stavanger . The Fallschirmjäger also had their first defeat in Norway, when a company was dropped on the village and railroad junction of Dombås on 14 April 1940 and was destroyed by the Norwegian Army in a five-day battle . [16]

On 10 May 1940, the Fallschirmjäger performed a successful raid on the powerful fortification known as Eben Emael . [17] Eben Emael consisted of multiple gun emplacements and was defended by 1,200 Belgian troops. [17] There are few better representations by elite troops and everything was cutting edge at the time, from tactics to method of deployment. [17] The airborne troops attacked the artillery casements and pillboxes with flame throwers, demolition charges, and hollow charge grenades. [18] The mission was accomplished by Sturmgruppe Granit (Assault Group Granite), which consisted of only 85 soldiers. [17] Despite being at both a numerical and firepower disadvantage, the airborne troops took control of the fort after a few hours of fighting. [17]

During the invasion of the Netherlands over 2,000 troops of the 7th Air Division were deployed, while approximately 12,000 troops of the 22nd Airlanding Division also participated. [19] The Fallschirmjäger successfully captured bridges at Moerdijk and Dordrecht. [19] The airborne troops suffered heavy casualties while taking Dordrecht. [20] The paratroopers were able to captured airfields at Valkenburg, Ockenburg, Waalhaven, and Ypenburg. [20] Yet, the Germans failed to capture Hague and force the Dutch to surrender. Therefore, the performance of the paratroopers in the Netherlands was mixed as far as efficiency and results was concerned. [21] The 22nd Airlanding Division was forced to land many of its aircraft on exposed motorways because the 7th Air Division had failed to secure designated airfields. Most aircraft ended up being shot up by Dutch infantry and artillery fire. [22] The airborne troops were able to cause disruption behind Dutch lines. [22]

During the Greece campaign, the German airborne forces would perform their last strategic parachute and glider performances of the war. [23] The airborne troops captured a critical bridge that crossed the canal in the Isthmus of Corinth so German forces could pursue Allied forces further in the Greek mainland. [24] The operation did not go smoothly due in part to heavy enemy ground fire. [24] Demolition charges were also accidentally detonated, due to carelessness, leading to damage to the bridge and heavy casualties. [24] One group of paratroopers was accidentally dropped into the sea where they all drowned. [24] The airborne forces did manage to capture British anti-aircraft positions, which forced the surrender of the local town. [24] 12,000 Commonwealth and Greek troops were also captured. [25] The German airborne forces suffered 63 killed and 174 wounded. [24]

The final major offensive German action of the Greece campaign was the German invasion of Crete, in May 1941. The Fallschirmjäger would suffer further heavy losses during the Battle of Crete especially during Operation Merkur which would be the end of large scale airborne and glider operations for the Fallschirmjäger. [26] The Battle for Crete would see the Germans lose approx 3,800 dead and 2,600 wounded. The Allies approx 1,700 Dead and 15,000 Captured.

During the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 1st Parachute Regiment and the 2nd Battalion of the Luftlande-Sturmregiment (Airlanding Assault Regiment) were assigned to the Army Group North 's 18th Army where they would conduct operations in the Leningrad area. [27] The Fallschirmjäger were specifically deployed to the east of Leningrad on the River Neva to confront a Red Army effort to relieve the city. [27] In October 1941, the German paratroopers were involved in heavy fighting against the Soviets and were successful in holding off Soviet attacks. [27]

From late October 1941 until 4 July 1942, the 22nd Airlanding Division participated in the Siege of Sevastopol . The Fallschirmjäger overran most of the Soviet 79th Naval Infantry Brigade during combat operations. The Soviet unit tried counterattacking on 10 June, but was repulsed. The Soviet formation was effectively destroyed, with the support of the Luftwaffe, which used anti-personnel bombs against Soviet infantry caught in the open. [28]

In July 1942, the Ramcke Parachute Brigade was deployed to North Africa to assist the Axis war effort there. [29] In late October the Brigade participated in the 2nd Battle of El Alamein. [30] The Brigade successfully captured a British supply column which provided it with some trucks and much needed supplies for the retreat westwards. [30]

Between November and December 1942, the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 5th Parachute Regiment were flown into Tunisia to protect its airfields and take up defensive positions around the city of Koch during the Allied Operation Torch. [31] It was followed closely by the 11th Parachute Pioneer Battalion under the command of Major Rudolf Witzig. It had the strength of 716 men. It took up defensive positions west of Tunis where it had a series of battles with the advance guard of the Allied spearhead. [32] Parts of the unit had received special training in reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. [32] This intelligence led to the last parachute drop in North Africa. [32] The operation ended up a major failure due to mostly inexperienced and poorly trained pilots. [32] The Fallschirmjäger were dropped too far from their targets. The paras never made it to their targets because many were captured by British patrols as they landed. [33]

On 26 December 1942, the men of Parachute Company of the Brandenburg Regiment were transported by gliders in an operation to destroy bridges and supply routes used by the British. [33] It too was a disaster. [33] Some of the gliders were shot down while flying over enemy lines while others were destroyed while approaching their targets. [33] Most of the paras were killed in the operation. [33]

The 2nd Parachute Regiment, an Assault Regiment Battalion, and Antitank and Machine Gun Battalions were sent to conduct operations in Ukraine . [34] They would be assigned to Army Group South . This force would be known as Kampfgruppe Sturm commanded by Oberst Alfred Sturm . [34] The Fallschirmjäger suffered heavy casualties while defending a sector along the River Mius around the town of Charzysk during the winter of 1941 and into early 1942. [34]

In March 1943, the Fallschirmjäger of the 3rd Battalion of the 4th Regiment, 7th Airborne Division defended a hill at Lushi on the Eastern Front. [35] They were reinforced by paras from 3rd Battalion of the 3rd Regiment. Between 20–27 March these two battalions held off two complete Soviet divisions. [35]

In May 1943, what was left of Fallschirmjäger units in North Africa had been captured by Allied forces. [36] The Fallschirmjäger commanders were flown out of North Africa and managed to escape captivity. [36]

On 12 September 1943, the Fallschirmjäger conducted a successful rescue mission of Italian Prime minister Benito Mussolini at the Gran Sasso. [37] It is known as the Gran Sasso raid . The operation received wide acclaim despite there being very little enemy resistance during the operation. Only two en
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