German Official

German Official
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West Germanic language spoken mainly in Central Europe
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Infobox: Language family: High German -- Infobox: ISO 639-3: nds – Low German, Article: Dialects and Low German.
Low German is not a High German variety.
Grammar section covers Standard High German, which has its separate article: Standard German . Please help improve this article if you can. ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "German language" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
  Statutory minority/cultural language
  Continental West Germanic languages ( Old Frisian , Old Saxon , Old Dutch , Old High German ).
  German Sprachraum : German is the official language ( de jure or de facto ) and first language of the majority of the population
  German is a co-official language but not the first language of the majority of the population
  German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale)
  German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition
  Most of Austria lies in the Bavarian dialect area; only the very west of the country is
  ( Swiss ) German is one of four national languages of Switzerland , and it is spoken in seven of the country's ten largest cities .
  Luxembourg lies in the Moselle Franconian dialect area.
  In Belgium , German is spoken in the country's German-speaking Community , in the very east of the country.
Further information: Low Franconian
(Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German)
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^ The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion. [3]

^ The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.

^ The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion. [3]

^ Note that menschlich , and occasionally human , may also mean "human, pertaining to humans," whereas Menschlichkeit and Humanität never mean "humanity, human race," which translates to Menschheit .

^ In modern German, Diktionär is mostly considered archaic.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages" (PDF) (report). European Commission . June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 .

^ "Über den Rat" . Institute for the German Language . Retrieved 11 October 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Goossens 1983 , p. 27.

^ Jump up to: a b Robinson 1992 , p. 16.

^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson 1992 , pp. 239–42.

^ Robinson 1992 , pp. 239–42, Thomas 1992 , pp. 5–6

^ Jump up to: a b Waterman 1976 , p. 83.

^ Salmons 2012 , p. 195.

^ Jump up to: a b Scherer & Jankowsky 1995 , p. 11.

^ Goossens 1977 , p. 48, Wiesinger 1982 , pp. 807–900, Heeringa 2004 , pp. 232–34, Giesbers 2008 , p. 233, König & Paul 2019 , p. 230

^ Keller 1978 , pp. 365–68.

^ Bach 1965 , p. 254.

^ Super 1893 , p. 81.

^ Dickens 1974 , p. 134.

^ Scherer 1868 , p. ?.

^ Rothaug 1910 .

^ Nerius 2000 , pp. 30–54.

^ Siebs 2000 , p. 20.

^ Upward 1997 , pp. 22–24, 36.

^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, David; Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (1 February 2015). "Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013" (PDF) . www.mla.org . New York City . Retrieved 7 July 2015 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Foreign language learning statistics – Statistics Explained" . ec.europa.eu . 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2015 .

^ Marten & Sauer 2005 , p. 7.

^ "The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions)" . New York City: Statista, The Statistics Portal . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Native speakers=105, total speakers=185

^ Bureau des Traités. "Recherches sur les traités" . Conventions.coe.int . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ "Map on page of Polish Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names" (PDF) . Retrieved 20 June 2015 .

^ Устав азовского районного совета от 21 May 2002 N 5-09 устав муниципального [Charter of the Azov District Council of 05.21.2002 N 5-09 Charter of the municipal]. russia.bestpravo.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ "Charte européenne des langues régionales : Hollande nourrit la guerre contre le français" [European Charter for Regional Languages: Hollande fuels the war against French]. lefigaro.fr . 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ Bathe, Dirk (29 November 2010). "Wenn Deutsch gleich Zukunft heißt" [When German means future]. dw.com (in German).

^ Jump up to: a b c Fischer, Stefan (18 August 2007). "Anpacken für Deutsch" [German in Namibia] (PDF) . Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung (in German). Namibia Media Holdings . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008.

^ Deumert 2003 , pp. 561–613.

^ "Deutsch in Namibia" (PDF) . Beilage der Allgemeinen Zeitung. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 June 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b German L1 speakers outside Europe

^ Schubert, Joachim. "Natal Germans" . www.safrika.org .

^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government" . gov.za . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ "Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000" (pdf) . census.gov . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 .

^ Blatt, Ben (13 May 2014). "Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak?" . Retrieved 13 May 2014 .

^ "Germans from Russia Heritage Collection" . library.ndsu.edu . Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b "IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC" [IPOL will carry out training of enumerators for the linguistic census of the municipality of Antônio Carlos-SC]. e-ipol.org . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ "Legislative Assembly of the state of Espírito Santo (Commissioner for Culture and Social Communication – Addition to the constitutional amendment number 11/2009 establishing the East Pomeranian dialect as well as German as cultural heritage of the state" (PDF) . Claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com . February 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ Gippert, Jost. "TITUS Didactica: German Dialects (map)" . titus.uni-frankfurt.de .

^ Szczocarz, Roma (2017). "Pommern in Brasilien" [Pomerania in Brazil]. www.lerncafe.de . ViLE-Netzwerk . Retrieved 27 July 2017 .

^ "Lei N.º 14.061, de 23 de julho de 2012" . Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 . Retrieved 30 March 2019 .

^ "Keeping SA's Barossa Deutsch alive over kaffee und kuchen" . ABC News . 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2020 .

^ "Top 25 Languages in New Zealand" . ethniccommunities.govt.nz . Archived from the original on 8 January 2019 . Retrieved 18 October 2018 .

^ Holm 1989 , p. 616.

^ "Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2015 – Worldwide survey of people learning German; conducted by the German Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Goethe Institute" (PDF) . Goethe.de . Retrieved 18 July 2016 .

^ Знание иностранных языков в России [Knowledge of foreign languages in Russia] (in Russian). Levada Centre. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 .

^ "Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools" (PDF) . American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 .

^ Hamann, Greta (4 June 2020). "15.4 million people are learning German as a foreign language" . dw.com .

^ "More than 80% of primary school pupils in the EU were studying a foreign language in 2013" . Eurostat. 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 .

^ Von Polenz 1999 , pp. 192–94, 96.

^ For a detailed discussion of the German consonants from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, see Cercignani (1979) .

^ Swadesh 1971 , p. 53.

^ Ammon et al. 2004 .

^ "Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016" (XLS) (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 December 2018 .

^ Werner Besch: Sprachgeschichte: ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 3. Teilband. De Gruyter, 2003, p. 2636.

^ Georg Cornelissen: Das Niederländische im preußischen Gelderland und seine Ablösung durch das Deutsche, Rohrscheid, 1986, p. 93.

^ Jan Goossens: Niederdeutsche Sprache – Versuch einer Definition. In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): Niederdeutsch – Sprache und Literatur. Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster, 1973, p. 9–27.

^ Niebaum 2011 , p. 98.

^ Barbour & Stevenson 1990 , pp. 160–3.

^ Leao 2011 , p. 25.

^ "Foreign Words (Fremdwörter)" . dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 23 February 2020 .

^ Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121–130)

^ Hattemer 1849 , p. 5.

^ "Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. – Der Anglizismen-Index" . vds-ev.de . Walter Krämer. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 .

^ "Ein Hinweis in eigener Sache" . wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de . 7 January 2003. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 .

^ Gerhard Weiss (1995). "Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and Its History". Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German . 6 (1: The Publisher as Teacher): 7–21. doi : 10.2307/3531328 . JSTOR 3531328 .

^ Zur Definition und sprachwissenschaftlichen Abgrenzung insbesondere : Rudolf Muhr, Richard Schrodt, Peter Wiesinger (Hrsg.): Österreichisches Deutsch – Linguistische, sozialpsychologische und sprachpolitische Aspekte einer nationalen Variante des Deutschen (PDF, 407 Seiten; 1,3 MB) Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Verlag Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, Wien 1995. Anm.: Diese Publikation entstand aus den Beiträgen der Tagung "Österreichisches Deutsch" , die mit internationalen Sprachwissenschaftlern an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vom 22. bis 24. Mai 1995 stattfand

^ Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017). "Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet" . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.

^ Reinecke 1910 , p. 55.

^ Bormann, Martin (8 January 1941). "Der Bormann-Brief im Original" [The original Bormann letter] (in German). NSDAP . Retrieved 20 November 2020 . Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP letterhead is printed in Fraktur. "For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement: It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced. Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools. The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script. On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script.

^ Kapr 1993 , p. 81.

^ For a history of the German consonants see Cercignani (1979) .

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Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). "El debate sobre
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