German History
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German History
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Germany is a large northern European country with a population of more than 82 million and a complex history, including the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany and the reunification of Germany.
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The name Germany is used in three senses: first, it refers to the region in Central Europe commonly regarded as constituting Germany, even when there was no central German state, as was the case for most of Germany’s history; second, it refers to the unified German state established in 1871 and existing until 1945; and third, since October 3, 1990, it refers to the united Germany, formed by the accession on this date of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany). The name Federal Republic of Germany refers to West Germany from its founding on May 23, 1949, until German unification on October 3, 1990. After this date, it refers to united Germany. For the sake of brevity and variety, the Federal Republic of Germany is often called simply the Federal Republic.
The Federal Republic of Germany consists of sixteen states (Laender; sing., Land ). Five of these Laender date from July 1990, when the territory of the German Democratic Republic was once again divided into Laender. For this reason, when discussing events since unification, Germans frequently refer to the territory of the former East Germany as the new or eastern Laender and call that of the former West Germany the old or western Laender. For the sake of convenience and variety, the text often follows this convention to distinguish eastern from western Germany.
Spellings of place-names used here are in most cases those approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Exceptions are the use of the conventional English names for a few important cities, rivers, and geographic regions.
All Facts About GERMANY (geography, society, education system, economy, politics, mass media, armed forces)
The information is provided by the Library of Congress. This study attempts to review Germany and treat its dominant social, political, economic, and military aspects in a concise and objective manner.
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Home Earth Continents Europe Germany Country Profile Outline of Germany's History
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History of the Federal Republic of Germany
History outline beginning from the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany until today.
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German Federal States (Bundesländer)
Profiles of all German Federal States.
Map of Germany
Political Map of Germany.
Administrative Map of Germany
Map of the federal states of Germany.
Google Map Germany
Searchable map of Germany.
Political Map of Europe
External Links:
Wikipedia: History of Germany
Wikipedia article about the History of Germany.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Timeline of notable events in the history of Germany and its predecessor states
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources .
Centuries : 1st · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st
^ Günther A. Wagner; et al. (November 2010). "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 (46): 19726–19730. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1012722107 . JSTOR 25748747 . PMC 2993404 . PMID 21041630 .
^ Wood, Bernard, ed. (2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution . Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405155106 .
^ Klein, R. G. (1983). "What Do We Know About Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon Man?". Anthropology . 52 (3): 386–392. JSTOR 41210959 .
^ Hublin, J.-J.; Sirakov, N.; et al. (2020). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria" (PDF) . Nature . 581 (7808): 299–302. Bibcode : 2020Natur.581..299H . doi : 10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z . PMID 32433609 . S2CID 218592678 .
^ Benazzi, S.; et al. (2011). "Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour". Nature . 479 (7374): 525–528. Bibcode : 2011Natur.479..525B . doi : 10.1038/nature10617 . PMID 22048311 . S2CID 205226924 .
^ Higham, T.; et al. (2011). "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe". Nature . 479 (7374): 521–524. Bibcode : 2011Natur.479..521H . doi : 10.1038/nature10484 . PMID 22048314 . S2CID 4374023 .
^ Conard, Nicholas J. (2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany". Nature . Nature Publishing Group. 459 (7244): 248–252. doi : 10.1038/nature07995 . PMID 19444215 . S2CID 205216692 .
^ Wynn, Thomas; et al. (February 2009). "Hohlenstein-Stadel and the Evolution of Human Conceptual Thought". Cambridge Archaeological Journal . 19 (1): 73–84. doi : 10.1017/S0959774309000043 .
^ Antl-Weiser, Walpurga (2009). "The time of the Willendorf figurines and new results of palaeolithic research in Lower Austria". Anthropologie . Brno. 47 (1–2): 131–141.
^ Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candice (2015). "Introduction: A World with Agriculture". In Barker, Graeme; Goucher, Candice (eds.). A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE . The Cambridge World History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 9780521192187 .
^ Siiriäinen, Ari (2003). "The Stone and Bronze Ages". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Prehistory to 1520 . Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–59. ISBN 0521472997 .
^ Jump up to: a b Bogucki, Peter (2008). "Europe, Neolithic". In Persall, Deborah M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Archaeology . Academic Press. pp. 1175–1187. ISBN 9780125480307 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Marciniak, Arkadiusz (2008). "Europe, Central and Eastern". In Persall, Deborah M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Archaeology . Academic Press. pp. 1199–1210. ISBN 9780125480307 .
^ Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2019) [1971]. People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory (15th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781315193298 .
^ Leber, Manfred; Singh, Sikander (2017). Erkundungen zwischen Krieg und Frieden (in German). Universaar. ISBN 9783862232383 .
^ Jump up to: a b Pohl, Walter (2004). Die Germanen (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 3486567551 .
^ Jump up to: a b McNally, Michael (2011). Teutoburg Forest AD 9: The destruction of Varus and his legions . Botley: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849083089 .
^ Wolfram, Herwig (2007) [1995]. Die Germanen (in German) (8th ed.). C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3406390043 .
^ Tacitus, Cornelius (1876) [98]. The Origin and Situation of the Germans . Translated by Church, Alfred J.; Brodribb, William J.
^ Eckerman, Nancy Pippen (1999). "Tacitus: c.56–after 118 CE". In Boyd, Kelly (ed.). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing . Vol. 2. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 1169–1170. ISBN 1884964338 .
^ He was baptized by Saint Remigius , bishop of Reims .
^ See Daly 1994:640 and note.
^ The date of the death of Childeric , commonly given as 481/82, is thus calculated as fifteen years before Tolbiac, as dated by Gregory.
^ "On-line text in English translation" . Archived from the original on 9 February 2005 . Retrieved 11 March 2005 .
^ A single Frankish-Alemannic combat, in summer 506, is presented, for example, in J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Long-Haired Kings p 168, or Rolf Weiss, Chlodwigs Taufe: Reims 508 (Bern) 1971; the debate is briefly summarised in William M. Daly, "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum 69 .3 (July 1994, pp. 619–664) p 620 note.
^ "World Timeline of Europe AD 400–800 Early medieval" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 .
^ James, Edward (1991). The Franks .
^ Uta-Renate Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (1991)
^ Henry Kamen, "The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War," Past and Present (1968) 39#1 pp 44–61 in JSTOR Archived 3 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Theodore K. Rabb, "The Effects of the Thirty Years' Wr on the German Economy," Journal of Modern History (1962) 34#1 pp. 40–51 in JSTOR Archived 3 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Paret, "Frederick the Great:A Singular Life, Variably Reflected," Historically Speaking (Jan. 2012) 13#1 online
^ E. J. Aiton, Leibniz: A Biography (1985)
^ Guy Stanton Ford, Stein and the era of reform in Prussia, 1807–1815 (1922 online) Archived 10 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Sam A. Mustafa (2011). Germany in the Modern World: A New History . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. ISBN 9780742568020 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 .
^ G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (1947) p 408
^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life (2011)
^ Rebecca Ayako Bennette, Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification (2012)
^ Elizabeth Trueland (2003). International Co-operation and Conflict 1890s–1920s . Heinemann. p. 15. ISBN 9780435326906 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 .
^ James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism . Greenwood. p. 279. ISBN 9780313262579 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 .
^ Hart, Russell; Hart, Stephen (2002). The Second World War (6): Northwest Europe 1944–1945 . Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841763845 .
^ D. M. Giangreco and Robert E. Griffin, Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath (1988)
^ "West Germany Lowers Vote Age" . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Associated Press. 18 June 1970. p. 18 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 .
^ Bolgherini, Silvia, ed. (2010). Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment . Palgrave Macmillan.
^ buzer.de. "EheRÄndG Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts" . www.buzer.de (in German). Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 .
^ Oltermann, Philip (20 November 2017). "German coalition talks collapse after deadlock on migration and energy" . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 .
^ "Germany coronavirus: Anger after attempt to storm parliament" . 30 August 2020.
^ Bennhold, Katrin (8 December 2021). "Germany Live Updates: Parliament Approves Scholz as Chancellor, Ending Merkel Era" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 8 December 2021 .
This is a timeline of German history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Germany . See also the list of German monarchs and list of chancellors of Germany and the list of years in Germany .
The hominid to whom the Mauer 1 mandible (discovered in 1907 in Mauer ) belonged, the type specimen of Homo heidelbergensis , dies.
The hominid to whom the Steinheim skull (discovered in 1933 in Steinheim an der Murr ) belonged (previously sometimes dubbed Homo steinheimensis ) dies.
The Neanderthal (named after its initial site of discovery, the Neandertal valley ) emerges in Europe.
Homo sapiens first appears in Europe (sometimes called EEMH or Cro-Magnon ).
The Ahrensburg culture prospers in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia.
Sedentary agriculture is adopted in central Europe, following a southeastern-to-northwestern trajectory of spread. The Linear Pottery culture is present in central Europe.
The Linear Pottery culture disintegrates into more distinct regional styles, such as the Michelsberg culture and the Funnelbeaker culture .
The Corded Ware culture (emerging from Poland around 2,800 BCE) and the Bell Beaker culture are present in central Europe.
With the discovery of Bronze , the Neolithic ends and the Bronze Age begins. The Unetice culture spreads.
The Urnfield culture (also known as Tumulus period ) spreads.
The Hallstatt culture (named for Hallstatt , Austria) spreads.
The Hallstatt culture develops into the La Tène culture , the first distinctly Celtic cultural group.
Battle of the Allia : Rome, then the capital of the growing Roman Republic , is sacked by Celtic warriors.
Cimbrian War : The Cimbri and Teutons undertake migratory movements during which they clash with Roman forces ( Battle of Noreia , Battle of Arausio , Battle of Aquae Sextiae , Battle of Vercellae ). The Cimbri and Teutons are later added by Julius Caesar to the category of "Germans", even though they were perceived as Celts by the Romans of their own time.
Gallic Wars : Julius Caesar marches his forces into Gaul for purposes of conquest, broadly categorizing the people he encountered into "Gauls", "Aquitani", "Belgae", and "Germans" (using the Rhine river as a boundary between Germania and Gaul). He classifies Ariovistus as "King of the Germans", and defeats the forces of Ariovistus at the Battle of Vosges . Caesar documents his military campaigns in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico .
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest : An alliance of Germanic tribes under the leadership of Arminius ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus .
Battle of the Angrivarian Wall fought near Porta Westfalica between the Roman general Germanicus and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius.
Battle of Idistaviso fought between Roman legions commanded by Roman emperor Tiberius ' heir and adopted son Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic peoples commanded by Arminius.
The Roman historian Tacitus finishes his influential Germania (in the original: "De origine et situ Germanorum"), describing Ancient Germany and its inhabitants.
The Romans make Cologne their capital city.
The Roman emperor allowed the Salian Franks to settle among the Batavi .
A bridge was constructed near Cologne .
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains : The Franks joined a coalition led by the Western Roman Empire which defeated the Huns in modern northeastern France .
Merovech died. He was succeeded as king of the Salian Franks by his son Childeric I .
Childeric died. He was succeeded as king of the Salian Franks by his son Clovis I .
The Visigoths surrendered Syagrius to the Salian Franks to be executed.
Battle of Tolbiac : A Frankish force under Clovis defeated the Alemanni in modern Zülpich . The former credited his victory to Jesus . [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
Clovis was baptized Catholic at Reims .
Clovis commissioned the Salic Law , the first written code of civil law among the Franks . The law forbade women from inheriting land.
Battle of Vouillé : A Frankish force led by Clovis defeated the Visigothic Kingdom at Vouillé . The Visigothic king Alaric II was killed. Clovis annexed Aquitaine .
Clovis was crowned king of the Franks with his capital at Paris .
First Council of Orléans : A synod of Catholic bishops called by Clovis at Orléans granted some legal powers and immunities to the Catholic Church .
Clovis died. His domain was split among his four sons Theuderic I , Chlodomer , Childebert I and Chlothar I the Old , who became kings ruling at Reims , Orléans , Paris , and Soissons , respectively.
Battle of Vézeronce : A Frankish invasion of Burgundy was halted near modern Vézeronce-Curtin . The Burgundian king Sigismund of Burgundy was captured and Chlodomer was killed.
Chlothar had two of Chlodomer's sons killed. The third, Clodoald , fled to Provence .
Theuderic died. His son Theudebert I inherited his throne.
The Burgundian king Godomar was killed by Frankish forces.
The pro- Byzantine regent of the Ostrogothic Kingdom , Amalasuntha , was murdered on the orders of her cousin and coregent Theodahad .
Council of Clermont (535) : A synod was held in modern Clermont-Ferrand which limited the rights of Catholic bishops to appeal to the state and which condemned marriage between Christians and Jews and between relatives.
Frankish forces under Theudebert I drove Byzantine and Ostrogothic armies from their encampments on the Po .
The Frankish army on the Po , suffering from dysentery, surrendered to the Byzantines .
Theudebert I died. His son Theudebald inherited his kingdom.
Battle of the Volturnus (554) : A Byzantine force cut off and destroyed a joint Frankish - Ostrogothic army at their camp on the Volturno .
Theudebald died, childless. His kingdom passed to Chlothar .
Garibald , head of the frankisch Agilolfing noble family becomes the first Duke of Bavaria
Childebert I died without male heirs. Chlothar inherited his kingdom.
Conomor , king of Domnonée , who had allied with Chlothar's son Chram against him, was killed in battle by Chlothar's forces.
Chlothar died of pneumonia. His kingdom was divided among his surviving sons Charibert I , Guntram , Sigebert I and Chilperic I .
Charibert I died. His kingdom was divided among his brothers Guntram , Chilperic I and Sigebert I , the latter of whose domains become known as Austrasia , the eastern land, with its capital at Metz .
Sigebert I died. He was succeeded by his young son Childebert II , with his wife Brunhilda of Austrasia acting as regent.
Chilperic I was stabbed to death. His infant son Chlothar II the Great, the Young inherited his kingdom under the regency of his mother Fredegun
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