German Gold
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Перевести · GERMAN GOLD is a high performance internationally operating and expanding company, with its headquarters situated in the hanseatic city of Bremen. Our young premium brand GERMAN GOLD …
Перевести · GERMAN GOLD is a high performance internationally operating and expanding company, with its headquarters situated in the hanseatic …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark
Ориентировочное время чтения: 7 мин
Опубликовано: 19.10.2004
Goldmark (pronunciation (help·info), officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) was the gold standard-based currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914. Papiermark was the much-devaluated Mark after the gold standard was given up in August 1914, and gold and silver coins ceased to circulate.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_gold
Ориентировочное время чтения: 8 мин
Nazi gold (German: Raubgold, "stolen gold") is gold possessed by Nazi Germany. Much of the focus of the discussion is about how much of this was transferred by Germany to overseas banks during World War II; the ruling Nazi party executed a policy of looting the assets of its victims (nationally and internationally, including from those in concentration camps) to accumulate wealth, at least p…
Nazi gold (German: Raubgold, "stolen gold") is gold possessed by Nazi Germany. Much of the focus of the discussion is about how much of this was transferred by Germany to overseas banks during World War II; the ruling Nazi party executed a policy of looting the assets of its victims (nationally and internationally, including from those in concentration camps) to accumulate wealth, at least partly to finance the war efforts. Because gold stores are often private, exact details of transactions and storage are difficult to precisely identify. Gold that was collected was stored at least in part in central depositories. The transfer of gold in return for currency took place in collusion with many individual collaborative institutions. Although Swiss banks have been commonly identified as holding ill-gotten Nazi gold (although a nominally neutral party to the conflict, this in essence helped fund the Nazi war effort), the exact identities of the foreign banking institutions as well as the exact extent of the transactions remains unclear.
The present whereabouts of Nazi gold that disappeared into European banking institutions in 1945 has been the subject of several books, conspiracy theories, and a failed civil suit brought in January 2000 against the Vatican Bank, the Franciscan Order, and other defendants.
Золото НСДАП — по слухам — золотовалютные фонды крупных функционеров Третьего Рейха, спрятавших их ввиду «осознавания истинного положения дел на фронтах и понимания неминуемого конца Рейха, однако планировавших установление в мире диктатуры национал-социализма в долговременной перспективе». Слухи приобрели хождение благодаря повести Юлиана Семёнова и одноименному телефильму, где главный антагонист называет его «мостом в будущее».
Legendary Nazi gold train possibly located
Is Nazi Gold Really Buried in These Hills?
Keiser Report: Goodbye, German Gold? (E358)
Aljona Savchenko and Bruno Massot (GER) - Gold Medal | Pairs Free Skating | PyeongChang 2018
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VtUSO0OATVA
Перевести · 25.04.2019 · German Gold - a premium lubricant "Made in Germany" - YouTube. The GERMAN GOLD lubricants are produced in one of the biggest oil factories in Germany. …
https://sputniknews.com/europe/201708031056150413-where-german-gold-stored
Перевести · 03.08.2017 · And since Germany with its more than 3,300 tons of gold has the world's second largest gold reserve, it is important that the state exercises physical control over this gold …
GERMAN GOLD is a high performance internationally operating and expanding company, with its headquarters situated in the hanseatic city of Bremen. Our young premium brand GERMAN GOLD offers the full range of innovative lubricants “Made in Germany”.
What is the relationship between Germany and gold?
What is the relationship between Germany and gold?
Germany has a stronger relationship with gold than most nations. The country’s experience with hyperinflation between 1919 and 1923, during the years of the Weimar Republic, is ingrained in the national consciousness. Gold, above all, stands for stability. During the second world war, Nazi Germany looted gold from central banks across Europe.
www.ft.com/content/4edf00ee-a43c-11e7-…
Nazi gold ( German: Raubgold, "stolen gold") is gold allegedly transferred by Nazi Germany to overseas banks during World War II. The regime is believed to have executed a policy of looting the assets of its victims to finance the war, collecting the looted assets in central depositories.
When did Germany get its first gold medal?
When did Germany get its first gold medal?
1828 Germany Hamburg Gold Medal Civic Constitution SP-62 P... 1828 German State Hamburg Gold Bankportugaleser SP-63+ PCG... 1839 German States Bavaria AR 3-1/2 Gulden Ludwig I MS-65 ... 1844 German State Baden Silver 2 Thaler Leopold I PR-64+ P...
www.apmex.com/category/56730/germany …
https://www.ft.com/content/4edf00ee-a43c-11e7-8d56-98a09be71849
Перевести · Today, Germany is one of the biggest holders of gold in the world: it owns 3,378 tonnes, worth …
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (April 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Mark (1871)]]; see its history for attribution.
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Goldmark (pronunciation (help·info), officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) was the gold standard-based currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914. Papiermark was the much-devaluated Mark after the gold standard was given up in August 1914, and gold and silver coins ceased to circulate.
1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 Pfennig
1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 Mark
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
Before unification in 1870, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies. Most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16 2⁄3 grams of pure silver. In moving from a silver standard currency to a gold standard currency, the designers of the Mark sought to (i) establish a simple relation to the Vereinsthaler and (ii) to approximate the value of the Mark Courant, the currency used by the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck which equaled 1⁄3 of a Vereinsthaler. Thus, the ratio of three Marks per Vereinsthaler defined the gold content of the Mark. At this ratio, Vereinsthalers were legal tender up to 1908.
Southern Germany had used the Gulden as the standard unit of account, which was worth 4⁄7 of a Vereinsthaler and, hence, became worth 1.71 (1 5⁄7) marks in the new currency. Bremen had used a gold based Thaler which was converted directly to the mark at a rate of 1 gold Thaler = 3.32 (3 9⁄28) marks. Hamburg had used its own mark prior to 1873. This was replaced by the gold mark at a rate of 1 Hamburg mark = 1.2 gold mark.
From 1 January 1876 onwards, the mark became the only legal tender. The name Goldmark was created later to distinguish it from the Papiermark (paper mark) which suffered a serious loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I (see inflation in the Weimar Republic). The gold mark was on a gold standard with 2790 marks equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 mark = 358 mg). From 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a gold standard as well, with the value of the dollar being fixed at a price of approximately 1⁄20 troy ounce (0.055 oz; 1.6 g) of gold (one troy ounce of gold was actually valued at US$20.67). The gold mark therefore had a value of approximately US$0.25. The monetary hegemon of the time when the gold mark was in use, however, was the pound sterling, with £1 being valued at 20.43 gold marks.
World War I reparations owed by Germany were stated in gold marks in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper marks.[citation needed] The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion marks cited in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about US$5 billion or GB£1 billion. Most of that money came from loans from New York bankers.[1]
Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned. West Germany after World War II did not resume payment of reparations as such, but did resume the payment of debt that Germany had acquired in the inter-war period to finance its reparation payments, paying off the principal on those debts by 1980. The interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of German reunification.[2]
Coins of denominations between 1 Pfennig and 1 Mark were issued in standard designs for the whole Empire, whilst those above 1 Mark were issued by the individual states, using a standard design for the reverses (the Reichsadler, the eagle insignia of the German Empire) with a design specific to the state on the obverse, generally a portrait of the monarch of the kingdom or duchy (and not that of the Emperor); while the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck each used the city's coat of arms. Occasionally Commemorative coins were minted, in which cases the obverse and (much more rarely) the reverse designs might depart from the usual pictorial standards. Many of the smaller states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in general all states' coinage became very limited after the First World War began. Well preserved examples of such low mintage coins can be rare and valuable. The Principality of Lippe was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period.
Subsidiary silver coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 5 grams silver per Mark. Production of 2 and 5 Mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1 Mark coins continued to be issued until 1916. A few 3 Mark coins were minted until 1918, and ½ Mark coins continued to be issued in silver until 1919.
These silver coins are token or subsidiary currency for the goldmark and are therefore legal tender only up to 20 marks. However, all silver 3-mark Vereinsthalers issued before 1871 enjoyed unlimited legal tender status even after the switch-over to the gold standard. This ended with the demonetization of the Vereinsthaler in 1908 and the introduction of the new subsidiary 3 Mark coins.
The 5 Mark coin, however, was significantly closer in value to older Thalers (and other such crown-sized coins).
Gold coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 2790 Mark = 1 kilogram of gold. Gold coin production ceased in 1915. 5 Mark gold coins were minted only in 1877 and 1878.
Banknotes were issued by the Imperial Treasury (known as "Reichskassenschein") and the Reichsbank, as well as by the banks of some of the states. Imperial Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 Mark, whilst Reichsbank notes were produced in denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark. The notes issued after 1914 are referred to as Papiermark.
In Unicode, the Mark sign is U+2133 ℳ SCRIPT CAPITAL M. The Pfennig is U+20B0 ₰ GERMAN PENNY SIGN.
^ Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History. 11 (3): 231–55. doi:10.1017/s0008938900018707. JSTOR 4545835.
^ "Germany to Settle WWI Debt After 92 Years". ABC News. 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
Preceded by:
Vereinsthaler
Location: many German states
Reason: German unification
Ratio: 1 Mark = 1⁄3 Vereinsthaler
Succeeded by:
German Papiermark
Ratio: at par
Preceded by:
South German Gulden
Location: southern Germany incl. Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern
Reason: German unification
Ratio: 1 Mark = 7⁄12 Gulden
Preceded by:
Bremen Thaler
Location: Bremen
Reason: German unification
Ratio: 1 Mark = 28⁄93 Thaler, or 3 9⁄28 Mark = 1 Thaler
Preceded by:
Hamburg Mark
Location: Hamburg
Reason: German unification
Ratio: 1 new Mark = 5⁄6 Hamburg Mark
Preceded by:
French franc
Location: Alsace-Lorraine
Reason: German unification
Ratio: 0.81 Mark = 1 French Franc
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