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Author: Shri C. Opium and cannabis have been employed as therapeutic agents by the Ayurveda and Unani Tibbi systems of medicine for over ten centuries. There is no direct evidence to show that these drugs were recognized by Ayurveda prior to the eighth century A. However, a reference in Vartika and Ashtadhyayi of Panini by Katyayana shows that bhang cannabis was known in India as early as the fourth and third centuries B. The uses of this drug have not been referred to in any contemporary works on medicine. Sushruta surgeon, about the fourth century B. Charaka - the internist - prescribed the administration of one or the other of the alcoholic drinks-viz. There is no reference in the works of these authorities to the use of cannabis or opium as analgesics. This leads to the conclusion that even though bhang cannabis was known during the contemporary period, it was not recognized as a therapeutic agent by surgeons and physicians of those times. References too pium are not available in the Vedas, Puranas and early Ayurvedic medical classics such as Charaka Samhita third to second century B. References to both cannabis and opium appear in veterinary and medical works belonging to the twelfth to thirteenth centuries A. Jayaditya, in his work, Ashwavaidyaka - a treatise on the treatment of horses-makes a reference to opium. This work is considered to have been written some time during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries A. Sharangadhara Samhita, a compendium of therapeutics thirteenth century A. Authoritative Ayurvedic works on materia medica such as Dhanwantari nighantu eighth century A. Bhavamishra fifteenth century A. Much later, Ayurvedic medical works have given increasing importance to these two drugs and included them in a large number of formulations. The foregoing notwithstanding, Indian legends and traditions have associated cannabis and opium with the Shaivite and Shaktiya cults. Sadhus and yogis belonging to these cults have been known to use either cannabis or opium or both to induce concentration of mind towards meditation on the supreme being. Even so, bhang in particular, prepared in different forms, has been utilized in religious rituals by certain sections of people. In some parts of India, bhang prepared in the form of a syrup is consumed on such festive occasions as Holi and Shivaratri. It would appear that cannabis and opium have also been employed by traditional folk medicine in the treatment of diseases even as early as the fourth to third century B. During the last two centuries, traditional folk medicine and the classical Indian medicine have become almost synonymous. Many drugs, including those containing cannabis and opium, have entered into the practice of classical Ayurveda. The Unani Tibbi system would appear to have recognized cannabis and opium as therapeutic agents much earlier than Ayurveda did. The Ayurvedic system appears to have adopted cannabis and opium from Arabian medicine, which was brought to India round about the ninth century A. Arabian medicine came to be known in India as 'Unani Tibbi' in view of its Greek origin. Dioscorides first century A. Galien A. Authoritative Arabic and Persian medical works such as 1 Firdo usul-Hikmat and 2 Mujardat Quanan have not only described the properties of these drugs, but have also included a number of formulations containing them. It would appear that potions containing cannabis and linctus containing opium were popular in Arabia, Persia and Muslim India. The Unani Tibbi system of medicine in India has a large number of preparations containing these two drugs. Sanskrit names of cannabis and opium generally refer to their description, properties and actions, which are furnished in tables 1 and 2. Ayurveda has described the properties and actions mentioned below of cannabis and opium exudate, poppy seeds and poppy capsules. It will be seen from the above that the Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi systems had recognized the utility of cannabis and opium milky exudate, seeds and capsules in the treatment, among others, of conditions mentioned below:. It is seen, however, that while cannabis has been used to produce euphoria, opium was utilized more as a sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, and to bind the bowels in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. The Unani system has, in addition, recognized the value of opium in the treatment of haemorrhages, especially haemoptysis. The following are the Ayuredic formulations that contain cannabis with their indications:. The following are a few important Unani formulations containing cannabis employed in the treatment of various diseases:. Cannabis grows wild in India, especially in the Himalayan foot-hills and the plains extending from Kashmir in the west and Assam in the east, as well as those of Punjab, Bengal, Rajasthan and Kerala. It has not been cultivated to any great extent. According to a reliable estimate, the total area under cultivation in important centres such as Bengal, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh may not exceed about hectares. The cultivation is mainly to obtain hemp fibres and ganja. The opium poppy, on the other hand, is generally a cultivated plant and does not occur in the state of nature. Historically speaking, the poppy plant is not indigenous to India. It was introduced in the country by Moslems and cultivated primarily along areas adjoining sea coasts and, much later, in the interior of the peninsula. It is also seen that the cultivation of opium was encouraged during the Mughal period, specially in the reign of Emperor Akbar, who made it a state monopoly as it became a source of revenue. Abul Fazal, in his well-known work, Ain-e-Akbar, has recorded that it was cultivated in Fatehpur, Allahabad and Gazipur. Later, the monopoly cultivation of this drug was taken over by the East India Company. It would appear that until about a hundred years ago, Deccan had a major share in its cultivation. Bona fide religious mendicants make use of cannabis, especially ganja, which they smoke as an aid to their meditation, concentration and other religious practices. This practice can be traced to a period earlier than the seventeenth century A. The Marathi poet, Madhva Munishwara A. Addiction to these drugs is perhaps common among this class of people, whose number is not very significant. The question whether these two drugs could be banned in Ayurvedic and Unani practice should take into consideration the fact that India lives in its , villages. Practitioners of modern scientific medicine generally prefer to practice in urban areas. It will be seen from the number of Ayurvedic and Unani formulations that cannabis and opium are two important therapeutic agents which Ayurvedic and Unani physicians are employing currently in their practice, especially in the treatment of such conditions as enteritis, dysentery, chronic diarrhoeas, including sprue syndrome, painful states such as neuralgia, neuritis, rheumatism, insomnia, nervous disorders, etc. After a long period of use of cannabis and opium as anodyne, hypnotic, antispasmodic, etc. In the case of Ayurvedic and Unani systems, these drugs still continue to play an important role. A committee appointed by the Government of India in to 'Assess and Evaluate the Present Status of the Ayurvedic System' has estimated that the number of registered practitioners of the Ayurvedic system is , Of this number, a little over 30, practitioners are institutionally qualified. Their training includes elements of modern scientific medicine, and they are authorized by state governments to prescribe sedatives, hypnotics, analgesics, sulfa drugs and antibiotics included in the Pharmacopoeia of India. The remaining practitioners are not authorized by law to prescribe these drugs. No doubt, these physicians also prescribe aphrodisiacs containing either cannabis or opium, or both. The question of the banning of the use of these two drugs by Ayurvedic and Unani physicians has to be considered in the light of what has been stated above. These drugs should be allowed to be used by Ayurvedic and Unani physicians until such time as the benefits of modern medicine are extended to rural areas. Banning their use by the large mass of Ayurvedic and Unani physicians for therapeutic purposes may create a vacuum which may not be easily filled for a long time to come. If, however, it is considered necessary to ban these drugs, then these practitioners should be allowed to use modern drugs. It will be agreed that it is not desirable to permit the practitioners of the Ayurvedic and Unani systems who have no training in modern scientific medicine to prescribe sulpha drugs, antibiotics, hypnotics, tranquillizers, etc. The question of addiction to cannabis and opium will not arise as long as these drugs are permitted to be employed for the purpose of treatment of disease only. It is considered that this problem can be effectively dealt with by the laws of the country such as the Drugs and Magic Remedies Objectionable Advertisements Act, , and the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, , as amended in , to bring within its purview Ayurvedic and Unani drugs. United Nations. Office on Drugs and Crime. Site Search. Topics Crime prevention and criminal justice. Use of opium and cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India Sections Introduction Cannabis and opium in Unani Tibbi Sanskrit names of cannabis and opium and their implications Properties and actions described in Ayurveda and Unani Tibbi systems II. Details Author: Shri C. Cannabis and opium in Unani Tibbi The Unani Tibbi system would appear to have recognized cannabis and opium as therapeutic agents much earlier than Ayurveda did. Synonym Properties and actions 1 Madini. Causes a state of mind in which the subject feels that he is capable of conquering 'the three worlds'. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Stimulates a pleasurable sensation and causes elation of mind. In excessive doses it arrests the functions of the brain. Foam of snake. This refers to the milky 'juice of the poppy capsule. Seeds resemble those of Sesamum indicum. Causes mental confusion mohavardhini. Promotes appetite, digestion and metabolism vanhivi- vardhin. Carminative and stomachic pachani. Allays nervous irritability vatajit. Promotes garrulousness vagvi - vardhini. Cleanses bodily impurities shodhana. Promotes lustre of the body kantiprada. Enhances capacity to perform muscular work viryaprada. Causes the production of phlegm kaphamjangayati. Causes garrulousness vagvivardhini. Bitter and astringent in taste tikta, kashaya. Causes dryness of the body vishoshana. Promotes the utilisation of nutrition by the tissues dhatunam shoshakam. Causes mental confusion mohakara. Chronic diarrhoea including sprue syndrome Grahani. Diseases of the head including neuralgic headaches, haemicrania etc.

Use of opium and cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India

Gazipur where can I buy cocaine

The spherical seed pods, with a dusting of white, attracts farmers and fowl alike. Even as birds—high on opium—throng these fields, Salim Khan, 45, an opium cultivator who has been charged under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, heads to his field in the Pratapgarh district of Rajasthan. Here, he worships the white bulbs with incense sticks and prayers, before slicing them open six times for the latex—soft, sticky and bitter—to flow out. It is a ritual practised by thousands of opium farmers across the four states. Miles away, opium gardens in Afghanistan mirror the poppy fields in India as they enjoy a similar season and crop pattern. These fields and gardens provide fertile ground for the narcotics network to bloom far and wide. Salim is aware of the drug network that buys his opium and smuggles it to Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and further down to Gujarat, Maharashtra and other states. It is in these states that the opium changes hands and is mixed with alkaloids like acetic anhydride to make heroin and other narcotics. India produces enough for the domestic market and exports the rest. The illegal industry—right from the cultivator to end user, is very much within the country. Presently, more than a dozen police agencies are chasing networks that run along national highways, through seaports, railways, airways, couriers and even the dark net. Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah said 35 lakh kg of narcotics worth Rs1, crore were seized between , three times the amount of drugs seized between Rs crore. According to Narcotics Control Bureau director general S. Pradhan, drug addiction in India is affecting roughly 8 crore crore people. At least 19 narcotic drugs and tablets are freely available at different price points. The recent recoveries made in Mumbai or the drug haul at Mundra port in Gujarat is only a drop in the ocean. For instance, ganja cannabis or weed, the consumption of which star kid Aryan Khan was accused of, is the second most popular narcotic drug in Mumbai, selling at Rs3 lakh per kg. Ruling the roost is mephedrone, at Rs20 lakh to Rs40 lakh. But heroin Rs1. In the fertile agricultural lands of north India, opium is legally cultivated in 26 districts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, where the government grants limited licence to thousands of opium cultivators. Unlicensed cultivation plagues states like Himachal Pradesh and Manipur, but the tender care shown by farmers to get the perfect yield is the same. He takes out a curious-looking colourful knife and cuts the object of his love. The profit margins are huge and it is this desire to earn more that put Salim on the wrong side of the law several times. Salim is just a cog in the wheel of an industry that is malfunctioning at many stages—the legally cultivated opium in the country is either being smuggled to metro cities or rotting in government opium and alkaloid factories in Neemuch in Madhya Pradesh and Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh, waiting to be exported for the last two years. India has enjoyed the status of one of the biggest producers of legal opium in the world, but today it is coming back to bite it. The disarray is such that the Central Bureau of Narcotics CBN , under the Union finance ministry, is struggling to reinvent the wheel by trying out new technology to harvest opium gum instead of the traditional manual process called lancing. But this is not the only problem. But the CBN is facing a huge staff crunch, which makes matters more difficult for local police. To overcome these problems, the Central government is planning to drone-map all legal fields. But M. Lather, director general of police, Rajasthan, said it is time to ban opium cultivation in the country. The pitfalls are much more than the gain. Opium farmers, however, are unwilling to give it up as owning an opium field raises their social status. Why should I give it up as it is a matter of prestige for my family? In , this practice had landed senior BJP leader Jaswant Singh in trouble when the opium drink was allegedly served at a function in his ancestral village, Jasol in Barmer district. According to Amrita Duhan, superintendent of police in Pratapgarh, the danger lurking in these fields has transcended cultural and economic factors to become a major law and order menace. Investigations have revealed the criminal involvement of Afghan Pathans in nearby villages like Dewaldi and Naugaon, where they use traditional skills to refine opium into brown sugar and heroin. THE WEEK travelled to the infamous Dewaldi village, where the Afghan Pathans command fear, so much so that even the local policeman is scared of visiting the village alone. We are told that even before we set foot in the village, the Pathans were aware of our coming. He says that his ancestors, led by Sardar Khan Pathan, had migrated to India from Balochistan decades ago and mastered the art of making brown sugar. Gradually, an entire community of Afghan Pathans displaced the local indigenous population, who are now living on the outskirts of this sprawling village. It happens to be the most well-off village in the district, with big houses that have high terraces to keep a lookout on passersby, and some of them have cars. The records document the long story of how this village grew in notoriety, with its men farming opium and making brown sugar and other narcotic substances and smuggling them across statelines and national borders. During police raids, they would fire at policemen, using women as human shields. The government has now banned Afghan Pathans from cultivating opium. But they are still the keepers of the secret of refining opium, and are said to be involved in gunrunning, sheltering criminals and reportedly have cross-border links in Pakistan. There is little evidence even today of how they procure the precursor chemicals used to make heroin or the methods they use. Master Sher Ali, 88, the eldest in the village, agrees that there are problems. The Rajasthan special operations group, under senior IPS officer Ashok Rathore, has created fear in these unholy lands and slowly the drug corridor has now shifted from Rajasthan to Maharashtra and down south, where anti-terrorism squads of other state police forces are chasing and arresting smugglers. Hakim, 56, and Jivanlal, 21, were arrested in October with nearly 5kg heroin. The ATS had launched an undercover operation to nab these two big suppliers who were visiting Dongri to sell heroin. The market value of the seized drugs was Rs15 crore. Amina, an unsuspecting woman, had been a key link in this supply chain in Mumbai for more than a decade. She procured the contraband from Hakim and Jivanlal and, through an active network of 10 peddlers, supplied the drugs in Ghatkopar, Worli and other places. Amina allegedly told the police that supplying drugs via road and railways was easier—they would keep the contraband in one compartment and book tickets in the next to avoid getting caught with the consignment. When the ATS laid a trap and arrested her the same month, she was carrying 7. In , the Mumbai Police registered cases of drug possession and 7, cases of drug consumption worth Rs Born and brought up in Dewaldi, where his family owned a poultry farm and farmland, Fayyum, 28, also had family links in Chembur in Mumbai. He first entered the criminal records in when he and his friends went to Arnod Police Station and fired in the air. The police arrested 35 people from the village and he went to jail for four days. Six months later, two persons named Jahangir and Aleem came to his village looking for a man named Inayat Sher Ali and bumped into Fayyum. I knew that Raees Khan from our village was selling heroin and I supplied it. He would wear the shoes and board a train to Ratlam in Madhya Pradesh, and trade the shoes with Jahangir and Aleem at the railway station. The last time Aleem called him was on February 3, demanding 75g of heroin. The high heel shoes came in handy again. The only difference this time was that the shoes carried a mixture of Bimix, alprazolam, opium and a chemical for drying it to prepare heroin. From high heel shoes to nameless and faceless drones dropping packets of heroin in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir, the western frontier is already in the grip of a narco war. In some instances, plastic pipes were used to transfer drugs across the fence. In February, the Border Security Force killed three intruders in Samba district in Jammu and Kashmir and recovered 36 packets of narcotics worth Rs crore in the international market. The packets were being smuggled in through a plastic pipe in the middle of the night. In riverine stretches on the Jammu and Kashmir border, underwater nets and bars have been installed under culverts by security forces to thwart attempts to send narcotics by water. Moreover, farmers who have restricted access to nearly 20, acres of farmland close to the zero line are being bribed to deliver the drugs across the border. Pakistani drones were first used in for delivery of arms and ammunition. They cost Rs25 lakh to Rs30 lakh and have a high risk-taking capability, owing to huge profit margins. Even if the drones carry out two to three successful sorties, its cost is recovered. The BSF is trying to beat narcotic smugglers at their game. But the anti-drone technology being tested has its challenges. Moreover, earlier Pakistani drones would fly at a lower altitude, but now they are flying almost a kilometre above, dropping packets and returning. The commanding officer, a basketball player, felt so frustrated that the next day he took permission to leave the gate open at night. In this operation, 20kg heroin was seized. The lesson: man and machine must work hand in hand. One such special operations team member of the BSF is Frooti, a sniffer dog who lives on the international border. Frooti starts barking even at the faint sound of a drone and runs towards it. Having undergone a six-month training programme, Frooti can hone in on low-flying objects. Frooti has now got canine company—BSF personnel are relocating street dogs to the border for drone detection. The narcotics routes, however, are not limited to the western frontier. The Golden Triangle earlier consisted of Laos, Myanmar and China—the hilly terrains being a perfect place to manufacture drugs. Initially, the Shang dynasty of China used to run the drug trade, but after per cent drugs started ending up in China itself, the Chinese authorities took action. Today, the network operates in the mountainous terrain of northeastern Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos and northeastern Vietnam, where heroin is manufactured. According to rough estimates, 70 to 80 per cent of it goes to North America and western Europe and 20 to 25 per cent travels into India. The first stop is Guwahati, which is today the biggest transit and consumption centre in the northeast. Here, apart from the usual carriers like trains, trucks, car dashboards and AC vents, baby diapers and women themselves are being used to smuggle drugs. Th Paone, alias Didi, is a suave woman in her early 50s who had given the slip to the Assam police many times. Dressed in bright clothes, with just a handbag in tow, she would shuttle between Dimapur in Nagaland to townships in Assam, a route taken by many ordinary folks to earn a living in the commercial hub. Her alert, piercing eyes would always be on the lookout for plainclothes policemen as she carried consignments of heroin made in Myanmar into Manipur and storage hubs in Dimapur. She started off as a one-woman army, but soon created a band of peddlers, middlemen and cross-border drug lords. She had been elusive for long. But Didi was lured out of her Dimapur house with a Rs7 crore deal on June 17, A police squad, led by Karbi Anglong Superintendent of Police Pushpraj Singh, had laid a trap for her with the help of their source in Dimapur. Rozy Rongmei, meanwhile, ran a joint venture with her husband, Phungam Kamei. Inter-state drug smuggling got easy as Kamei, 61, was from Manipur—the marriage helped coordinate the drug racket better. When interrogated, Rongmei, 55, said it was a profitable venture. Naturally, the profits grew when drugs crossed two international borders. But their method was simple. The two women, arrested in June , revealed during interrogation that they colluded with transport operators. At the time of arrest, they had kept 3kg crystal syabu, a type of methamphetamine, in polythene bags that were concealed in secret chambers inside the engine compartment of a bus. The bus driver was part of the drug ring. There are young women carriers, too, with babies in their arms to ensure greater camouflage. This method has also made smuggling small proportions of narcotics faster. The operation was difficult since it involved young mothers. It is now being used as a case study by the Guwahati Police. Assam cannot beat the problem alone and, being a transit state, has to carry out joint police operations. Harmeet Singh, commissioner of police, Guwahati, said efforts are on to not only monitor the supply chain but also to catch the big fish, which is a much more difficult task. And, there are plenty of big fish on the drug scene, most of these are today running the maritime drug trade, giving sleepless nights to the NCB in New Delhi. Seventy per cent of heroin is also using the container route. So this is a big modus operandi and needs close coordination between the coast guard, Navy, maritime boards of states, public and private port authorities and police agencies. In September , nearly 3,kg of heroin worth Rs21, crore was seized from the port; the consignment had possible links to terror groups in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The National Investigation Agency is probing how the proceeds of drug trafficking were sent back to foreign entities through hawala networks for use in anti-India activities. The eastern coast is equally under threat. Besides the involvement of Sri Lankan smugglers, the Indian Ocean has a mix of nationalities, from Iranians to Maldivians. In October , Maldivian authorities seized more than kg heroin and arrested a dozen people linked with the drug network. In November , Seychelles authorities intercepted a local speedboat from their exclusive economic zone with kg heroin. These operations have also indicated a possible reverse flow of precursor chemicals from India into the drug markets abroad, from where the drugs were also being smuggled back into the country. Another gold mine for narcotic smugglers in the country is the postal, courier services and the dark net, which has grown at a lightning speed in the last two years of the pandemic. They realised there is full anonymity, full deniability and an ease of doing business. It is a very sinister and deadly combination, which is going to increase in the future. The demand for synthetic drugs, meanwhile, is also rising exponentially, adding to the list of narcotic drugs already available in the Indian market. Also, both India and Afghanistan will be sitting on an excess of opium stock at the end of this year. The Taliban, however, announced a ban on poppy cultivation and harvest on March 3. The ban is threatening to pump up prices of narcotics in India, which is the closest market and transit route for drug trade in the region. Kumar, former director general of the NCB. While the Taliban decree said that the crops would be burned and farmers jailed if they proceed with harvesting, Kumar said that there was no evidence of the cultivation being stopped. Today, the opium lords of Afghanistan are either part of the Taliban 2. The biggest example is Gul Agha Ishakzai, finance minister in the Taliban government. He is said to be close to Quetta-born Taliban financier Ahmed Shah Noorzai Obaidullah, whose name figures on the UN sanctions list for narcotics trade. For India, the bad news is that the scent of poppy will also attract terror outfits and financiers in the most notorious global drug route. The ever-growing drug market in India is not just a matter of worry for the government, but also the public. Recently, Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan ran from pillar to post when the NCB refused to meet him after his son Aryan was arrested in the Mumbai drug cruise case on October 2, The sleuths had given other parents a hearing, but King Khan was kept away. Upon intervention of a senior officer, Khan was granted an audience. He was told that consumption was an equally punishable offence as cultivation or purchase. Indeed, sleuths still largely look out of the country when they stumble on high-profile drugs cases. Home The Week. Sea of poppies: Kasam Ajmeri in his poppy field in Panmodi village of Rajasthan, where he harvests opium legally. Growing opium allows our daughters to get married into better families and is considered lucky, too. Drones are a game-changer in narcotics and weapons smuggling as they are beyond human capability to tackle. Ali says some bad apples have given their community a bad name. On the trail: Amrita Duhan, superintendent of police in Pratapgarh, says opium and its byproducts are landing in national and international markets through the network of Afghan Pathans. On guard: Rajasthan special operations group chief Ashok Rathore during a field inspection near the India-Pakistan border. In the net: Th Paone, alias Didi, would carry consignments of heroin made in Myanmar into Manipur and storage hubs in Dimapur, Nagaland. She was arrested by Assam Police last year. Line of defence: A women patrol team on duty at the Wagah border.

Gazipur where can I buy cocaine