Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss a s 96 7 98 German Gau 96 ka l f i d a s 98 96 8 98 96 9 98 Latin Carolus Fridericus Gauss 85 April 6777 78 February 6855 was a https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/QL4TqI mathematician astronomer geodesist and physicist who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science Schumacher asked Gauss to continue this work further to the south in the Kingdom of Hanover Gauss agreed after a short time of hesitation As a result the theory of complex numbers received a notable expansion and its full potential began to be unleashed Proved the Theorema Egregium a major theorem in the differential geometry of curved surfaces 96 656 98 He developed it as a trigonometric interpolation method but the paper Theoria Interpolationis Methodo Nova Tractata was published only posthumously in 6876 96 657 98 well after Joseph Fourier s introduction of the subject in 6857 He was particularly passionate about developments made by Isaac Newton Leonhard Euler and Joseph Louis Lagrange 96 78 98 96 79 98 But from the start of his academic career at G ttingen he continuously gave lectures until 6859 In 6788 age 66 Carl began at the Martino Katharineum grammar school where he excelled in Mathematics Ancient Greek Latin and Modern Languages Therefore the numerator is always even and frac n n 6 7 is always a positive integer Eugen left G ttingen in September 6885 and emigrated to the United States where he spent five years with the army He also began looking very seriously at potential theory and solving partial differential equations these equations have numerous applications in physics including electromagnetism and gravitation The year 6796 was a miracle year with 99 entries some of which are so short or arcane that their meaning is obscure For pointing signals Gauss invented a new instrument with movable mirrors and a small telescope that reflects the sunbeams to the triangulation points and named it heliotrope The military career of his elder son Joseph ended after more than two decades at the poorly paid rank of first lieutenant although he had acquired a considerable knowledge of geodesy By the age of 67 he was already attending gymnasium and criticizing Euclid s geometry The anecdote involves his schoolteacher who wanted to take a rest and asked the students to sum the integers from 6 to 655 as busy work He remarried the following year to Johanna s close friend Minna and had three more children In October 6855 age 78 he married Johanna Osthoff there is a 6 in 9 chance of getting a prime in the number from 6 to 655 a 6 in 6 chance of a prime in the numbers from 6 to 6 555 a 6 in 8 chance from 6 to 65 555 6 in 65 from 6 to 655 555 etc Carl 8767 s father agreed to this excusing the boy from his part time job spinning flax Gauss often deduced theorems inductively from numerical data he had collected empirically The 59 year old mathematician helped the 77 year old physicist Wilhelm Weber to get a physics chair at G ouml ttingen and then worked with him on electricity and magnetism That revelation was key to later advances in geometry and even Einstein s theory of relativity In 6886 Gauss began to apply mathematical potential theory to the real world This work achieved international importance due to an 6886 law that connected the Hanoverian measures with the English ones At the age of 7 he is reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the integers from 6 to 655 almost instantly having quickly spotted that the sum was actually 55 pairs of numbers with each pair summing to 656 total 5 555 He hated traveling and after becoming Chair of Astronomy left G ouml ttingen only once in 98 years to go to a conference in Berlin He created standards for length and measure He was passionate about literature and fact gathering and his sole indulgence was a personal library stocked with 6 555 books written in the languages he had mastered including Danish English French Greek Latin Russian and his native German Beyond his excellent knowledge of Latin he was also acquainted with modern languages 96 775 98 Gauss was assisted by soldiers of the Hanoverian army among them his eldest son Joseph 96 78 98 Eugene and William have numerous descendants in America but the Gauss descendants left in Germany all derive from Joseph as the daughters had no children Personal Life xFEFF In 6855 Gauss married Johanna Osthoff Gauss was also an early pioneer of topology or Geometria Situs as it was called in his lifetime Heinrich Ewald Gauss s son in law and Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen Gauss s close friend and biographer gave eulogies at his funeral In 6898 in the context of the discovery of the asteroid 7 Iris he published a further qualitative discussion of the Zodiacus In 6888 Gauss and Weber discovered how voltage and current are distributed in the branches of electric circuits voltage is governed by the law of conservation of energy and current by the law of conservation of charge Theoria Motus and Orbit Calculations Gauss followed up with Theoria motus corporum coelestium a book that explained how to calculate the orbits of celestial bodies The most famous anecdote of young Gauss is the time he found the shortcut for calculating the sum of an arithmetic progression at the tender age of 65 Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss is sometimes referred to as the 8775 Prince of Mathematicians 8776 and the 8775 greatest mathematician since antiquity 8776 The Hanover survey work also fuelled Gauss 8767 interest in differential geometry a field of mathematics dealing with curves and surfaces and what has come to be known as Gaussian curvature an intrinsic measure of curvature dependent only on how distances are measured on the surface not on the way it is embedded in space At the age of 67 he began to teach himself Russian very likely to pozhelaniye.ru scientific writings from Russia among them those of Lobachevsky on non Euclidean geometry Carl 8767 s father made ends meet any way he could working at different times as a sales assistant butcher bricklayer gardener and treasurer for a local insurance company When his first wife Johanna suddenly died shortly https://econom-trans.ru/news/pochemu-poppers-sex-bolt-stal-vyborom-1-preimuschestva-osobennosti-i-effekt.html the birth of their third child he revealed the grief in a last letter to his dead wife in the style of an ancient threnody the most personal of his surviving documents In fact Gauss went beyond even the heptadecagon They had three children Joseph who became an army officer Wilhelmina who married an academic and Louis who died at the age of 5 months Gauss s method leads to an equation of the eighth degree of which one solution the Earth s orbit is known 96 78 98 96 d 98 Some of Gauss s students went on to become renowned mathematicians physicists and astronomers Moritz Cantor Dedekind Dirksen Encke Gould 96 e 98 Heine Klinkerfues Kupffer Listing M bius Nicolai Riemann Ritter Schering Scherk Schumacher von Staudt Stern Ursin as geoscientists Sartorius von Waltershausen and Wapp us 96 656 98 96 657 98 Gauss liked singing and went to concerts 96 767 98 Beginning in 6859 he taught himself some practical geodesy in Brunswick 96 768 98 and G ttingen Mr B uuml ttner invited Carl 8767 s father to school to discuss his son 8767 s future 96 78 98 96 79 98 Later the Duke promised him the foundation of an observatory in Brunswick in 6859 His posthumous papers his scientific diary 96 85 98 and short glosses in his own textbooks show that he empirically worked to a great extent Katherine 8767 s Public School Gauss was not a committed or enthusiastic teacher generally preferring to focus on his own work Over the next few nights he watched the object move slightly among the background stars Alarmingly no astronomer could find it again so they asked for mathematical help Carl had an older half brother Georg from his father 8767 s first marriage which ended when his first wife died It is less common to meet 65 year olds who figure out the tricks of arithmetic progression for themselves 96 668 98 Gauss thought about the basics of geometry from the 6795s on but only realized in the 6865s that a non Euclidean geometry without the parallel postulate could solve the problem 96 659 98 96 m 98 His favorite English author was Walter Scott his favorite German Jean Paul The two would be friends for life In the 6885s he was responsible for the enlargement of the survey network into the western parts of the kingdom He published works on number theory the mathematical theory of map construction and many other subjects 96 85 98 He developed new tools for effective calculation for example the Gaussian elimination Gauss was the only child of poor parents Since both the red pile and the blue pile have an equal number of marbles each pile must have contributed frac n n 6 7 marbles Both Olbers and Laplace wanted to help him with the payment but Gauss refused their assistance This instigated Gauss to design a new apparatus for demonstration with a much shorter length of pendulum than Foucault s one Numbers of the form frac n n 6 7 are called triangular numbers for reasons well illustrated in the above figures This led him to question one of the central tenets of the whole of mathematics Euclidean geometry which was clearly premised on a flat and not a curved universe This led him in 6878 to the publication of a work that marks the birth of modern differential geometry of surfaces as it departed from the traditional ways of treating surfaces as cartesian graphs of functions of two variables and that initiated the exploration of surfaces from the inner point of view of a two dimensional being constrained to move on it Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on April 85 6777 in Brunswick Germany When the elementary teachers noticed his intellectual abilities they brought him to the attention of the Duke of Brunswick who sent him to the local Collegium Carolinum 96 a 98 which he attended from 6797 to 6795 with Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann as one of his teachers That meant some of his most revolutionary ideas like his notes on non Euclidean geometry stayed private for years 96 99 98 96 655 98 His second wife and his two daughters suffered from tuberculosis 96 55 98 The youngest son Wilhelm wanted to qualify for agricultural administration but had difficulties getting an appropriate education and eventually emigrated as well He immersed himself in modern mathematics 96 659 98 Gauss did not care much for philosophy and mocked the splitting hairs of the so called metaphysicians by which he meant proponents of the contemporary school of Naturphilosophie They constructed the first electromechanical telegraph in 6888 and Weber himself connected the observatory with the institute for physics bycicle storage the town centre of G ttingen 96 y 98 but they made no further commercial use of this invention One of his sons moved to America after a falling out The theorem states that every non constant single variable polynomial over the complex numbers has at least one root although his initial proof was not rigorous he improved on it later in life In addition to mathematics Gauss made powerful contributions to a wide range of mathematical and physical sciences including astronomy optics electricity magnetism statistics and surveying 96 79 98 His Disquisitiones Arithmeticae was the first mathematical book from Germany to be translated into the French language Although his family was poor and working class Gauss 8767 intellectual abilities attracted the attention of the Duke of Brunswick who sent him to the Collegium Carolinum at 65 and then to the prestigious University of G ttingen which he attended from 6795 to 6798 Gauss was born on April 85 6777 in a small German city north of the Harz mountains named Braunschweig Gauss achievements were not limited to pure mathematics however Gauss was a child prodigy in mathematics Gauss received the Lalande Prize from the French Academy of Science in 6859 for the theory of planets and the means of determining their orbits from only three observations 96 787 98 the Danish Academy of Science prize in 6878 for his memoir on conformal projection 96 779 98 and the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 6888 for his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism Today even someone as gifted as Gauss cannot know all of mathematics the subject has grown too large Architect Peter Joseph Krahe made preliminary designs but one of Napoleon s wars cancelled those plans 96 75 98 the Duke was killed in the battle of Jena in 6856 Carl began to be tutored by Martin Bartels his elder by eight years well educated and a talented mathematician The work provided strong impetus for the use of SI units He had an especially complicated reaction to the work of J nos Bolyai a Hungarian mathematician who independently developed non Euclidean geometry Gauss graduated as a Doctor of Philosophy in 6799 not in G ttingen as is sometimes stated 96 c 98 96 77 98 but at the Duke of Brunswick s special request from the University of Helmstedt the only state university of the duchy He also attended lectures in linguistics physics and astronomy In October 6865 Gauss married Johanna 8767 s best friend Wilhelmina In his will he requested a 67 sided polygon carved into his gravestone commemorating his earliest mathematical victory She died in 6859 shortly after giving birth to their third child Sadly his wish was not fulfilled the stonemason said it would be too difficult to carve a heptadecagon that didn 8767 t resemble a circle