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A man died after being struck by lightning near the summit of Germany's highest peak, police said Monday. The year-old German resident was one of a group of three young men who took the mountain railway up the Zugspitze late Sunday afternoon and then continued to the summit, which is a climb of about 80 metres feet from a terrace used by many visitors. Lightning struck repeatedly as the men descended from the summit and the year-old suffered a fatal electric shock, police said. Recovery efforts were complicated by the ongoing storm. The Zugspitze sits at 2, metres 9, feet above sea level and is located in the Alps on Germany's border with Austria. Several parts of Germany were hit by storms on Sunday. In Delmenhorst, in the north of the country, a family of eight had taken shelter under a tree in a park when lightning struck. All eight were hurt, and a five-year-old boy and a year-old girl were taken to hospitals with life-threatening injuries. Lightning strike kills Colorado rancher and 34 head of cattle. May 27, PM. ODPEM working on lightning safety, awareness programme. October 5, PM. Lightning strikes vehicle, turns on its headlights. January 6, AM. Haaland reaches 99 goals for Man City and Liverpool lose at Anfield. He was granted bail for the unlawful disposal of a motor car and several cannabis charges. Justin Timberlake pleads guilty to impaired driving in New York. Justin Timberlake pleaded guilty to impaired driving Friday, resolving the criminal case stemming from his June arrest in New York's Hamptons. The boy band singer-turned-solo star and actor a. Operation Home Transformation is back: Living room makeover to be won. Last time out, our lucky winner, Jamila Griffin. It's crucial for men to witness these stories The Caribbean Customer Experience Summit is set to welcome CX expert Amanda Whiteside as a featured speaker, offering a wealth of insights from her extensive career, including a notable tenure at. Lucia Caribbean News. Saturday Sep News current Videos. Create Account. Tridents open Nations League campaign with victory. Hall: Promotion is the priority. Massive crowds turnout to support Prime Minister's Cup. Six debutants on Concacaf Nations League roster. History making Tridents into CFU final. Barbados into the semifinal of CFU competition. World News 1 min read. Man struck by lightning on Germany's highest peak, dies. Snow covers the Schneeferner glacier near the top of Germany's highest mountain 'Zugspitze' metres near Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Tuesday, October 18, A man has died after being hit by lightning near the summit of Germany's highest peak, police said Monday, July 22, Loop is better in the app. Customize your news feed, save articles for later, view your reading history and more. Click the links below to download the app for Android and IOS. Related Articles. World News. Jamaica News. Barbados News. Free seminar on livestock production. More From. Sponsored Stories. Stay Connected Facebook Twitter Instagram.

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Ignoring the current success of FARC and Hezbollah as organisations would be simply disastrous in matters of international security and defence. From an academic perspective, it would be incorrect to limit the classification of these complex organisations to the simple categories of terrorist groups, insurgent guerrillas, transnational criminal organisations TCOs or proxy groups. They are hybrid threats in constant mutation and adaptation. In this article, not only will the success of FARC and Hezbollah as proxy groups of Venezuela and Iran be studied, but also their criminal convergence as they consolidate themselves as fundamental actors for the destabilisation of the Americas. This article will explore two arguments: first, the FARC-Hezbollah mitosis from complex terrorist organisations to the twin births of political parties and semi-clandestine terrorist wings, and second, the FARC-Hezbollah criminal convergence in Venezuela and the complex multinational network that they have been weaving. These arguments will lead to a consideration of the role of these two proxy groups in the destabilisation of America in the coming decade Despite all the early victories to militarily defeat these terrorist groups in the last few decades, democratic security has not been achieved. A descriptive comparison method between Hezbollah and FARC was used in this article to explain the evolution of these two proxy organisations. The data was analysed from open sources, scientific and academic literature, policy documents and official statements. Initially, this information was organised in biological terms to understand these organisations as living organisms in processes of mutation and reproduction. Subsequently, all available judicial information is put into a context that exposes the criminal convergence between Hezbollah and FARC in Venezuela and the growth that this phenomenon has experienced in the last few decades. The lack of a long-term strategy on the part of democratic countries, as opposed to the long-term vision of these proxy groups and their sponsors, has generated the growth and sophistication of these groups in an exponential way. Now, while most democratic governments are reactive to the different threats, it can be anticipated that for the Americas, the strategy of terrorist proxy groups over the next decade will be characterised by low-intensity conflicts and the proliferation of mafias with subversive names and the gradual imposition of pseudo socialist governments that will transform quickly into authoritarian regimes. It is true that during the birth of Hezbollah, the main characteristic was large-scale terrorist action against Israel and the United States. However, it is also true that this organisation had a very particular political nature from its inception. The mitosis of Hezbollah had its origin in the Israeli occupation which aimed to prevent the Palestinian militants operating from southern Lebanon. As a consequence, the Shiite leaders split according to the lines they considered they must follow Levitt, , pp. Those who called for a military response and the creation of an Iranian-style Islamic state broke with the Amal movement, until then the leader of the Shiites, and formed Al Amal al Islamiya. With the support of Iran, they extended their influence from the Bekaa Valley to the southern suburbs of Beirut DeVore, , pp. Hezbollah issued its political manifesto in This has generated ambiguity at the regional and global level, since many states do not know whether Hezbollah is a terrorist organisation, an insurgency, a political party or TCO AJC, pp. The militia cell focused on planning and executing attacks of international relevance such as March 17, , when a car bomb with kilos of explosives led by a Hezbollah terrorist hit the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It caused 29 fatalities and wounded In total, 19 United States Air Force soldiers were killed and other people of different nationalities were injured Levitt, With clear support from Iran in , Hezbollah won eight seats in the seat parliament. By , its political participation had grown and Hezbollah won fourteen seats Norton, , pp. In July , Hezbollah carried out a military campaign against Israel where precision ground-to-ground rockets, anti-tank mines, surface-toair missiles, Russian Anti-tank guided missiles ATGMs and Iranian Anti-ship missiles were successfully deployed against the Israeli Army, achieving a ceasefire after 34 days Gabrielsen, , pp. Hezbollah leader Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah profited from this ambiguous victory by positioning himself regionally as the punisher of the Zionist state, thus achieving not only the admiration of the Shiites but even many Sunnis Arkin, , p. In , Hezbollah took advantage of a political opportunity and changed the balance. After two weeks of fighting, Qatar negotiated the Doha Agreement, which called for a government of national unity and gave the Hezbollah-led opposition veto power within the Lebanese government. But its radical goals have not changed. They will never recognise the Israeli state. It stressed that it is a formula that leads to success, as happened in But it will be an incomplete task until the occupied areas of the Shebaa Farms, Kfar Shouba Hills, and the north of the city of Al Ghajar are liberated Avon, Khatchadourian and Todd, b , pp. In January , the Lebanese government practically collapsed with the resignation of 11 ministers of the Shiite movement Hezbollah and its allies BBC News, , due to a lack of agreement between rival blocs in the international trial in The Hague regarding the murder of former Prime Minister, Rafic Hariri, which occurred in 1. In , Najib Mikati, backed by Hezbollah, was named the new prime minister. Hezbollah directly received two ministries as part of the government. Most of the remaining ministers were from allied factions of Hezbollah. This growth and consolidation of the political cell was accompanied by a wholesale transformation of the armed cell, which morphed from an irregular militia into a semi-regular force with an organisation and hierarchy typical of a paramilitary force. This Iranian-financed and trained force officially supported the Bashar al-Assad regime in Syria on May 25, , when Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah publicly recognised it. In , it was estimated that the Hezbollah combat forces in Syria numbered between 5, and 8, fighters, and in that year more than 1, Hezbollah fighters died in Damascus, Homs and Aleppo. In , Lebanon held parliamentary elections for the first time since On the other hand, the Future Movement, a pro- Sunni coalition, only won 21 seats, although its leader, Saad Hariri, kept his role as prime minister. Hezbollah has established itself as a strong political party capable of controlling the central government from the parliament, being not only part but also the protagonist of the Lebanon establishment. Hezbollah has been able to take advantage of its political base, transforming its electorate into a constantly mobilising social movement. In , Hezbollah achieved a victory with the resignation of Prime Minister Saad Hariri in October after days of mobilisation and protests. Hezbollah has become a major political party in the last decade and has been active in all parliamentary and municipal elections in Lebanon. Hezbollah is not only a political party, it has the political power to unite or destabilise Lebanon Ali Kooshki, Shirkhani and Kiani, , pp. At the same time, the militia cell has not only grown but has reached a level of maturity and sophistication that today has approximately 45, combatants, many of them in reserve. Its elite unit, the Radwan Force, has approx. The missiles, rockets and mortars of this cell are estimated to be up to ,, divided as follows: tens of thousands are short range up to 40 kilometres , thousands are mid-range up to 75 kilometres and hundreds are long range kilometres. During the civil war in Syria, Hezbollah combatants were trained on and operated various Russian made tanks. Such is their level of growth and adaptation that in recent years, Hezbollah expanded its use of unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs alongside an upgrade of their capabilities. Hezbollah has created complex money laundering networks that disturbed multiple banks in Lebanon. Considering that the revolutionary armed forces of Colombia FARC, after the initials in Spanish was born 20 years before Hezbollah, its mitosis has been longer. At first, its structure as an insurgent guerrilla force in the mountains of Colombia had the main purpose of seeking the seizure of power and the imposition of a communist government based on Marxist-Leninist ideology, something similar to what had been achieved in Cuba. However, during those first years, the guerrillas did not manage to establish a winning strategy and fought for the survival and growth of the organisation itself, as established in its first six conferences. These conferences track the growth of the organisation into a terrorist force. The first conference was held in in the south of the country and in it, the group, which at that time was made up of several dispersed guerrilla detachments, was renamed south block in Spanish: bloque sur because it had a presence in various departments of the southern region of Colombia Cauca-Huila-Valle del Cauca. At that assembly, the guerrillas began to establish their military actions and internal organisation and began to structure FARC as a group Leech, Since its creation, FARC has held ten conferences from to in which it has drawn its political and military guidelines. These conferences demarcated such issues as the composition of the governing bodies, the creation of fronts and blocs, the sources of financing kidnapping, extortion, drug trafficking, illegal mining , relations with party politicians and, at the end, the infiltration of the Colombian establishment through the Clandestine Communist Party PC3 , revolutionary trials to justify assassinations of members of the organisation or political enemies, relations with governments of other countries USSR, Cuba, Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua and other strategic guides that allow its survival as an organisation Spencer, , pp. In , FARC began a dialogue with the government of Colombian President Belisario Betancourt, making it possible to sign the well-intentioned but ill-fated Uribe agreement, and through an amnesty law, to free the captured FARC commanders from jail. In August of , a cease-fire agreement was signed, which was broken several times by FARC and maintained despite criticism by the Colombian government. They also set fire to all the buildings containing the judicial files against the Medellin cartel Treaster, At the same time, FARC began its alliance with the cartels of Medellin and Cali, finding in drug trafficking an inexhaustible source of money necessary to achieve their objectives. The creation of the Patriotic Union party UP was an important achievement for FARC, considering that in the elections on March of , five of its candidates were elected as senators, nine as congressmen, twenty as regional deputies and as municipal councillors; the congressmen included two FARC commanders 2. The political success achieved by the UP coincided with the beginning of an escalation of terrorist events. By the end of the year, there were more than attacks on isolated towns. In September , President Virgilio Barco officially ended the ceasefire, and the peace talks due to the criminal conduct and perfidy of FARC Aguilera, In April , the M group completely laid down its weapons and was granted impunity. In this same period, FARC took advantage of the dialogues to double their number of military fronts and expand their actions in regions north of Colombia and on the border with Venezuela. At this point, the first attempt of the FARC cell division begins, in order to create a political alternative that would allow it to take political power in Colombia, in something they called the combination of all forms of struggle. By , it managed to subdue the Colombian government of President Andres Pastrana, who handed it a 64,square-kilometre demilitarised zone DMZ to enable peace negotiations Rabasa and Chalk, , pp. The DMZ was in the heart of the cocoa fields. But instead of making peace, FARC used this time very strategically to reorganise, acquire new weapons and increase its military strength, its international influence, and its cocaine exports. Its international influence allowed its political representatives to position themselves and gain the support of Nicaraguan President, Daniel Ortega, and more consequentially, Venezuelan President, Hugo Chavez , who would become their new ideological mentor and official sponsor. However, the lack of synchrony with the military cell led the military leaders to decide that it was time to change their model of guerrilla warfare to a war of movements with the aim of taking power by armed means. They thought that the balance of forces was adequate to defeat the state and they failed. From to , FARC suffered its greatest military defeats. As a result, more than 25, fighters surrendered their weapons, while the historical leaders were neutralised by the Colombian Army Priest, Nevertheless, the support of Chavez provided the necessary space in Venezuela to establish a new strategic rear-guard, where its military leaders found refuge and the political leaders again began to strengthen their transnational political cell. It does not matter if that means is military, criminal or political. This has allowed it not only to survive but to continue in a constant transformation. From to , FARC decided to re-establish dialogues in Cuba with the support of the governments of Venezuela and Norway and took the initiative from the beginning The Economist, They used the support of these governments to establish a firm political base. They sought the support of other countries and gained international legitimacy. They took advantage of the vanity of President Juan Manuel Santos, who was distracted by the allure of winning the Nobel Peace Prize, and imposed its will. They achieved full immunity from all crimes, including drug trafficking, managed to get five permanent seats in the Senate and five seats in Congress without the need for votes. All the organisations that were established to protect the dialogues quickly managed to get them released from prison and they fled to Venezuela, where they re-established the armed cell. They currently have several well-armed sub-groups in the most critical areas of Colombia where they dispute the control of cocaine traffic with other criminal organisations. During the period and , the armed cell dedicated itself to establishing military bases in Venezuela along the Colombian-Venezuelan border supported by the Venezuelan Army, thus projecting the rapid growth of this cell known as FARC dissidences, who continue to maintain their structural DNA. Although it is true that they do not today compare to the capacity reached in the s, FARC dissidents are smaller groups led and made up of the most experienced insurgents, with highly sophisticated weapons and, most importantly, for the first time in history, with the direct support of a regular military force, the Venezuelan army U. Department of Justice, The flow and ebb of violence: statistics of murders and kidnappings of FARC. The failed attempts at peace by Colombian governments are highlighted in yellow. The persistence of the political and armed cells of FARC and Hezbollah is due to the diffuse criminal network that generates large amounts of money in the name of the revolution. This large flow of money allows the purchase of weapons, the payment of bribes and corruption of government agents in any country. For several years, these criminal terrorist support schemes operated clandestinely and secretly, but for the past fifteen years, they have begun to intervene in lawful businesses in order to launder all the dirty money. In this sense, Venezuela has become a key platform for this purpose. The two presidents already knew each other and agreed on the definition of what should be the foreign policy of developing countries. Furthermore, Iran and Venezuela believe that they embody revolutionary projects to launch radical change at the international level. The dialectic of the revolution was conspicuously evident in the speeches of the two leaders Perdue, , pp. Chavez described his Iranian counterpart as a distinguished leader of a heroic people and leader of a revolution, sister of the Venezuelan revolution. Simultaneously, Chavez began to openly support FARC and allowed its settlement on the border with the protection of the Venezuelan army, as denounced by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe with intelligence reports and satellite photos in March to the international community. In parallel, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad met with Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Syria in July and subsequently increased the delivery of heavy weapons that included medium-range Zelzal-2 missiles capable of hitting any target in Israel Berman and Humire, The convergence between FARC and Hezbollah criminal cells was neither political nor revolutionary but drug traffic related. This was only the tip of the iceberg, since connections were identified in Hong Kong, Central America, Africa and Canada, and most worryingly, the direct connection to several Lebanese criminals associated with a global organised crime network and where Hezbollah was shown to be directly responsible for this convergence. The Cassandra project allowed Ayman Saied Joumaa, a Colombian-Lebanese citizen, to be identified as the leader of a global money-laundering network in the service of Hezbollah in a powerful way. However, the most important thing was to comprehend that Ayman Saied Joumaa had his main businesses in Maicao Colombia , a city on the northern border with Venezuela Rabasa et al. Recently, criminal connections centre upon two key figures in Venezuela. Subsequently, in , he was appointed Minister of the Interior. Between and , he was governor of the Aragua state. Department of the Treasury, In March , he was accused in a New York court of violating the law as a foreign drug lord, according to the federal prosecutor of Manhattan. Also, in , the U. ICE, Venezuelan colonel, Vladimir Medrano Rengifo, former director general of the office of identification, migration and foreigners in Venezuela, established that at least people arrived in Venezuela monthly — between May and October — from Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, many of them members of Hezbollah, to whom Minister Tareck El Aissami ordered Venezuelan passports to be issued. One of those favoured with this passport delivery was Akram Saied Joumaa, brother of Ayman Saied Joumaa and who is part of this criminal transactional network. The American Enterprise Institute, , p. In , the United States Treasury Department stated that it is extremely worrying to see that the Government of Venezuela employs and provides refuge for Hezbollah facilitators and fundraisers. But Tareck El Aissami, apparently, is not only implicated in terrorism and the issuance of diplomatic passports for terrorists. He also might have facilitated shipments of narcotics from Venezuela. The transnational criminal organisation headed by El Aissami is one of the main providers of the drug network that Hezbollah operates in Europe. According to the US Treasury Department, El Aissami exercised control over planes taking off from a Venezuelan air base, in addition to controlling the routes of the drugs that left through Venezuelan ports. The second fundamental key figure in this convergence process is Ghazi Nasr Al-Din, born in Lebanon, who arrived in Venezuela at the age of His career as a Venezuelan diplomat was developed mainly in Syria and Lebanon. In , the Treasury Department singled out Ghazi Nasr al-Din as a Hezbollah supporter established in Venezuela who used his status as a high-ranking diplomat of the South American country to provide financial support to the terrorist group Karmon, , p. Adam J. OFAC mentioned that Nasr Al-Din provided bank information to Hezbollah donors so that the money went directly to this terrorist group, and that he also facilitated a trip to Caracas of members of this organisation. Although he is much more discreet than Tareck El Aissami, the ability of Ghazi Nasr Al-Din to create a series of connections between licit and illicit businesses in Isla Margarita Venezuela Maicao Colombia and Colon Panama has been highlighted, to mix drug money laundering, smuggling, arms sales with import and export companies and even donations to the pro-Lebanese cause Levitt, , p. The indictment explains these criminal connections in detail. Attorney, , pp. By , the US State Department estimated that or more tons of cocaine transited Venezuela each year. Likewise, it is mentioned that maritime cargos was sent north from the Venezuelan coast using speedboats, fishing boats and cargo ships. The air shipments were dispatched from clandestine airstrips in the state of Apure Venezuela. Attorney, , p. Although it is true that cocaine trafficking is the central crime, this organisation has diversified its criminal portfolio and includes illegal mining of gold and coltan, piracy of goods and movies, trafficking of marijuana, trafficking of heroin, human trafficking, and also timber trafficking. The global scope of this symbiosis between FARC, Hezbollah and the Venezuelan narco-government is sophisticated and clearly goes beyond any ideology. The ultimate goal is the accumulation of power and money. The changes that have occurred in the past decades, both in the Middle East and in the Americas, have generated multiple variations in the political relations between state and non-state actors. It is clear that Iran and Venezuela do not plan to engage in regional wars due to their weakness as states and their fragile economies, but it is also true that these two countries are immersed in a permanent volatile and unstable regional environment. Within this context, Iran and Venezuela have known how to take advantage of Hezbollah and FARC as proxy groups that have been catalysts of violence, instability and regional ambiguity. However, with the passage of time, these two non-state actors have grown and evolved as their own organisations, following their own agenda that has allowed them to influence their countries in Lebanon and Colombia, but also at a regional and even international level. This article has established three significant conclusions and a possible course of action that can be carried out by the studied actors as a consequence of the current dynamics. Firstly, Hezbollah, analysed from a biological perspective, has been an organisation that has had a constant and rapid evolution. It was initially born as a unicellular terrorist cell generated, protected and financed by Iran with theoretical bases of high religious-political content. The initial methodology was pure and decentralised suicide terrorism against U. American, French and Israel assets. This methodology allowed Hezbollah to achieve its first early victories in the 80s. This ambiguity has favoured it not only at the local level, but also at the international level where many countries do not know how to define Hezbollah. Meanwhile, the biological growth of the two cells, both the armed cell and the political cell, during the last twenty years has been constant and successful. On the one hand, the armed cell went from being a simple terrorist group to a paramilitary force capable of confronting the Israeli army on the southern border of Lebanon and operating jointly with Syrian, Iranian and Russian forces within the Syrian conflict. On the other hand, the political cell has dominated the Lebanese political establishment. Today, it manages the health sector and the banking sector. Secondly, the evolution of FARC in contrast to Hezbollah has been a long, troubled and diffuse process with similar success to that of the Shiite group. To achieve this objective, FARC was born as a clearly insurgent armed cell and carried out limited armed attacks that increased from low to medium intensity in the 70s and 80s. In , after a long peace process, it succeeded in creating a distinctly left-wing political party called Patriotic Union, but a series of attacks against military bases and the immersion in the drug trafficking business caused this initial political mitosis to collapse. The fall of the Soviet Union and the worldwide collapse of communism represented another additional disappointment to the political aspirations of FARC. By the end of the 90s, its armed capacity forced the Colombian government to establish peace talks in a demilitarised zone of more than 64,square-kilometres where crime, drug trafficking and terrorism were the main characteristics. The desire to take power through arms during these years caused FARC to suffer a series of strategic defeats by the Colombian Army between and , through a policy of democratic security based on the frontal fight against cocaine production, which suffocated illicit finances and generated social discredit. Parallel to the weakening of narco-terrorism, the Venezuela regime presented itself as the new FARC sponsor. In August of , from Venezuela FARC arm cell declared itself in rebellion to continue its revolutionary fight against the Colombian government and retained control of the multimillion-dollar drug trafficking business. By , FARC had established two cells: a political cell with permanent representation in Congress and an armed cell that maintains control of drug trafficking with the complicity of the Venezuelan regime. Like Hezbollah, the international community does not know how to deal with it, since it carries the same name. FARC has intelligently created ambiguity and is a legitimate political party today, a TCO, and it is also now a Venezuelan paramilitary group. The first is the place where this connection has been consolidated. Venezuela is a country with one of the largest oil reserves in the world, with wide access to the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and a long porous border of more than kilometres with Colombia. Although it is true that the Lebanese settlement was initially centred on the triple border region Brazil-Argentina-Paraguay , and that it was from this site that the devastating and attacks against Israeli targets on Argentine soil were planned, it is also true that in this place, the criminal convergence between FARC and Hezbollah began in the late 90s. Furthermore, in the last two decades, the Venezuelan government has strengthened and empowered this connection. The second key factor was the accession to power of Venezuelan President, Hugo Chavez , and Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad They would find, both in the revolutionary narrative of a socialism and in the anti-imperialist narrative, a common foreign affairs agenda and in oil, their economic strength as permanent members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC. It is this revolutionary narrative that allows the comfortable existence of FARC and Hezbollah as proxy groups to fight against justifiable causes from the point of view of these two governments. The third functional element and the most important is drug trafficking, since this has become the source of the greatest funding for these two groups both to acquire weapons and keep their armed cells active, and to finance their political causes and buy hearts and minds in the elections of each country. The success of this convergence is seen in the sum of the strengths of each organisation. On one hand, the dark and criminal dimension of FARC is that it has specialised in the production of cocaine and heroin for more than three decades from Colombia. On the other hand, the dark and criminal dimension of Hezbollah has specialised in money laundering in its global capacity to move money through international banks and is unique and extremely complex. In addition, these two groups have innovated criminal logistics by creating new routes and means of transportation to move cocaine through Africa to Europe, Asia and even Australia. Today, this criminal enterprise has exceeded the control capacity of its own organisations FARC-Hezbollah and even of its government sponsors Venezuela-Iran. This criminal convergence continues to grow and seeks the destruction of legitimacy in countries like Lebanon and Colombia to establish criminal regimes where they can grow and prosper. In this complex context, one of the phenomena that has become more visible and empowered is the transnational nature of criminal networks that commit crimes with the complicity of governments such as Venezuela and Iran. Today, TOC is a global dimension that has caused the destruction of the democratic establishment in Venezuela and Lebanon. The ideology and the revolutionary narrative of FARC and Hezbollah cells are the collateral support for hiding and justifying all criminal business. Furthermore, they have engineered a mitosis resulting in political and armed cells. It is clear that Venezuela is leading the Bolivarian Revolution for the Americas, and this country is the epitome of a criminal state. This type of political and criminal entanglement is difficult to overcome because a criminal state can take advantage of public resources for its illicit operations, while preserving national sovereignty and all the benefits that come with borders and international law. The Bolivarian Alliance, led by Venezuela, takes advantage of facilitators, financiers and diplomatic officers to assist the covert movement of people, money and material, while sharing operational areas, intelligence and tactics. The connections between politics and crime become more diffuse, complex and decentralised. This is basically a socialist narrative that exacerbates class hatred and also hate speech between races and genders creating widespread civil disobedience. This civil disobedience is infiltrated by violent actors in the streets and agitators on social networks, to create an atmosphere of anarchy and instability. Organised crime and conventional government in Venezuela and Lebanon are indistinguishable; and its ability to influence and destabilise the Americas was evident in the protests in Chile, Ecuador and Colombia at the end of Activists and instigators, linked to Venezuela and FARC, deliberately tried to destabilise these countries. Unlike the cold war, no economic or political model needs be established, just a narrative for the seizure of power. What might be established is a pattern of criminal regimes capable of managing dirty economies to take over the Americas in a volatile and complex global political environment. Current issue. All issues. Guide for authors. Online first. Jeferson Guarin P. Alumni, George C. International security. Persistence and adaptation are the main characteristics that have allowed FARC and Hezbollah to become perhaps the most successful proxy groups in recent years. Both Iran and Venezuela have sponsored the military, political and criminal actions of these alleged insurgent organisations. The main objective of this research was to identify and conceptualise the mitotic evolution of FARC and Hezbollah from purely armed organisms into consolidated political organisations in Colombia and Lebanon, and how this evolution has presented a criminal convergence in Venezuela based on drug trafficking and money laundering. This article is based on a comparative case-study of published research papers, documents, and official statements of FARC and Hezbollah, by applying a rational perspective that allows their performance to be deduced. The research results showed a constant mutation of these hybrid threats. Thus, not only was the political and military success of these organisations established but also the strategic support of a criminal dimension which converged in Venezuela, where the FARC drug trafficking and Hezbollah money laundering were amalgamated. Consequently, the investigation exposes the possible consequences of the FARC-Hezbollah criminal convergence in the Americas and its destabilising effects in the next decade. Introduction Ignoring the current success of FARC and Hezbollah as organisations would be simply disastrous in matters of international security and defence. Hezbollah mitosis: from a terrorist group to a political party It is true that during the birth of Hezbollah, the main characteristic was large-scale terrorist action against Israel and the United States. FARC mitosis: from communist insurgents to a new political party Considering that the revolutionary armed forces of Colombia FARC, after the initials in Spanish was born 20 years before Hezbollah, its mitosis has been longer. Conclusion and Consequences The changes that have occurred in the past decades, both in the Middle East and in the Americas, have generated multiple variations in the political relations between state and non-state actors. Aguilera, M. Accessed: 10 July Google Scholar. Ali Kooshki, S. Arkin, W. Accessed: 7 July Avon, D. Badran, T. Accessed: 30 September Accessed: 3 August Accessed: 1 August Berman, I. London: Lexington Books. Collard, R. Accessed: 21 August DeVore, M. Accessed 13 July Gabrielsen, I. Gill, S. Accessed 10 July Harding, E. Accessed 14 July Karmon, E. Leech, G. London: Zed Books Ltd. Levitt, M. Washington D. Accessed 15 July Accessed: 30 July Moyar, M. Accessed: 22 July Neumann, V. Accessed: 9 July Nilsson, M. Norton, R. Third Ed. Perdue, J. Lanham: Lexington Books, pp. Pollak, N. Accessed: 28 July Priest, D. Accessed: 14 July Rabasa, A. Accessed: 20 July Realuyo, C. Accessed: 17 July Rubenstein, C. Canberra: Australian Parliament House. Santiago, A. Harvard University. Spencer, D. A Great Perhaps? Colombia: Conflict and Convergence. Available at: www. Accessed: 19 July Accessed: 23 July Treaster, J. Accessed: 4 July Attorney United States v. Nicolas Maduro Moros, Case No. United States of America: U. Department of Justice. Accessed: 5 July Accessed: 15 July Department of the Treasury Press Center, 13 February. Accessed: 25 July Worth, R. Accessed July Send by email. Table of contents. Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of website accessibility. We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool more. You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website. I agree I do not agree.

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