Галерея 3291017
Галерея 3291017
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Cohen, Morris A. and Cui, Shiliang and Gao, Fei, The Effect of Government Support on Green Product Design and Environmental Impact (March 15, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3291017 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291017
Forthcoming at Manufacturing and Service Operations Management
Juan Zhang , Ziyue Wang , View more
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Hugh MacMullan at The Wharton School
Timothy M. Devinney at University of Manchester - Alliance Manchester Business School
Timothy M. Devinney at University of Manchester - Alliance Manchester Business School
Chris Den Hartog at California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo
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40 Pages
Posted: 5 Dec 2018
Last revised: 14 Apr 2019
University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School
Georgetown University - McDonough School of Business
We study competing fi rms' green product design decisions, and the effect of two common types of government support, namely R&D support and sales subsidies, on the products, firms and the resulting environmental impact. Each fi rm produces a product that contains a "traditional" quality and an "environmental" quality according to corresponding technology capabilities of the firm and market competition. Our main results are as follows. First, we show that fi rms will produce greener products and charge higher prices when they embrace greater technology capabilities related to production of the environmental quality, or when consumers become more conscious of the environmental impact. Second, we find that although both the government R&D support and sales subsidies prompt fi rms to produce greener products, the overall environmental impact is mixed. Specifi cally, while sales subsidies generally lead to positive environmental benefi ts, R&D support can have an unanticipated negative overall impact on the environment. Third, we show that fi rms do not always benefi t from either type of the government support.
Keywords: green product development; market competition; government support; environmental impact.
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Science. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 Mar 1.
1 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
3 Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
4
Corresponding Author: TEL: (713) 798-8278, FAX: (713) 798-4086, ude.cmt.mcb@apsuka
* These authors contributed equally to this work
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Science
GUID: 7210AAE7-BE3B-4841-B9D0-E416295FC1F2
Keywords: innate immunity, detoxification, phagocytosis, Dictyostelium, amoebozoa
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1 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
1 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
1 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
3 Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030
Social amoebae feed on bacteria in the soil, but they aggregate when starved and form a migrating slug that will undergo fruiting body morphogenesis to produce terminally differentiated spores and stalk cells. We describe a new cell type in the social amoeba which appears to provide detoxification and immune-like functions, which we term Sentinel (S) cells. S cells were observed to engulf bacteria and sequester toxins while circulating within the slug, eventually being sloughed off. A Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain protein, TirA, was also required for some S cell functions and for vegetative amoebae to feed on live bacteria. This apparent innate immune function in social amoebae, and the use of TirA for bacterial feeding, suggests an ancient cellular foraging mechanism that may have been adapted to defense functions well before the diversification of the animals.
Phagocytes that engulf bacteria, first described by Metchnikoff in 1883, form part of the animal innate immune system in the defense against pathogens ( 1 – 4 ). Both plants and animals also use innate signaling pathways as a means of sensing microbial pathogens; mainly through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in animals and resistance (R) proteins in plants ( 5 , 6 ). Both TLRs and R proteins bind to bacterial elicitors through leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and signal through adaptor/effector proteins, such as those containing TIR domains ( 4 , 6 – 8 ) and this, in turn, initiates the transcriptional programs that mediate specific defense responses ( 4 , 9 , 10 ).
The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum lives in the soil and feeds on bacteria so it must defend against environmental toxins and pathogens. However, threats to Dictyostelium ’s survival must also occur during its development, when amoebae aggregate to form a multicellular organism within a semi-permeable sheath and eventually produce a fruiting body with environmentally resistant spores held aloft by
Галерея 3106905
Милаха Берри на песке
Галерея 3095493