Галерея 3267327
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Find articles by Juan M. Paz-Garcia
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology
4 Department of Chemistry, Jerash University, Jordan
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available free at J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng
Keywords: Electrokinetic Remediation, Lead, Cupper, Mathematical Model, Reactive Transport
L ( c i ) = ∇ ⋅ ( D i ∇ c i + u i c i ∇ E + k e c i ∇ E + k h c i ∇ h )
[1] Lageman R, Pool W, Seffinga G. Electro-reclamation: Theory and practice. Chemistry and Industry. 1989:585–590. [ Google Scholar ]
[2] Shapiro A, Renaud P, Probstein RF. Preliminary studies on the removal of chemical species from saturated porous media by electroosmosis. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. 1989; 11 :785–802. [ Google Scholar ]
[3] Hamed J, Gale RJ. Pb (II) removal from kaolinite by electrokinetics. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce. 1991; 117 :241–270. [ Google Scholar ]
[4] Probstein RF, Hicks RE. Removal of contaminants from soils by electric fields. Science. 1993; 260 :498–503. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
[5] Runnells DD, Wahli C. In situ electromigration as a method for removing sulfate, metals, and other contaminants from ground water. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation. 1993; 13 :121–129. [ Google Scholar ]
[6] Lageman R. Electroreclamation. Applications in the Netherlands. Environmental Science & Technology. 1993; 27 :2648–2650. [ Google Scholar ]
[7] Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN. Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environmental Science & Technology. 1993; 27 :2638–2647. [ Google Scholar ]
[8] Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN. Electrokinetic remediation .1. Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce. 1996; 122 :173–185. [ Google Scholar ]
[9] Alshawabkeh AN, Bricka RM, Gent DB. Pilot-scale electrokinetic cleanup of lead-contaminated soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering-ASCE. 2005; 131 :283–291. [ Google Scholar ]
[10] Kim DH, Ryu BG, Park SW, Seo CI, Baek K. Electrokinetic remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 165 :501–505. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
[11] Ryu BG, Park SW, Baek K, Yang JS. Pulsed Electrokinetic Decontamination of Agricultural Lands around Abandoned Mines Contaminated with Heavy Metals. Separation Science and Technology. 2009; 44 :2421–2436. [ Google Scholar ]
[12] Ryu BG, Yang JS, Kim DH, Baek K. Pulsed electrokinetic removal of Cd and Zn from fine-grained soil. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 2010; 40 :1039–1047. [ Google Scholar ]
[13] Acar YB, Gale RJ, Alshawabkeh AN, Marks RE, Puppala S, Bricka M, Parker R. Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1995; 40 :117–137. [ Google Scholar ]
[14] Puppala SK, Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB, Gale RJ, Bricka M. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of high sorption capacity soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1997; 55 :203–220. [ Google Scholar ]
[15] Shapiro AP, Probstein RF. Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis. Environmental Science & Technology. 1993; 27 :283–291. [ Google Scholar ]
[16] Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB. Removal of contaminants from soils by electrokinetics: A theoretical treatise. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 1992; 27 :1835–1861. [ Google Scholar ]
[17] Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB. Electrokinetic remediation .2. Theoretical model. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce. 1996; 122 :186–196. [ Google Scholar ]
[18] Jacobs RA, Sengun MZ, Hicks RE, Probstein RF. Model and experiments on soil remediation by electric fields. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 1994; 29 :1933–1955. [ Google Scholar ]
[19] Paz-García JM, Johannesson B, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB, Rodríguez-Maroto JM. Modeling of electrokinetic processes by finite element integration of the Nernst-Planck-Poisson system of equations. Separation and Purification Technology. 2011; 79 :183–192. [ Google Scholar ]
[20] Haran BS, Popov BN, Zheng G, White RE. Mathematical modeling of hexavalent chromium decontamination from low surface charged soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1997; 55 :93–107. [ Google Scholar ]
[21] Jacobs RA, Probstein RF. Two dimensional modeling of electroremediation. AIChE journal. 1996; 42 :1685–1696. [ Google Scholar ]
[22] Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN, Gale RJ. Fundamental aspects of electrokinetic remediation of soils. Waste Management. 1993; 13 :513. [ Google Scholar ]
[23] Kirkner D, Jennings A, Theis T. Multisolute mass transport with chemical interaction kinetics. Journal of Hydrology. 1985; 76 :107–117. [ Google Scholar ]
[24] Jennings AA, Kirkner DJ, Theis TL. Multicomponent equilibrium chemistry in groundwater quality models. Water Resources Research. 1982; 18 :1089–1096. [ Google Scholar ]
[25] Kirkner DJ, Theis TL, Jennings AA. Multicomponent solute transport with sorption and soluble complexation. Advances in water resources. 1984; 7 :120–125. [ Google Scholar ]
[26] Lewis FM, Voss CI, Rubin J. Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications. Journal of Hydrology. 1987; 90 :81–115. [ Google Scholar ]
[27] Lichtner PC. Continuum model for simultaneous chemical reactions and mass transport in hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1985; 49 :779–800. [ Google Scholar ]
[28] Valocchi AJ, Street RL, Roberts PV. Transport of ion-exchanging solutes in groundwater: Chromatographic theory and field simulation. Water Resources Research. 1981; 17 :1517–1527. [ Google Scholar ]
[29] Yeh GT, Tripathi VS. A model for simulating transport of reactive multispecies components: model development and demonstration. Water Resources Research. 1991; 27 :3075–3094. [ Google Scholar ]
[30] Bard A, Faulkner L. Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. John wiley & Sons; Canada: 1980. [ Google Scholar ]
[31] Miller C, Benson L. Simulation of solute transport in a chemically reactive heterogeneous system: Model development and application. Water Resources Research. 1983; 19 :381–391. [ Google Scholar ]
[32] Steefel CI, Lasaga AC. A coupled model for transport of multiple chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution reactions with applications to reactive flow in single phase hydrothermal systems. American Journal of Science. 1994; 294 :529–592. [ Google Scholar ]
[33] Rubin J. Transport of reacting solutes in porous media: Relation between mathematical nature of problem formulation and chemical nature of reactions. Water Resources Research. 1983; 19 :1231–1252. [ Google Scholar ]
[34] Yeh G, Tripathi V. A critical evaluation of recent developments in hydrogeochemical transport models of reactive multichemical components. Water Resources Research. 1989; 25 :93–108. [ Google Scholar ]
[1] Lageman R, Pool W, Seffinga G. Electro-reclamation: Theory and practice. Chemistry and Industry. 1989:585–590. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[12] Ryu BG, Yang JS, Kim DH, Baek K. Pulsed electrokinetic removal of Cd and Zn from fine-grained soil. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 2010; 40 :1039–1047. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[7] Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN. Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environmental Science & Technology. 1993; 27 :2638–2647. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[13] Acar YB, Gale RJ, Alshawabkeh AN, Marks RE, Puppala S, Bricka M, Parker R. Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1995; 40 :117–137. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[14] Puppala SK, Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB, Gale RJ, Bricka M. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of high sorption capacity soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1997; 55 :203–220. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[10] Kim DH, Ryu BG, Park SW, Seo CI, Baek K. Electrokinetic remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 165 :501–505. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[2] Shapiro A, Renaud P, Probstein RF. Preliminary studies on the removal of chemical species from saturated porous media by electroosmosis. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. 1989; 11 :785–802. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[15] Shapiro AP, Probstein RF. Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis. Environmental Science & Technology. 1993; 27 :283–291. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[20] Haran BS, Popov BN, Zheng G, White RE. Mathematical modeling of hexavalent chromium decontamination from low surface charged soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1997; 55 :93–107. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[21] Jacobs RA, Probstein RF. Two dimensional modeling of electroremediation. AIChE journal. 1996; 42 :1685–1696. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[18] Jacobs RA, Sengun MZ, Hicks RE, Probstein RF. Model and experiments on soil remediation by electric fields. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 1994; 29 :1933–1955. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[17] Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB. Electrokinetic remediation .2. Theoretical model. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce. 1996; 122 :186–196. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[22] Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN, Gale RJ. Fundamental aspects of electrokinetic remediation of soils. Waste Management. 1993; 13 :513. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[19] Paz-García JM, Johannesson B, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB, Rodríguez-Maroto JM. Modeling of electrokinetic processes by finite element integration of the Nernst-Planck-Poisson system of equations. Separation and Purification Technology. 2011; 79 :183–192. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[16] Alshawabkeh AN, Acar YB. Removal of contaminants from soils by electrokinetics: A theoretical treatise. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 1992; 27 :1835–1861. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[23] Kirkner D, Jennings A, Theis T. Multisolute mass transport with chemical interaction kinetics. Journal of Hydrology. 1985; 76 :107–117. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[29] Yeh GT, Tripathi VS. A model for simulating transport of reactive multispecies components: model development and demonstration. Water Resources Research. 1991; 27 :3075–3094. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[30] Bard A, Faulkner L. Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. John wiley & Sons; Canada: 1980. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[27] Lichtner PC. Continuum model for simultaneous chemical reactions and mass transport in hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1985; 49 :779–800. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[31] Miller C, Benson L. Simulation of solute transport in a chemically reactive heterogeneous system: Model development and application. Water Resources Research. 1983; 19 :381–391. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[32] Steefel CI, Lasaga AC. A coupled model for transport of multiple chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution reactions with applications to reactive flow in single phase hydrothermal systems. American Journal of Science. 1994; 294 :529–592. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[24] Jennings AA, Kirkner DJ, Theis TL. Multicomponent equilibrium chemistry in groundwater quality models. Water Resources Research. 1982; 18 :1089–1096. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[26] Lewis FM, Voss CI, Rubin J. Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications. Journal of Hydrology. 1987; 90 :81–115. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[28] Valocchi AJ, Street RL, Roberts PV. Transport of ion-exchanging solutes in groundwater: Chromatographic theory and field simulation. Water Resources Research. 1981; 17 :1517–1527. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[33] Rubin J. Transport of reacting solutes in porous media: Relation between mathematical nature of problem formulation and chemical nature of reactions. Water Resources Research. 1983; 19 :1231–1252. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[25] Kirkner DJ, Theis TL, Jennings AA. Multicomponent solute transport with sorption and soluble complexation. Advances in water resources. 1984; 7 :120–125. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[34] Yeh G, Tripathi V. A critical evaluation of recent developments in hydrogeochemical transport models of reactive multichemical components. Water Resources Research. 1989; 25 :93–108. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
[9] Alshawabkeh AN, Bricka RM, Gent DB. Pilot-scale electrokinetic cleanup of lead-contaminated soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering-ASCE. 2005; 131 :283–291. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
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1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University
3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology
4 Department of Chemistry, Jerash University, Jordan
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University
A generalized model applicable to soils contaminated with multiple species under enhanced boundary conditions during treatment by electric fields is presented. The partial differential equations describing species transport are developed by applying the law of mass conservation to their fluxes. Transport, due to migration, advection and diffusion, of each aqueous component and complex species are combined to produce one partial differential equation hat describes transport of the total analytical concentrations of component species which are the primary dependent variables. This transport couples with geochemical reactions such as aqueous equilibrium, sorption, precipitation and dissolution. The enhanced model is used to simulate electrokinetic cleanup of lead and copper contaminants at an Army Firing Range. Acid enhancement is achieved by the use of adipic acid to neutralize the basic front produced for the cathode electrochemical reaction. The model is able to simulate enhanced application of the process by modifying the boundary conditions. The model showed that kinetics of geochemical reactions, such as metals dissolution/leaching and redox reactions might be significant for realistic prediction of enhanced electrokinetic extraction of metals in real world applications.
A group of electrokinetic and electrochemical remediation technologies are developed to treat sites polluted with toxic heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants. The technologies are based on application of electric currents across electrodes inserted in the soil to induce electrolysis and generate an electric field. Ambient or introduced solutes migrate in response to the imposed electric field by electroosmosis and ionic migration. Electroosmosis mobilizes the pore fluid to flush solutes, usually toward the cathode, while ionic migration effectively separates anionic and cationic species, drawing them to the anode and cathode, respectively. This transport coupled with geochemical reactions, such as sorption, precipitation and dissolution, are the fundamental mechanisms of electrokinetic remediation. Contaminant extraction and removal are accomplished by electrodeposition, precipitation or ion exchange either at the electrodes or in an external extraction system.
Electrokinetic extraction of metals and radionuclides from soils has been investigated by bench-scale tests, pilot-scale tests, and limited field applications. [ 1 - 12 ] The major advantages of the technology include: (a) it can be implemented in situ with minimal disruption, (b) it is well suited for fine-grained, heterogeneous media, where other techniques such as pump-and-treat can be ineffective, and (c) accelerated rates of contaminant transport and extraction may be obtained.
In electrokinetic extraction of metals, the electrical current applied is transformed to an ionic current in the pore solution by means of the electrochemical reactions taking place at the electrodes.
Electrode reactions can vary depending on the chemical species present in the media. Electrolysis of water reactions, oxidation at the anode (1) and reduction at the cathode (2) , are always likely to occur, as follows,
Water electrolysis generates an acidic medium at the anode (1) , which can decrease the pH to below 2, and an alkaline medium at the cathode (2) , which may increase the pH to above 10 [ 7 ] . Proton (or hydronium ion, H 3 O + ) mobility under electrical field is about twice that of the hydroxyl ion (OH − ) which results in a faster advance of the acid front relative to the base front [ 13 ] . Transport of the H 3 O + is also enhanced by electroosmotic advection, which usually acts from the anode towards the cathode. In unamended treatments, strong pH changes are expected in the pore solution. Unless the transport of the proton is retarded by the soil buffering capacity [ 14 ] , the soil between the electrodes will be acidified. This acidification results in enhanced solubilization of contaminants susceptible to cation exchange and dissolution at lower pH. Once contaminants are dissolved or complexed to an ionized solute, they migrate to the electrode of opposite polarity under the applied electric field leading to their extraction from the soil. Electrical neutrality of the po
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Красотка Адриа Рае
Галерея 3184148