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Abstract: The optical design, fabrication, and evaluation of a low-cost solar simulator for photovoltaic device testing are presented in this article. Ten different high-power ligh... View more
The optical design, fabrication, and evaluation of a low-cost solar simulator for photovoltaic device testing are presented in this article. Ten different high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the range 350–1100 nm are arrayed in a hexagonal geometry, enabling excellent spatial nonuniformity of irradiance (< 2%) while minimizing the number of LEDs required for solar emission spectral match. The solar simulator design demonstrates Class AAA performance at 100 mW / cm
2
output irradiance over 70 cm
2
with < 0.05% temporal instability of irradiance. The low total material cost of the solar simulator (< $700 USD) ensures an economic LED-based Class AAA solar simulator for electrical performance testing of photovoltaic devices.
Published in: IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics ( Volume: 12 , Issue: 2 , March 2022 )
Date of Publication: 02 February 2022
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This article describes a new design of a low-cost solar simulator that employs ten different light-emitting diode (LED) types to cover the 350–1100 nm region within the AM 1.5 Global (AM1.5G) solar spectrum. The main features of the design strategy are addressed, including the arrangement and selection of LEDs, optical simulation, prototype fabrication, and characterization. The solar simulator base unit could be closely packed or arrayed to form a larger illumination platform dimension if desired. Currently, photovoltaic (PV) research is rapidly expanding and advancing as PV device efficiency, materials, product technology and costs improve [1]–[3]. Consequently, researchers continue to improve and investigate new instrumentation for PV device characterization [4]–[8]. In parallel, the material development and bandgap engineering of LEDs now deliver a wide range of wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the infrared at various power ratings and at low cost [9]. This progress in LED technology enables new test and measurement equipment, as an alternative to Xenon arc lamp solar simulators [10], particularly as large area solar simulation becomes animportant requirement [11]–[13]. LED technology can easily simulate a wide range of different illumination intensities [14], and run in continuous or flash mode with variable duration of the optical flash for the PV module under test to reach performance equilibrium [15]. Optically, however, LED-based systems comprise an array of different colored point emission sources (which can be individually controlled [13], [16]), and achieving both spectral match and spatial nonuniformity of irradiance [17] requires an optimal geometric placement of these individual spectrally bright sources. There are three different standards applied to solar simulator characterization: the IEC 60904-9:2020 [18], ASTM E-927-19 [19], and the JIS C 8912:1998/AMENDMENT 2:2011 [20] for spatial nonuniformity of irradiance, spectral match, and temporal instability of irradiance. A low level of spatial nonuniformity of irradiance, exceeding that of the standards even, is often crucial in many research areas, particularly where the elements under test are small area devices < 5 mm 2 .
IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology
2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference
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J Occup Environ Hyg. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 Jul 26.
1 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland
2 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
Address correspondence to: Elizabeth C. Matsui, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 1102, Baltimore, MD 21287; ude.imhj@1iustame
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available free at J Occup Environ Hyg
Keywords: allergen-specific antibody responses, laboratory animal allergy, mouse allergen
B BD, below detection. The limit of detection for the breathing zone Mus m 1 concentration ranged from 0.05–0.18 ng/m 3 .
1. Bush RK, Wood RA, Eggleston PA. Laboratory animal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 102 :99–112. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
2. Aoyama K, Ueda A, Manda F, et al. Allergy to laboratory animals: An epidemiological study. Br J Ind Med. 1992; 49 :41–47. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
3. Schumacher MJ, Tait BD, Holmes MC. Allergy to murine antigens in a biological research institute. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981; 68 :310–318. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
4. Venables KM, Upton JL, Hawkins ER, et al. Smoking, atopy, and laboratory animal allergy. Br J Ind Med. 1988; 45 :667–671. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
5. Gautrin D, Ghezzo H, Infante-Rivard C, et al. Natural history of sensitization, symptoms and occupational diseases in apprentices exposed to laboratory animals. Eur Respir J. 2001; 17 :904–908. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
6. Matsui EC, Eggleston PA, Buckley TJ, et al. Household mouse allergen exposure and asthma morbidity in inner-city preschool children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006; 97 :514–520. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
7. Matsui EC, Simons E, Rand C, et al. Airborne mouse allergen in the homes of inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115 :358–363. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
8. Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, et al. Mouse allergen. I. The prevalence of mouse allergen in inner-city homes. The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106 :1070–1074. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
9. Pongracic JA, Visness CM, Gruchalla RS, et al. Effect of mouse allergen and rodent environmental intervention on asthma in inner-city children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008; 101 :35–41. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
10. Matsui EC, Wood RA, Rand C, et al. Mouse allergen exposure and mouse skin test sensitivity in suburban, middle-class children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113 :910–915. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
11. Matsui EC, Eggleston PA, Breysse PN, et al. Mouse allergen-specific antibody responses in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119 :910–915. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
12. Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152 :1107–1136. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
13. Witteman AM, Stapel SO, Sjamsoedin DH, et al. Fel d 1-specific IgG antibodies induced by natural exposure have blocking activity in skin tests. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996; 109 :369–375. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
14. Ferris BG. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society) Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978; 118 :1–120. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
15. Barnes KC, Freidhoff LR, Horowitz EM, et al. Physician-derived asthma diagnoses made on the basis of questionnaire data are in good agreement with interview-based diagnoses and are not affected by objective tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999; 104 :791–796. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
16. Wood RA, Eggleston PA, Lind P, et al. Antigenic analysis of household dust samples. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137 :358–363. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
17. Hollander A, Gordon S, Renstrom A, et al. Comparison of methods to assess airborne rat and mouse allergen levels. I. Analysis of air samples. Allergy. 1999; 54 :142–149. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
18. Ohman JL, Jr, Hagberg K, MacDonald MR, et al. Distribution of airborne mouse allergen in a major mouse breeding facility. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994; 94 :810–817. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
19. Moorman JE, Rudd RA, Johnson CA, et al. National surveillance for asthma—United States, 1980–2004. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007; 56 :1–54. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
20. Arbes SJ, Jr, Gergen PJ, Elliott L, et al. Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the U.S. population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 116 :377–383. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
21. Krop EJ, Doekes G, Stone MJ, et al. Spreading of occupational allergens: Laboratory animal allergens on hair-covering caps and in mattress dust of laboratory animal workers. Occup Environ Med. 2007; 64 :267–272. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
22. Pacheco KA, McCammon C, Liu AH, et al. Airborne endotoxin predicts symptoms in non-mouse-sensitized technicians and research scientists exposed to laboratory mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167 :983–990. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
23. Krakowiak A, Szulc B, Gorski P. Allergy to laboratory animals in children of parents occupationally exposed to mice, rats and hamsters. Eur Respir J. 1999; 14 :352–356. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
24. Jang JH, Kim DW, Kim SW, et al. Allergic rhinitis in laboratory animal workers and its risk factors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009; 102 :373–377. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
25. Hollander A, Heederik D, Doekes G. Respiratory allergy to rats: Exposure-response relationships in laboratory animal workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155 :562–567. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
26. Eggleston PA, Newill CA, Ansari AA, et al. Task-related variation in airborne concentrations of laboratory animal allergens: Studies with Rat n I. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989; 84 :347–352. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
27. Almqvist C, Wickman M, Perfetti L, et al. Worsening of asthma in children allergic to cats, after indirect exposure to cat at school. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163 :694–698. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
28. Renstrom A, Karlsson AS, Tovey E. Nasal air sampling used for the assessment of occupational allergen exposure and the efficacy of respiratory protection. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002; 32 :1769–1775. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
29. Platts-Mills T, Vaughan J, Squillace S, et al. Sensitisation, asthma, and a modified Th2 response in children exposed to cat allergen: A population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2001; 357 :752–756. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
30. Jeal H, Draper A, Harris J, et al. Modified Th2 responses at high-dose exposures to allergen: Using an occupational model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 174 :21–25. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
1. Bush RK, Wood RA, Eggleston PA. Laboratory animal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 102 :99–112. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
2. Aoyama K, Ueda A, Manda F, et al. Allergy to laboratory animals: An epidemiological study. Br J Ind Med. 1992; 49 :41–47. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
4. Venables KM, Upton JL, Hawkins ER, et al. Smoking, atopy, and laboratory animal allergy. Br J Ind Med. 1988; 45 :667–671. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
3. Schumacher MJ, Tait BD, Holmes MC. Allergy to murine antigens in a biological research institute. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981; 68 :310–318. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
5. Gautrin D, Ghezzo H, Infante-Rivard C, et al. Natural history of sensitization, symptoms and occupational diseases in apprentices exposed to laboratory animals. Eur Respir J. 2001; 17 :904–908. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
6. Matsui EC, Eggleston PA, Buckley TJ, et al. Household mouse allergen exposure and asthma morbidity in inner-city preschool children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006; 97 :514–520. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
9. Pongracic JA, Visness CM, Gruchalla RS, et al. Effect of mouse allergen and rodent environmental intervention on asthma in inner-city children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008; 101 :35–41. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
10. Matsui EC, Wood RA, Rand C, et al. Mouse allergen exposure and mouse skin test sensitivity in suburban, middle-class children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113 :910–915. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
11. Matsui EC, Eggleston PA, Breysse PN, et al. Mouse allergen-specific antibody responses in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119 :910–915. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
12. Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152 :1107–1136. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
13. Witteman AM, Stapel SO, Sjamsoedin DH, et al. Fel d 1-specific IgG antibodies induced by natural exposure have blocking activity in skin tests. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996; 109 :369–375. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
14. Ferris BG. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society) Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978; 118 :1–120. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
15. Barnes KC, Freidhoff LR, Horowitz EM, et al. Physician-derived asthma diagnoses made on the basis of questionnaire data are in good agreement with interview-based diagnoses and are not affected by objective tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999; 104 :791–796. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
16. Wood RA, Eggleston PA, Lind P, et al. Antigenic analysis of household dust samples. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137 :358–363. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
17. Hollander A, Gordon S, Renstrom A, et al. Comparison of methods to assess airborne rat and mouse allergen levels. I. Analysis of air samples. Allergy. 1999; 54 :142–149. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
8. Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, et al. Mouse allergen. I. The prevalence of mouse allergen in inner-city homes. The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106 :1070–1074. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
18. Ohman JL, Jr, Hagberg K, MacDonald MR, et al. Distribution of airborne mouse allergen in a major mouse breeding facility. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994; 94 :810–817. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
19. Moorman JE, Rudd RA, Johnson CA, et al. National surveillance for asthma—United States, 1980–2004. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007; 56 :1–54. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
20. Arbes SJ, Jr, Gergen PJ, Elliott L, et al. Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the U.S. population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 116 :377–383. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
21. Krop EJ, Doekes G, Stone MJ, et al. Spreading of occupational allergens: Laboratory animal allergens on hair-covering caps and in mattress dust of laboratory animal workers. Occup Environ Med. 2007; 64 :267–272. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
22. Pacheco KA, McCammon C, Liu AH, et al. Airborne endotoxin predicts symptoms in non-mouse-sensitized technicians and research scientists exposed to laboratory mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167 :983–990. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
23. Krakowiak A, Szulc B, Gorski P. Allergy to laboratory animals in children of parents occupationally exposed to mice, rats and hamsters. Eur Respir J. 1999; 14 :352–356. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
24. Jang JH, Kim DW, Kim SW, et al. Allergic rhinitis in laboratory animal workers and its risk factors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009; 102 :373–377. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
25. Hollander A, Heederik D, Doekes G. Respiratory allergy to rats: Exposure-response relationships in laboratory animal workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155 :562–567. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
26. Eggleston PA, Newill CA, Ansari AA, et al. Task-related variation in airborne concentrations of laboratory animal allergens: Studies with Rat n I. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989; 84 :347–352. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
27. Almqvist C, Wickman M, Perfetti L, et al. Worsening of asthma in children allergic to cats, after indirect exposure to cat at school. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163 :694–698. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
28. Renstrom A, Karlsson AS, Tovey E. Nasal air sampling used for the assessment of occupational allergen exposure and the efficacy of respiratory protection. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002; 32 :1769–1775. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
29. Platts-Mills T, Vaughan J, Squillace S, et al. Sensitisation, asthma, and a modified Th2 response in children exposed to cat allergen: A population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2001; 357 :752–756. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
30. Jeal H, Draper A, Harris J, et al. Modified Th2 responses at high-dose exposures to allergen: Using an occupational model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 174 :21–25. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]

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