Галерея 3134061

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Галерея 3134061

May 1 1964 J. A. NEDERBRAGT ETAL CONTROL OF ELEVATOR MOTORS 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 2'7, 1960 60 INVENTORS Jfl Herder-bra H T 7Y5.
May 19. 1964 J. A. NEDERBRAGT ETAL 3,134,061
CONTROL OF ELEVATOR MOTORS Filed June 27, 1960 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 9- 3 4 2 0; g 35 44 T 34 45 I 43 30 l 1 3 7 0O 33 7 INVENTORS Jfi .Nedenbz a 9, 19 4 J. A. NEDERBRAGT ETAL 3,134,061
CONTROL OF ELEVATOR MOTORS Filed June 27, 1960 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTORS UTA .Neder b1- JEI. 51 m aw M y 1 1964 J. A. NEDERBRAGT ETAL 3,134,061
CONTROL OF ELEVATOR MOTORS 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed June 2'7, 1960 May 19, 1964 J. A. NEDERBRAGT ETAL -3,
CONTROL OF ELEVATOR MOTORS Filed June 27, 1960 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 United States Patent 3,134,061 CONTROL OFELEVATOR MOTORS Jacob A. Nederbragt, Mauvestraat 5, Zaandam, Netherlands; and Hans Brunclren, Auenweg 7, Rodenliirchen, near Cologne, Germany Filed June 27, 1960', Ser. No. 38,956 Claimspriority, application Germany June 30, 1959 13 Claims. (Cl. 318-77) This invention relates to the control of electric motors for elevators.
The problem of bringing the elevator to rest at the various floor levels is a known one. The most important points which arise in this connection are as follows:
The place where the actual signal is given which initiates braking as in general fixed in the elevator shaft or ead gear.' This necessitates a particular shape of braking curve if the elevator is to be brought to rest exactly at floor level. Errors arise due to various influences which cause the elevator to come to rest not accurately at the desired levels. If the braking gear is mechanical in the first place differing loads in the cage lead to errors in level. But errors also arise from variations in friction, e.g. on the guide rails and through other factors. If the braking is primarily electric for example through a pole-changing motor or a Ward-Leonard installation, the effects of electro-mechanical conditions, e.g. heat, voltage or the like are noticeable.
Purely mechanical braking which effects braking right up to coming to rest can only be used with relatively low cage speeds. With higher speeds so-called inching is used, That is shortly before the stopping position is reached, for example a pole-changing motor or a Ward- Leonard installation is switched over to low speed in order to obtain as accurate a stopping position as possible; As however a pole-changing motor is very much dependent on theload in regard to the change from high to low speed the ratio of change is limited. In practice the limit'is 1:6. With higher ratios between normal speed and inching (e.g.1:9) due to the errors above mentioned and in particular the dependence on the load during the change-over, the inching movements become variable in length so that in general their average must be made very great. These great lengths nullify the time saved by the higher speed during the main movement. As the inching speed must not exceed'a certain value the ratio" 1:6 in a pole-changing motor imposes a definite speed limit.
With higher speeds it becomes necessary to employ the-expensive Ward-Leonard installation which is not so dependent on load but which still has other sources of Terror above mentioned. The simple Ward-Leonard installation can therefore only beused for a small speed rangeabove 'the limit for pole-changing motors. Beyond this'a regulatable Ward-Leonard installation must be usedi The regulation here is usually a speed regulation depending ontime.
This method has the following disadvantages however:
(1) The proper correction value can only be accurately ascertained with difficulty as it is constituted by the relatively small value of the difference between two relatively high available values for measurement.
(2) 'Errors arising during the regulation in relationto the distance travelled cannot be compensated.
Installatiohsin which the speed is regulated in accordance with-the distance travelled also exist. In this method the-disadvantage (2) above mentioned disappears, but the disadvantagespecified under (1) still exists. In view of this, very severe requirements are imposed on the regulating apparatus, which render it very expensive.
Methods are also known according to which the braking procedure is regulated in accordance with the course of starting up. These can however only take into account the effects of the load in the cage. All other quantitles have an influence such as variations in friction, variations in voltage and variations in heating up of the electrical gear are not taken into account. With these control methods its is even possible for the errors which' normally arise to be increased. Further these, mehods: are not able to effect correction, or partial correction if. the cage has not reached full speed between the two levels.
Systems are also known which effect a measurement. of the useful load and predetermine the braking power in accordance with the measurement. These systems also only take into account the effect of the load in the cage, but not the other sources of error.
The purpose of the invention is to mitigate or overcome the disadvantages above mentioned. The basis of the invention consists in comparing for example during braking the braking path of the elevator with a model elevator running in parallel, which consequent upon constant loading and constant braking conditions is always subjected to the same braking procedure. This so-called model elevator can, according to the invention, take the form of a small motor which hereafter will be referred to as a model motor. This model motor is switched on and off and braked simultaneously with the elevator motor and is constructed with a desired starting, running or brakingcharacteristic.
Between the shaft of the eleavtor motor and that of the model motor is provided a measuring member which during braking, or also during starting up, ascertains differences in the respective distances moved and transmits these errors in the form of a signal, of some kind to a regulating member, for example an amplifier or the like. The difference in the angle of rotation measured constitutes a direct measure of the error in travel which has arisen. Since the error of travel is ascertained as a direct quantity the regulating apparatus connected to the measuring member can be relatively simple.
The direct measurement according to the invention of ,7 an error in travel which supplies an ideal measurement makes it possible to regulate the changing over operation of a pole-changing motor in a particularly simple manner. The regulating apparatus here. required can, as described below, be made very simple. Through the maintainance of the distance travelled to a constant value during the change-over operation it becomes possible to use pole-changing motors with a higher speed ratio than 1:6. In this way the general desire for higher speeds or greater accuracy of stopping can be satisfied without its being necessary to use an expensive and complicated Ward-Leonard installation.
The braking of the model motor used in the invention can be eifected by an electrical or an electro-me--' chanicalbrake, e.g. an eddy current brake or a friction= brake, and a desired braking curve can be obtained by:
If the main elevator'motor is a pole-changing motor regulation of it can be elfected for example by short circuiting of resistances or chokes, or by partial short circuiting in one or more stages, or by continuous regulation through rheostats, tubes, or variable inductances.
In its simplest form the measuring member between lating member according to some predetermined starting advantageously constructed as a v A simplified embodiment of the invention consists in that to initiate the braking operation, the high speed connection of a pole-changing motor used as the elevator motor, and therefore also the model motor, is simply switched off, so that the elevator continues to run under the action of inertia and that upon a pre determined difference in angle of rotation between the elevator motor and the model motor the lowest speed of the elevator motor is switched on.
To carry out this procedure in accordance with the invention a circuit breaker is included in the leads to the high pole number windings of the pole-changing three phase motor, which when open breaks the circuit of the high pole number windings and in the control circuit of which a measuring member constructed as a contact closer lies which according to the difference angle between the elevator motor and the model motor closes the control circuit for the circuit breaker.
A further embodiment of the invention is an improvement of the control above described for the case in which the acceleration path is very short as in the case of high cage speeds. For this case an improvement in the correction for low starting speeds at the commencement of braking, as arise for example with very short distances between stopping levels, is possible. This is particularly the case when the starting speed is so low that after switching off the low pole number winding of the pole-changing elevator motor the difference angle between the elevator motor and the model motor at which the lowest speed of the elevator motor is switched on is not reached.
This improvement consists in that when the shaft switch is passed the low pole number winding of the elevator motor remains switched on until a predetermined speed is reached and is then automatically switched off, it may be with simultaneous switching on of the high pole number winding. Additionally however, the high pole number winding of the elevator motor can be automatically switched on when the running down falls below the inching speed.
A control system for carrying out this method is characterised by the circuit breaker being provided with a shunt which is opened and closed by means of a switch depending on the speed of the elevator motor, preferably a centrifugal switch.
A further switch depending on the speed of the elevator motor, preferably a centrifugal switch, can be provided which switches in the high pole number windings of the elevator motor upon reaching a predetermined speed of the elevator, e.g. a speed below the inching speed.
The invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate regulating systems according to the invention and show graphs illustrating the operation.
FIGURE 1' shows in outline an elevator drive provided with control apparatus according to the invention.
FIGURE 2 shows a basic circuit diagram of the control system of this invention.
FIGURE 3 is a side view of a contact operating device serving as a measuring member of the speed difference between the main driving motor and model motor.
FIGURE 4 is a plan view of part of FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 5 is a time speed graph showing the course of braking of a pole-changing elevator motor controlled by the contact operating device of FIGURES 3 and 4.
FIGURE 6 is a time speed graph of the course of braking a pole-changing elevator motor as hitherto usual, that is without the provision of a control apparatus according to the invention.
FIGURE 7 is a time speed graph according to FIG- URE 5 for dilferent voltages in the supply to the main motor.
FIGURE 8 is a time speed graph showing the course of braking similar to FIGURE 5 from a lower starting speed of the pole-changing main driving motor.
FIGURE 9 is a time speed diagram of the course of braking of a pole-changing elevator motor, the control apparatus of which is also provided with a centrifugal switch.
FIGURE 10 is a time speed graph of the course of braking of a pole-cl1anging elevator motor which is controlled by the aid of two centrifugal switches.
FIGURE 1 illustrates in principle an arrangement embodying the invention. The elevator winch is marked 11, the elevator motor 12 and the model motor 13. The elevator is braked by a brake 14 disposed between the winch 11 and the motor 12, which brake is actuated by means of an electro-magnet 15. Between the elevator motor 12 and model motor 13, a measuring member 16 is connected which measures the difference in angular rotation between the two motors and thus for example ascertains departures during braking from a prescribed course of braking. As already mentioned the difference in angle measured constitutes a direct measure of the error in distance moved. The model motor 13 is provided with a brake 18 actuated by means of an electromagnet 17 and arranged between the model motor 13 and a flywheel 19. Naturally the model motor 13 could be in some other position for example beside the main motor in which case the coupling could be for example through a V-belt drive to the measuring member.
FIGURE 2 shows a basic circuit diagram of the control system according to the invention. The elevator motor 12 is a pole-changing polyphase motor which permits the selection of two different rotational speeds and thus of two different elevator speeds. For the low rotational speed, the elevator motor 12 has, e.g., a winding 50 with 36-poles (high poled), and for the high rotational speed a winding 50 with 4-po1es (low poled). The high-poled or low speed winding 50 is connected with the supply lines by way of an impedance 51 (resistance or the like), which achieves a weakening of the generator braking effect. The impedance 51 can be bridged by means of a relay 52 placed in parallel with the impedance 51, which results in the normal, strong braking action.
The first braking stage is made operative by means of a shaft switch 59 which can be actuated directly from the elevator cage 60, or by means of a contact disposed in the elevator shaft and actuated in dependence on the position of the cage 60, in that it switches off the low-poled winding 50 of the elevator motor 12, as well as the guide motor 13, e.g. by way of a relay 61, and switches on the high-poled winding 50' connected to the supply lines by way of the impedance 51 as well as the brake of the guide motor 13. The second braking stage is initiated by the contact maker 16 disposed between the elevator motor 12 and the guide motor 13, said contact maker, on reversal of the relative speed between elevator motor 12 and guide motor 13, providing a control current for the relay 52 and closing it, so that the stronger second braking stage goes into action.
In a simplified embodiment the impedance 51 is omitted, so that only the switch 52 is disposed in the supply lines to the winding 50 for the small rotational speed of the pole-changing elevator motor 12.
For initiating the braking action, the low-poled winding 50" and the guide motor 13 are switched oil, so that the elevator unit continues to move under the influence of the mass moment of inertia until the speed of the motor 12 overlaps the speed of the guide motor 13 and the contact maker 16 switches on the strong braking stage by way of the switch 52.
In parallel with the shaft switch 59 there can be provided a centrifugal switch 62 driven by the elevator motor 12, which bridges the shaft switch 59 until the lel with the contact maker 16, said switch switchi-ng on the high-poled winding 50 of the elevator motor when i the slowing-down speed drops below the speed A (see FIGURE'9).
The construction of the contact'member is illustrated in FIGURE 3. On a prolongation 21 of the shaft of the model motor 13 is loosely mounted an insulating disc 22 which is gripped lightly between two felt or the like discs 23, 24. The grip of this slipping clutch can be adjusted by a nut 25 which applies pressure to the felt discs. Fixed on the shaft 21 is a body 26 carrying three slip rings 27, 28 and 29. To the body is also fixed an insulating disc 30. On the outer end of the shaft a V-belt pulley 33 is journalled on two ball bearings 31, 32 and is driven by a V-belt 34 from the main motor. The diameter of the pulley 33 is such that under the conditions when the lead is driving the elevator and before initiation of braking, the shaft 21 of the model motor 13 runs a little faster than the pulley 33. The pulley 33 carries loosely a third insulating disc 35 coupled to the pulley by a slipping clutch constituted by two discs 37, 38 pressed by the aid of. a nut 36. To the housing of the model motor 13 an insulating block 39 is secured, carrying two contacts 40 and 41 between which moves the contact 42 secured on the insulating disc 22. Two contacts 43 and 44 are provided on the insulating disc 30 between which a contact 45 on the insulating disc 35 is located.
The relative positions and connection of the contacts 40 and 45 are visible in FIGURE 4. According to the direction ofrotation of the model motor 13 the contact 42 engages the contact 46 or the contact 41. According to the direction of relative rotation between the pulley 33 and the shaft 21 of the model motor 13 the contact 45 engages the contact 43 or the contact 44. The signal for the shorting circuit breaker passes through the leads 46,
47 and the control circuit is closed when the speed of the modelmotor 13 is less than that of the pulley 33.
The kinetic conditions during the course of braking of a pole-changing elevator motor controlled by the contact member just described are shown in FIGURE in the form of a speed time curve. At the instant O the changeover operations are started from the contact in the elevator shaft. The speeds of the model and the main motor were practically constant. The line P indicates the speed i of the pulley driven from the main motor under conditions of maximum positive load and N indicates its speed at maximum negative load. The line S indicates the speed of the pulley at synchronous speed of the main motor at its higher speed. The broken line M indicates the corresponding speed of the model motor. As already mentioned it lies somewhat above the maximum speed at which the pulley is driven from the main motor.
Atthe instant when the main motor is to be switched over from high to low speed, the brake of the model motor comes into action. The brake of the model motor is for the purposes of illustration assumed to be so set and its braking action so controlled that it produces uniform retardation as indicated by the line R in the graph. As
an example of the course of movement of the actual cage is opened so that the mainmotor has a weak braking action. The point is reached when the 'main motor has slowed down to the same speed as the model motor and as the speed falls still lower the contact 45 carried mainimotor speed falls more rapidly. A hold-on contact maintains the circuit breaker in this position even though the main motor again reaches the speed of the model motor at the point Z and then falls below' it so that there is a change-back between the contact 45 and the contacts.-
Similar conditions apply with the simplified arrangement above described, in which the circuit breaker is in the leads to the low speed windings of the pole-changing:
main motor. At the instant 0 when the brake of the model motor is applied, the high speed windings of the pole-changing motor and the model motor also are switched off. At the same time the circuit breaker for the low speed windings of the main motor is opened so that the elevator continues to run under inertia. It therefore slows down and between the points X and Y the con- 1 tact 45 changes over causing the circuit breaker to close the circuit of the low speed windings of themotor. As
before strong regenerative braking is thereby set up, and l as before a hold on contact acts when the point Z is reached.
It has already been mentioned that the surface integral under both curves selected at random from the instant 0 when the shaft contact closes until the inching speed is reached is the same and this applies to any other load conditions. Thus in every case the cage will have moved
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Галерея 2231065
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